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Jahanbani F, Sing JC, Maynard RD, Jahanbani S, Dafoe J, Dafoe W, Jones N, Wallace KJ, Rastan A, Maecker HT, Röst HL, Snyder MP, Davis RW. Longitudinal cytokine and multi-modal health data of an extremely severe ME/CFS patient with HSD reveals insights into immunopathology, and disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369295. [PMID: 38650940 PMCID: PMC11033372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) presents substantial challenges in patient care due to its intricate multisystem nature, comorbidities, and global prevalence. The heterogeneity among patient populations, coupled with the absence of FDA-approved diagnostics and therapeutics, further complicates research into disease etiology and patient managment. Integrating longitudinal multi-omics data with clinical, health,textual, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical data offers a promising avenue to address these complexities, aiding in the identification of underlying causes and providing insights into effective therapeutics and diagnostic strategies. Methods This study focused on an exceptionally severe ME/CFS patient with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) during a period of marginal symptom improvements. Longitudinal cytokine profiling was conducted alongside the collection of extensive multi-modal health data to explore the dynamic nature of symptoms, severity, triggers, and modifying factors. Additionally, an updated severity assessment platform and two applications, ME-CFSTrackerApp and LexiTime, were introduced to facilitate real-time symptom tracking and enhance patient-physician/researcher communication, and evaluate response to medical intervention. Results Longitudinal cytokine profiling revealed the significance of Th2-type cytokines and highlighted synergistic activities between mast cells and eosinophils, skewing Th1 toward Th2 immune responses in ME/CFS pathogenesis, particularly in cognitive impairment and sensorial intolerance. This suggests a potentially shared underlying mechanism with major ME/CFS comorbidities such as HSD, Mast cell activation syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and small fiber neuropathy. Additionally, the data identified potential roles of BCL6 and TP53 pathways in ME/CFS etiology and emphasized the importance of investigating adverse reactions to medication and supplements and drug interactions in ME/CFS severity and progression. Discussion Our study advocates for the integration of longitudinal multi-omics with multi-modal health data and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to better understand ME/CFS and its major comorbidities. These findings highlight the significance of dysregulated Th2-type cytokines in patient stratification and precision medicine strategies. Additionally, our results suggest exploring the use of low-dose drugs with partial agonist activity as a potential avenue for ME/CFS treatment. This comprehensive approach emphasizes the importance of adopting a patient-centered care approach to improve ME/CFS healthcare management, disease severity assessment, and personalized medicine. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of ME/CFS and offer avenues for future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Justin Cyril Sing
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajan Douglas Maynard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Janet Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Jones
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelvin J. Wallace
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Azuravesta Rastan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hannes L. Röst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Sluyter R, McEwan TBD, Sophocleous RA, Stokes L. Methods for studying P2X4 receptor ion channels in immune cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 526:113626. [PMID: 38311008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The P2X4 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated ion channel activated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). P2X4 is present in immune cells with emerging roles in inflammation and immunity, and related disorders. This review aims to provide an overview of the methods commonly used to study P2X4 in immune cells, focusing on those methods used to assess P2RX4 gene expression, the presence of the P2X4 protein, and P2X4 ion channel activity in these cells from humans, dogs, mice and rats. P2RX4 gene expression in immune cells is commonly assessed using semi-quantitative and quantitative reverse-transcriptase-PCR. The presence of P2X4 protein in immune cells is mainly assessed using anti-P2X4 polyclonal antibodies with immunoblotting or immunochemistry, but the use of these antibodies, as well as monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies to detect P2X4 with flow cytometry is increasing. Notably, use of an anti-P2X4 monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry has revealed that P2X4 is present on immune cells with a rank order of expression in eosinophils, then neutrophils and monocytes, then basophils and B cells, and finally T cells. P2X4 ion channel activity has been assessed mainly by Ca2+ flux assays using the cell permeable Ca2+-sensitive dyes Fura-2 and Fluo-4 with fluorescence microscopy, spectrophotometry, or flow cytometry. However, other methods including electrophysiology, and fluorescence assays measuring Na+ flux (using sodium green tetra-acetate) and dye uptake (using YO-PRO-12+) have been applied. Collectively, these methods have demonstrated the presence of functional P2X4 in monocytes and macrophages, microglia, eosinophils, mast cells and CD4+ T cells, with other evidence suggestive of functional P2X4 in dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Tahnee B-D McEwan
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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Arunachalam AR, Samuel SS, Mani A, Maynard JP, Stayer KM, Dybbro E, Narayanan S, Biswas A, Pathan S, Soni K, Kamal AHM, Ambati CSR, Putluri N, Desai MS, Thevananther S. P2Y2 purinergic receptor gene deletion protects mice from bacterial endotoxin and sepsis-associated liver injury and mortality. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G471-G491. [PMID: 37697947 PMCID: PMC10812707 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00090.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a significant role in regulating a wide range of metabolic, homeostatic, and host-defense functions. However, the impact of liver injury on the host's ability to control bacteremia and morbidity in sepsis is not well understood. Leukocyte recruitment and activation lead to cytokine and chemokine release, which, in turn, trigger hepatocellular injury and elevate nucleotide levels in the extracellular milieu. P2Y2 purinergic receptors, G protein-coupled and activated by extracellular ATP/UTP, are expressed at the cell surface of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. We sought to determine whether P2Y2 purinergic receptor function is necessary for the maladaptive host response to bacterial infection and endotoxin-mediated inflammatory liver injury and mortality in mice. We report that P2Y2 purinergic receptor knockout mice (P2Y2-/-) had attenuated inflammation and liver injury, with improved survival in response to LPS/galactosamine (LPS/GalN; inflammatory liver injury) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; polymicrobial sepsis). P2Y2-/- livers had attenuated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, and hepatocyte apoptosis in response to LPS/GalN and attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 protein expression in response to CLP. Implicating liver injury in the disruption of amino acid homeostasis, CLP led to lower serum arginine and higher bacterial load and morbidity in the WT mice, whereas serum arginine levels were comparable to sham-operated controls in P2Y2-/- mice, which had attenuated bacteremia and improved survival. Collectively, our studies highlight the pathophysiological relevance of P2Y2 purinergic receptor function in inflammatory liver injury and dysregulation of systemic amino acid homeostasis with implications for sepsis-associated immune dysfunction and morbidity in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies provide experimental evidence for P2Y2 purinergic receptor-mediated potentiation of inflammatory liver injury, morbidity, and mortality, in two well-established animal models of inflammatory liver injury. Our findings highlight the potential to target P2Y2 purinergic signaling to attenuate the induction of "cytokine storm" and prevent its deleterious consequences on liver function, systemic amino acid homeostasis, host response to bacterial infection, and sepsis-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athis R Arunachalam
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sanju S Samuel
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Arunmani Mani
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Janielle P Maynard
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kelsey M Stayer
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Eric Dybbro
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Subapradha Narayanan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Aalekhya Biswas
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Saliha Pathan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Krishnakant Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Moreshwar S Desai
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sundararajah Thevananther
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Rump A, Ratas K, Lepasepp TK, Suurväli J, Smolander OP, Gross-Paju K, Toomsoo T, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. Sex-dependent expression levels of VAV1 and P2X7 in PBMC of multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13283. [PMID: 38441379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults. It decreases the patient's lifespan by about 10 years and affects women more than men. No medication entirely restricts or reverses neurological degradation. However, early diagnosis and treatment increase the possibility of a better outcome. To identify new MS biomarkers, we tested the expression of six potential markers (P2X4, P2X7, CXCR4, RGS1, RGS16 and VAV1) using qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients treated with interferon β (IFNβ), with glatiramer acetate (GA) or untreated. We showed that P2X7 and VAV1 are significantly induced in MS patients. In contrast, the expression of P2X4, CXCR4, RGS1 and RGS16 was not significantly modified by MS in PBMC. P2X7 and VAV1 are essentially induced in female patients, suggesting these markers are connected to sex-specific mechanisms. Strikingly, VAV1 expression is higher in healthy women than healthy men and IFNβ treatment of MS reduced VAV1 expression in female MS patients while it up-regulated VAV1 in male MS patients. Our data point to the differential, sex-dependent value of MS markers and treatment effects. Although rgs16 expression in PBMC was not a valid MS marker in patients, the strong upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 induced in the spinal cord of WT mice by EAE was abrogated in rgs16KO mice suggesting that rgs16 is required for P2X4 and P2X7 induction by neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Synlab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Katarina Lepasepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Gross-Paju
- Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
- Confido Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Tian S, Wu L, Zheng H, Zhong X, Yu X, Wu W. Identification of autophagy-related genes in neuropathic pain through bioinformatic analysis. Hereditas 2023; 160:8. [PMID: 36855217 PMCID: PMC9976393 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the most common types of chronic pain and significantly compromises the quality of life. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is required to maintain cellular homeostasis in response to various stresses. The role of autophagy-related genes in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain remains unclear. METHODS We identified autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (ARDEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in neuropathic pain by bioinformatics analysis of the GSE145226 and GSE145199 datasets. These ARDEGs and their co-expressed genes were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and friends analysis. Meanwhile, we constructed TFs-ARDEGs, miRNA-ARDEGs regulatory network through ChIPBase database and the HTFtarget database, multiMir R package. Finally, we performed immune infiltration analysis of ARDEGs by Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). RESULTS We identified 2 potential autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (Sirt2 and ST7) that may be closely associated with the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. GO, KEGG and GSEA analysis revealed that these two ARDEGs were mainly enriched in pyridine nucleotide metabolic process, nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process, Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, NF-κB pathway, KRAS signaling, P53 pathway. In the TFs-ARDEGs and miRNA-ARDEGs regulatory network, miR-140-5p and Cebpb were predicted to be as crucial regulators in the progression of NP. For the ssGSEA results, Sirt2 was positively correlated with Eosinophil and Effector memory CD8+ T cell infiltration, which suggested that it may be involved in the regulation of neuroimmune-related signaling. CONCLUSION Two autophagy-related differentially expressed genes, especially Sirt2, may be potential biomarkers for NP, providing more evidence about the crucial role of autophagy in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tian
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Lanxiang Wu
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Heqing Zheng
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Xianhui Zhong
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Xinping Yu
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Sophocleous RA, Ooi L, Sluyter R. The P2X4 Receptor: Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of a Promising Neuroinflammatory Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105739. [PMID: 35628550 PMCID: PMC9147237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5′-triphosphate-gated P2X4 receptor channel is a promising target in neuroinflammatory disorders, but the ability to effectively target these receptors in models of neuroinflammation has presented a constant challenge. As such, the exact role of P2X4 receptors and their cell signalling mechanisms in human physiology and pathophysiology still requires further elucidation. To this end, research into the molecular mechanisms of P2X4 receptor activation, modulation, and inhibition has continued to gain momentum in an attempt to further describe the role of P2X4 receptors in neuroinflammation and other disease settings. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the P2X4 receptor, including its expression and function in cells involved in neuroinflammatory signalling. We discuss the pharmacology of P2X4 receptors and provide an overview of P2X4-targeting molecules, including agonists, positive allosteric modulators, and antagonists. Finally, we discuss the use of P2X4 receptor modulators and antagonists in models of neuroinflammatory cell signalling and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Andrew Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (R.A.S.); (L.O.)
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4221-5508
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Kanellopoulos JM, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Rüütel Boudinot S, Ojcius DM. Structural and Functional Features of the P2X4 Receptor: An Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645834. [PMID: 33897694 PMCID: PMC8059410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of activation, triggering various responses through plasma membrane P2 and P1 receptors. P2 receptors are further subdivided into ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. P2X4 is an ATP-gated cation channel broadly expressed in most tissues of the body. Within the P2X family, P2X4 has a unique subcellular distribution, being preferentially localized in lysosomes. In these organelles, high ATP concentrations do not trigger P2X4 because of the low pH. However, when the pH increases to 7.4, P2X4 can be stimulated by intra-lysosomal ATP, which is in its active, tetra-anionic form. Elucidation of P2X4, P2X3 and P2X7 structures has shed some light on the functional differences between these purinergic receptors. The potential interaction between P2X4 and P2X7 has been extensively studied. Despite intensive effort, it has not been possible yet to determine whether P2X4 and P2X7 interact as heterotrimers or homotrimers at the plasma membrane. However, several publications have shown that functional interactions between P2X4 and P2X7 do occur. Importantly, these studies indicate that P2X4 potentiates P2X7-dependent activation of inflammasomes, leading to increased release of IL-1β and IL-18. The role of P2X4 in various diseases could be beneficial or deleterious even though the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are still poorly defined. However, in diseases whose physiopathology involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, P2X4 was found to exacerbate severity of disease. The recent production of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human and mouse P2X4, some of which are endowed with agonist or antagonist properties, raises the possibility that they could be used therapeutically. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human P2RX4 gene has uncovered the association of P2RX4 gene variants with susceptibility to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Ma J, Gao J, Niu M, Zhang X, Wang J, Xie A. P2X4R Overexpression Upregulates Interleukin-6 and Exacerbates 6-OHDA-Induced Dopaminergic Degeneration in a Rat Model of PD. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:580068. [PMID: 33328961 PMCID: PMC7671967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains elusive. Current thinking suggests that the activation of microglia and the subsequent release of inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is a member of the P2X superfamily of ion channels activated by ATP. To study the possible effect of the ATP-P2X4R signal axis on IL-6 in PD, lentivirus carrying the P2X4R-overexpression gene or empty vector was injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of rats, followed by treatment of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or saline 1 week later. The research found the relative expression of P2X4R in the 6-OHDA-induced PD rat models was notably higher than that in the normal. And P2X4R overexpression could upregulate the expression of IL-6, reduce the amount of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the SN of PD rats, suggesting that P2X4R may mediate the production of IL-6 to damage DA neurons in the SN. Our data revealed the important role of P2X4R in modulating IL-6, which leads to neuroinflammation involved in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinzhao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Potential Therapeutic Role of Purinergic Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by SARS-CoV-2. