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Liukang C, Zhao J, Tian J, Huang M, Liang R, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Deciphering infected cell types, hub gene networks and cell-cell communication in infectious bronchitis virus via single-cell RNA sequencing. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012232. [PMID: 38743760 PMCID: PMC11125504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens, which exhibits a broad tropism for epithelial cells, infecting the tracheal mucosal epithelium, intestinal mucosal epithelium, and renal tubular epithelial cells. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we systematically examined cells in renal, bursal, and tracheal tissues following IBV infection and identified tissue-specific molecular markers expressed in distinct cell types. We evaluated the expression of viral RNA in diverse cellular populations and subsequently ascertained that distal tubules and collecting ducts within the kidney, bursal mucosal epithelial cells, and follicle-associated epithelial cells exhibit susceptibility to IBV infection through immunofluorescence. Furthermore, our findings revealed an upregulation in the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines IL18 and IL1B in renal macrophages as well as increased expression of apoptosis-related gene STAT in distal tubules and collecting duct cells upon IBV infection leading to renal damage. Cell-to-cell communication unveiled potential interactions between diverse cell types, as well as upregulated signaling pathways and key sender-receiver cell populations after IBV infection. Integrating single-cell data from all tissues, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify gene modules that are specifically expressed in different cell populations. Based on the WGCNA results, we identified seven immune-related gene modules and determined the differential expression pattern of module genes, as well as the hub genes within these modules. Our comprehensive data provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of IBV as well as avian antiviral immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyin Liukang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zeinali S, Sutton K, Zefreh MG, Mabbott N, Vervelde L. Discrimination of distinct chicken M cell subsets based on CSF1R expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8795. [PMID: 38627516 PMCID: PMC11021470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a subset of follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells, known as M cells, conduct the transcytosis of antigens across the epithelium into the underlying lymphoid tissues. We previously revealed that M cells in the FAE of the chicken lung, bursa of Fabricius (bursa), and caecum based on the expression of CSF1R. Here, we applied RNA-seq analysis on highly enriched CSF1R-expressing bursal M cells to investigate their transcriptome and identify novel chicken M cell-associated genes. Our data show that, like mammalian M cells, those in the FAE of the chicken bursa also express SOX8, MARCKSL1, TNFAIP2 and PRNP. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of SOX8 in CSF1R-expressing cells in the lung, bursa, and caecum. However, we found that many other mammalian M cell-associated genes such as SPIB and GP2 were not expressed by chicken M cells or represented in the chicken genome. Instead, we show bursal M cells express high levels of related genes such as SPI1. Whereas our data show that bursal M cells expressed CSF1R-highly, the M cells in the small intestine lacked CSF1R and both expressed SOX8. This study offers insights into the transcriptome of chicken M cells, revealing the expression of CSF1R in M cells is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Zeinali
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Masoud Ghaderi Zefreh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Sutton K, Nash T, Sives S, Borowska D, Mitchell J, Vohra P, Stevens MP, Vervelde L. Disentangling the innate immune responses of intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria cells to Salmonella Typhimurium infection in chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258796. [PMID: 37854334 PMCID: PMC10579587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) is a major foodborne pathogen and poultry are a key reservoir of human infections. To understand the host responses to early stages of Salmonella infection in poultry, we infected 2D and 3D enteroids, the latter of which contains leukocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells that are characteristic of the lamina propria. We infected these enteroids with wild-type (WT STm), a non-invasive mutant lacking the prgH gene (ΔprgH STm), or treated them with STm lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed the expression of innate immune related genes by qPCR at 4 and 8 h. The localization of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, expression was disrupted in WT STm infected enteroids but not ΔprgH STm or LPS treated enteroids, suggesting a loss of epithelial barrier integrity. The innate immune response to LPS was more pronounced in 2D enteroids compared to 3D enteroids and by 8 hpi, the response in 3D enteroids was almost negligible. However, when STm adhered to or invaded the enteroids, both 2D and 3D enteroids exhibited an upregulation of inflammatory responses. The presence of lamina propria cells in 3D enteroids resulted in the unique expression of genes associated with immune functions involved in regulating inflammation. Moreover, 2D and 3D enteroids showed temporal differences in response to bacterial invasion or adherence. At 8 hpi, innate responses in 3D but not 2D enteroids continued to increase after infection with WT STm, whereas the responses to the non-invasive strain decreased at 8 hpi in both 2D and 3D enteroids. In conclusion, STm infection of chicken enteroids recapitulated several observations from in vivo studies of Salmonella-infected chickens, including altered epithelial barrier integrity based on ZO-1 expression and inflammatory responses. Our findings provide evidence that Salmonella-infected enteroids serve as effective models for investigating host-pathogen interactions and exploring the molecular mechanisms of microbial virulence although the 3D model mimics the host more accurately due to the presence of a lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Nash
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Mitchell
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prerna Vohra
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- Division of Bacteriology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Reduces the Ascorbic Acid Uptake in the Intestine. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:2629262. [PMID: 36704315 PMCID: PMC9873446 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2629262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium infection of the gastrointestinal tract leads to damage that compromises the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and results in enterocolitis and inflammation. Salmonella infection promotes the expression of inflammasome NLRP3, leading to activation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, and the infected host often displays altered nutrient levels. To date, the effect of Salmonella infection and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β on the intestinal uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) is unknown. Our results revealed a marked decrease in the rate of AA uptake in mouse jejunum infected with Salmonella wild type (WT). However, the nonpathogenic mutant (Δ invA Δ spiB) strain did not affect AA uptake. The decrease in AA uptake due to Salmonella WT infection is accompanied by significantly lower expression of mouse (m)SVCT1 protein, mRNA, and hnRNA levels. NLRP3 and IL-1β expression levels were markedly increased in Salmonella-infected mouse jejunum. IL-1β-exposed Caco-2 cells displayed marked inhibition in AA uptake and significantly decreased hSVCT1 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, the activity of the SLC23A1 promoter was significantly inhibited by IL-1β exposure. In addition, GRHPR (a known SVCT1 interactor) protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in Salmonella-infected mouse jejunum. These results indicate that Salmonella infection inhibits AA absorption in mouse jejunum and IL-1β-exposed Caco-2 cells. The observed inhibitory effect may partially be mediated through transcriptional mechanisms.
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Wu Z, Hu T, Chintoan-Uta C, Macdonald J, Stevens MP, Sang H, