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Ribeiro JH, Altinisik N, Rajan N, Verslegers M, Baatout S, Gopalakrishnan J, Quintens R. DNA damage and repair: underlying mechanisms leading to microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268565. [PMID: 37881689 PMCID: PMC10597653 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents and endogenous DNA damage constantly harm genome integrity. Under genotoxic stress conditions, the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery is crucial in repairing lesions and preventing mutations in the basic structure of the DNA. Different repair pathways are implicated in the resolution of such lesions. For instance, the non-homologous DNA end joining and homologous recombination pathways are central cellular mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells maintain genome integrity. However, defects in these pathways are often associated with neurological disorders, indicating the pivotal role of DDR in normal brain development. Moreover, the brain is the most sensitive organ affected by DNA-damaging agents compared to other tissues during the prenatal period. The accumulation of lesions is believed to induce cell death, reduce proliferation and premature differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells, and reduce brain size (microcephaly). Microcephaly is mainly caused by genetic mutations, especially genes encoding proteins involved in centrosomes and DNA repair pathways. However, it can also be induced by exposure to ionizing radiation and intrauterine infections such as the Zika virus. This review explains mammalian cortical development and the major DNA repair pathways that may lead to microcephaly when impaired. Next, we discuss the mechanisms and possible exposures leading to DNA damage and p53 hyperactivation culminating in microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Honorato Ribeiro
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nazlican Altinisik
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicholas Rajan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Laboratory for Centrosome and Cytoskeleton Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
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El Hawary R, Meshaal S, Lotfy S, Abd Elaziz D, Alkady R, Eldash A, Erfan A, Chohayeb E, Saad M, Darwish R, Boutros J, Galal N, Elmarsafy A. Cernunnos deficiency: Further delineation in 5 Egyptian patients. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104840. [PMID: 37703920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cernunnos deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, microcephaly, growth retardation, bird-like facies, sensitivity to ionizing radiation, few autoimmune manifestations, premature aging of hematopoietic stem cells at an early age, and occasional myeloproliferative disease. Herein we present five Egyptian Cernunnos patients from 3 different families. We describe the patients' clinical phenotypes, their immunological profile as well as genetic results. Sequence analysis revealed three different mutations in the NHEJ1 gene: a nonsense variant c.532C > T; p.(Arg178Ter), an intronic variant c.178-1G > A and a frameshift insertion variant c.233dup; p.(Asn78LysfsTer14). In conclusion, Cernunnos deficiency can have a wide range of clinical features. The characteristic immune profile including a decrease in recent thymic emigrants and naive T cells, markedly elevated memory T cells together with normal to high IgM, and a decrease in IgG and IgA. This immune profile is highly suggestive of Cernunnos deficiency in T-B-NK + SCID patients especially surviving for older ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab El Hawary
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Safa Meshaal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sohilla Lotfy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abd Elaziz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwa Alkady
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alia Eldash
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Erfan
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy Chohayeb
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Darwish
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jeannette Boutros
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Galal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aisha Elmarsafy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Staudacher O, Klein J, Thee S, Ullrich J, Wahn V, Unterwalder N, Kölsch U, Lankes E, Stittrich A, Dedieu C, Dinges S, Völler M, Schuetz C, Schulte J, Boztug K, Meisel C, Kuehl JS, Krüger R, Blankenstein O, von Bernuth H. Screening Newborns for Low T Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) Fails to Detect Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability, and Facial Anomalies Syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:2872-2883. [PMID: 37302792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in dried blood spots of newborns allows the detection of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (T cells <300/μL at birth) with a presumed sensitivity of 100%. TREC screening also identifies patients with selected combined immunodeficiency (CID) (T cells >300/μL, yet <1500/μL at birth). Nevertheless, relevant CIDs that would benefit from early recognition and curative treatment pass undetected. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that TREC screening at birth cannot identify CIDs that develop with age. METHODS We analyzed the number of TRECs in dried blood spots in archived Guthrie cards of 22 children who had been born in the Berlin-Brandenburg area between January 2006 and November 2018 and who had undergone hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for inborn errors of immunity. RESULTS All patients with SCID would have been identified by TREC screening, but only 4 of 6 with CID. One of these patients had immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies syndrome type 2 (ICF2). Two of 3 patients with ICF whom we have been following up at our institution had TREC numbers above the cutoff value suggestive of SCID at birth. Yet all patients with ICF had a severe clinical course that would have justified earlier HSCT. CONCLUSIONS In ICF, naïve T cells may be present at birth, yet they decline with age. Therefore, TREC screening cannot identify these patients. Early recognition is nevertheless crucial, as patients with ICF benefit from HSCT early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Staudacher
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeanette Klein
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Thee
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Ullrich
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Unterwalder
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erwin Lankes
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Uninrsitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Stittrich
- Department of Human Genetics, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cinzia Dedieu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dinges
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Völler
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catharina Schuetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Meisel
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn-Sven Kuehl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Hemostaseology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin Charité-Vivantes, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
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Marin AV, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Mazariegos MS, Román-Ortiz E, Regueiro JR. T-cell receptor signaling in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia is SMARCAL1-independent. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979722. [PMID: 36330520 PMCID: PMC9623027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) caused by mutations in SMARCAL1 is an ultra-rare disease characterized by specific facial features, skeletal dysplasia, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, which often leads to kidney failure and requires transplantation. Cellular (T-cell) deficiency, lymphopenia, and infections have been frequently reported, but whether they are due to T-cell-intrinsic defects in T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling associated with SMARCAL1 deficiency or to T-cell-extrinsic effects such as the impaired proliferation of hematopoietic precursors or T-cell-specific immunosuppression after renal transplantation remains unknown. We have explored the effects of SMARCAL1 deficiency on T-cell receptor signaling in primary and immortalized T cells from a 9-year-old SIOD patient under immunosuppression treatment when compared to healthy donors. Immortalized T cells recapitulated the SMARCAL1 deficiency of the patient, as judged by their impaired response to gamma irradiation. The results indicated that TCR-mediated signaling was normal in SIOD-derived immortalized T cells but strongly impaired in the primary T cells of the patient, although rescued with TCR-independent stimuli such as PMA + ionomycin, suggesting that SIOD-associated T-cell signaling is not intrinsically defective but rather the result of the impaired proliferation of hematopoietic precursors or of T-cell-specific immunosuppression. The lack of early thymic emigrants in our patients may support the former hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V. Marin
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anaïs Jiménez-Reinoso
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S. Mazariegos
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Román-Ortiz
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José R. Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José R. Regueiro,
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Poyer F, Jimenez Heredia R, Novak W, Zeitlhofer P, Nebral K, Dworzak MN, Haas OA, Boztug K, Kager L. Case Report: Refractory Cytopenia With a Switch From a Transient Monosomy 7 to a Disease-Ameliorating del(20q) in a NHEJ1-Deficient Long-term Survivor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869047. [PMID: 35812385 PMCID: PMC9263211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a male Pakistani patient with a pathogenic homozygous loss of function variant in the non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1) gene. The growth retarded and microcephalic boy with clinodactyly of both hands and hyperpigmentation of the skin suffered from recurrent respiratory infections. He was five and a half years old when he came to our attention with refractory cytopenia and monosomy 7. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was considered but not feasible because there was no suitable donor available. Monosomy 7 was not detected anymore in subsequent bone marrow biopsies that were repeated in yearly intervals. Instead, seven and a half years later, a novel clone with a del(20q) appeared and steadily increased thereafter. In parallel, the patient’s blood count, which had remained stable for over 20 years without necessitating any specific therapeutic interventions, improved gradually and the erythropoiesis-associated dysplasia resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Poyer
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raúl Jimenez Heredia
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Novak
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Zeitlhofer
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia, Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Nebral
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia, Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N. Dworzak
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar A. Haas
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia, Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Oskar A. Haas, ; Kaan Boztug, ; Leo Kager,
| | - Kaan Boztug
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Oskar A. Haas, ; Kaan Boztug, ; Leo Kager,
| | - Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Oskar A. Haas, ; Kaan Boztug, ; Leo Kager,
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Jamee M, Khakbazan Fard N, Fallah S, Golchehre Z, Fallahi M, Shamsian BS, Sharafian S, Chavoshzadeh Z. Cernunnos defect in an Iranian patient with T - B + NK + severe combined immunodeficiency: A case report and review of the literature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1990. [PMID: 35656589 PMCID: PMC9356558 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defective Cernunnos gene in nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) pathway of the DNA repair is responsible for radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Herein, presented a new patient with Cernunnos deficiency and summarized the clinical, immunological, and molecular features of reported patients in the literature. Case The patient was a 6‐month‐old female born to consanguineous parents. She presented with long‐lasting fever, diarrhea, poor feeding, and restlessness. She had suffered from recurrent fever of unknown origin and multiple episodes of oral candidiasis. In the physical examination, microcephaly, failure to thrive, oral candidiasis, pustular rash on fingers, and perianal ulcers, but no dysmorphic feature were observed. The immunologic workup revealed lymphopenia, neutropenia, normocytic anemia, low T‐ but normal B‐ and natural killer (NK)‐ cells, low immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and normal IgA, IgM, and IgE. The T‐cell receptor excision circle (TREC) was low and the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was abnormal to mitogens and antigens. She was diagnosed with T− B+ NK+ SCID and improved by intravenous immunoglobulin along with antimicrobials. A homozygous splice site variant, c.390 + 1G > T, at the intron 3 of the NHEJ1, was identified and the diagnosis of Cernunnos deficiency was established. However, while a candidate for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, she developed sepsis and died at 11 months of age. Conclusions Cernunnos deficiency should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with microcephaly, growth retardation, recurrent infections, T‐cell defects, and hypogammaglobulinemia. The normal B‐cell level in the index patient is an unexpected finding in Cernunnos deficiency which requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Jamee
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Khakbazan Fard
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Fallah
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Golchehre
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazdak Fallahi
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bibi Shahin Shamsian
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samin Sharafian
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Immunology and Allergy Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gullickson P, Xu YW, Niedernhofer LJ, Thompson EL, Yousefzadeh MJ. The Role of DNA Repair in Immunological Diversity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Ramifications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834889. [PMID: 35432317 PMCID: PMC9010869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective humoral immune response necessitates the generation of diverse and high-affinity antibodies to neutralize pathogens and their products. To generate this assorted immune repertoire, DNA damage is introduced at specific regions of the genome. Purposeful genotoxic insults are needed for the successful completion of multiple immunological diversity processes: V(D)J recombination, class-switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation. These three processes, in concert, yield a broad but highly specific immune response. This review highlights the importance of DNA repair mechanisms involved in each of these processes and the catastrophic diseases that arise from DNA repair deficiencies impacting immune system function. These DNA repair disorders underline not only the importance of maintaining genomic integrity for preventing disease but also for robust adaptive immunity.
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8
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Roch B, Abramowski V, Etienne O, Musilli S, David P, Charbonnier JB, Callebaut I, Boussin FD, de Villartay JP. An XRCC4 mutant mouse, a model for human X4 syndrome, reveals interplays with Xlf, PAXX, and ATM in lymphoid development. eLife 2021; 10:e69353. [PMID: 34519267 PMCID: PMC8516412 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an Xrcc4M61R separation of function mouse line to overcome the embryonic lethality of Xrcc4-deficient mice. XRCC4M61R protein does not interact with Xlf, thus obliterating XRCC4-Xlf filament formation while preserving the ability to stabilize DNA ligase IV. X4M61R mice, which are DNA repair deficient, phenocopy the Nhej1-/- (known as Xlf -/-) setting with a minor impact on the development of the adaptive immune system. The core non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair factor XRCC4 is therefore not mandatory for V(D)J recombination aside from its role in stabilizing DNA ligase IV. In contrast, Xrcc4M61R mice crossed on Paxx-/-, Nhej1-/-, or Atm-/- backgrounds are severely immunocompromised, owing to aborted V(D)J recombination as in Xlf-Paxx and Xlf-Atm double Knock Out (DKO) settings. Furthermore, massive apoptosis of post-mitotic neurons causes embryonic lethality of Xrcc4M61R -Nhej1-/- double mutants. These in vivo results reveal new functional interplays between XRCC4 and PAXX, ATM and Xlf in mouse development and provide new insights into the understanding of the clinical manifestations of human XRCC4-deficient condition, in particular its absence of immune deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Roch
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory “Genome Dynamics in the Immune System”, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015ParisFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F75015ParisFrance
| | - Vincent Abramowski
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory “Genome Dynamics in the Immune System”, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015ParisFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F75015ParisFrance
| | - Olivier Etienne
- Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, LRP/iRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265Fontenay-aux-RosesFrance
| | - Stefania Musilli
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory “Genome Dynamics in the Immune System”, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015ParisFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F75015ParisFrance
| | - Pierre David
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Transgenesis facility, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198Gif-sur-Yvette CedexFrance
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, F-75005ParisFrance
| | - François D Boussin
- Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, LRP/iRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, F-92265Fontenay-aux-RosesFrance
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory “Genome Dynamics in the Immune System”, INSERM UMR 1163, F-75015ParisFrance
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F75015ParisFrance
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9
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He YJ, Chowdhury D. ASTE1 cutting to block DNA end resection. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:818-819. [PMID: 34354234 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Joseph He
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hargreaves CE, Salatino S, Sasson SC, Charlesworth JEG, Bateman E, Patel AM, Anzilotti C, Broxholme J, Knight JC, Patel SY. Decreased ATM Function Causes Delayed DNA Repair and Apoptosis in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1315-1330. [PMID: 34009545 PMCID: PMC8310859 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) is characterized by low/absent serum immunoglobulins and susceptibility to bacterial infection. Patients can develop an infections-only phenotype or a complex disease course with inflammatory, autoimmune, and/or malignant complications. We hypothesized that deficient DNA repair mechanisms may be responsible for the antibody deficiency and susceptibility to inflammation and cancer in some patients. METHODS Germline variants were identified following targeted sequencing of n = 252 genes related to DNA repair in n = 38 patients. NanoString nCounter PlexSet assay measured gene expression in n = 20 CVID patients and n = 7 controls. DNA damage and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry in n = 34 CVID patients and n = 11 controls. RESULTS Targeted sequencing supported enrichment of rare genetic variants in genes related to DNA repair pathways with novel and rare likely pathogenic variants identified and an altered gene expression signature that distinguished patients from controls and complex patients from those with an infections-only phenotype. Consistent with this, flow cytometric analyses of lymphocytes following DNA damage revealed a subset of CVID patients whose immune cells have downregulated ATM, impairing the recruitment of other repair factors, delaying repair and promoting apoptosis. CONCLUSION These data suggest that germline genetics and altered gene expression predispose a subset of CVID patients to increased sensitivity to DNA damage and reduced DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E Hargreaves
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Silvia Salatino
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah C Sasson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - James E G Charlesworth
- Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, Medical Sciences Office, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bateman
- Department of Immunology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Arzoo M Patel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Consuelo Anzilotti
- Clinical Immunology Department, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Smita Y Patel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Clinical Immunology Department, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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