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8632048. [PMID: 33299899 PMCID: PMC7709498 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8632048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders and has become a worldwide emergency. Myocardial injury can be caused by direct or indirect damage, particularly mediated by a cytokine storm, a disordered immune response that can cause myocarditis, abnormal coagulation, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, and myocardial infarction. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of this viral infection, cardiac biomarkers, consequences, and the possible therapeutic role of purinergic and adenosinergic signalling systems. In particular, we focus on the interaction of the extracellular nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with its receptors P2X1, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2 and of adenosine (Ado) with A2A and A3 receptors, as well as their roles in host immune responses. We suggest that receptors of purinergic signalling could be ideal candidates for pharmacological targeting to protect against myocardial injury caused by a cytokine storm in COVID-19, in order to reduce systemic inflammatory damage to cells and tissues, preventing the progression of the disease by modulating the immune response and improving patient quality of life.
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He J, Zhou Y, Arredondo Carrera HM, Sprules A, Neagu R, Zarkesh SA, Eaton C, Luo J, Gartland A, Wang N. Inhibiting the P2X4 Receptor Suppresses Prostate Cancer Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, Suggesting a Potential Clinical Target. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112511. [PMID: 33233569 PMCID: PMC7699771 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is the most ubiquitously expressed P2X receptor in mammals and is positively associated with tumorigenesis in many cancer types. However, its involvement in PCa progression is less understood. We hypothesized that P2X4R activity enhanced tumour formation by PCa cells. We showed that P2X4R was the most highly expressed, functional P2 receptor in these cells using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and a calcium influx assay. The effect of inhibiting P2X4R on PCa (PC3 and C4-2B4 cells) viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were examined using the selective P2XR4 antagonists 5-BDBD and PSB-12062. The results demonstrated that inhibiting P2X4R impaired the growth and mobility of PCa cells but not apoptosis. In BALB/c immunocompromised nude mice inoculated with human PC3 cells subcutaneously, 5-BDBD showed anti-tumourigenic effects. Finally, a retrospective analysis of P2RX4 expression in clinical datasets (GDS1439, GDS1746, and GDS3289) suggested that P2X4R was positively associated with PCa malignancy. These studies suggest that P2X4R has a role in enhancing PCa tumour formation and is a clinically targetable candidate for which inhibitors are already available and have the potential to suppress disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiepei He
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Hector M. Arredondo Carrera
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandria Sprules
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ramona Neagu
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Sayyed Amin Zarkesh
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Colby Eaton
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.M.A.C.); (A.S.); (R.N.); (S.A.Z.); (C.E.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-114-2159216
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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12
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Zhang WJ, Luo HL, Zhu ZM. The role of P2X4 receptors in chronic pain: A potential pharmacological target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110447. [PMID: 32887026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common symptom of most clinical diseases, which seriously affects the psychosomatic health of patients and brings some pain to patients. Due to its pathological mechanism is very complicated and the treatment of chronic pain has always been a difficult problem in clinical. Normally, drugs are usually used to relieve pain, but the analgesic effect is not good, especially for cancer pain patients, the analgesic effect is poor. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic pain has aroused the interest of many researchers. A large number of studies have shown that the role of ATP and P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. P2X4R is dependent on ATP ligand-gated ion channel receptor, which can be activated by ATP and plays an important role in the information transmission of nerve system and the formation of pain. Therefore, in this paper, we comprehensively described the structure and biological functions of P2X4R, and outlined behavioral evaluation methods of chronic pain models. Moreover, we also explored the inherent relationship between P2X4R and chronic pain, and described the therapeutic effect of P2X4R antagonist on chronic pain, and provided some valuable help for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China.
| | - Zheng-Ming Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 343000, China.
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Halievski K, Ghazisaeidi S, Salter MW. Sex-Dependent Mechanisms of Chronic Pain: A Focus on Microglia and P2X4R. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:202-209. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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