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Khuzwayo S, Mthembu M, Meermeier EW, Prakadan SM, Kazer SW, Bassett T, Nyamande K, Khan DF, Maharaj P, Mitha M, Suleman M, Mhlane Z, Ramjit D, Karim F, Shalek AK, Lewinsohn DM, Ndung'u T, Wong EB. MR1-Restricted MAIT Cells From The Human Lung Mucosal Surface Have Distinct Phenotypic, Functional, and Transcriptomic Features That Are Preserved in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631410. [PMID: 33897687 PMCID: PMC8062704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a class of innate-like T cells that utilize a semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor to recognize small molecule ligands produced by bacteria and fungi. Despite growing evidence that immune cells at mucosal surfaces are often phenotypically and functionally distinct from those in the peripheral circulation, knowledge about the characteristics of MAIT cells at the lung mucosal surface, the site of exposure to respiratory pathogens, is limited. HIV infection has been shown to have a profound effect on the number and function of MAIT cells in the peripheral blood, but its effect on lung mucosal MAIT cells is unknown. We examined the phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic features of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related (MR1)-restricted MAIT cells from the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar compartments of otherwise healthy individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection who were either HIV uninfected or HIV infected. Peripheral blood MAIT cells consistently co-expressed typical MAIT cell surface markers CD161 and CD26 in HIV-negative individuals, while paired bronchoalveolar MAIT cells displayed heterogenous expression of these markers. Bronchoalveolar MAIT cells produced lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and expressed higher levels of co-inhibitory markers PD-1 and TIM-3 than peripheral MAIT cells. HIV infection resulted in decreased frequencies and pro-inflammatory function of peripheral blood MAIT cells, while in the bronchoalveolar compartment MAIT cell frequency was decreased but phenotype and function were not significantly altered. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis demonstrated greater heterogeneity among bronchoalveolar compared to peripheral blood MAIT cells and suggested a distinct subset in the bronchoalveolar compartment. The transcriptional features of this bronchoalveolar subset were associated with MAIT cell tissue repair functions. In summary, we found previously undescribed phenotypic and transcriptional heterogeneity of bronchoalveolar MAIT cells in HIV-negative people. In HIV infection, we found numeric depletion of MAIT cells in both anatomical compartments but preservation of the novel phenotypic and transcriptional features of bronchoalveolar MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Khuzwayo
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maphe Mthembu
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sanjay M Prakadan
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thierry Bassett
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Nyamande
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Dilshaad Fakey Khan
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Priya Maharaj
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Mitha
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moosa Suleman
- Department of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zoey Mhlane
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Dirhona Ramjit
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Research, VA Portland Health Care Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily B Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Amini A, Pang D, Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAIT Cells in Barrier Tissues: Lessons from Immediate Neighbors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584521. [PMID: 33329559 PMCID: PMC7734211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells present at considerable frequencies in human blood and barrier tissues, armed with an expanding array of effector functions in response to homeostatic perturbations. Analogous to other barrier immune cells, their phenotype and function is driven by crosstalk with host and dynamic environmental factors, most pertinently the microbiome. Given their distribution, they must function in diverse extracellular milieus. Tissue-specific and adapted functions of barrier immune cells are shaped by transcriptional programs and regulated through a blend of local cellular, inflammatory, physiological, and metabolic mediators unique to each microenvironment. This review compares the phenotype and function of MAIT cells with other barrier immune cells, highlighting potential areas for future exploration. Appreciation of MAIT cell biology within tissues is crucial to understanding their niche in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Pang
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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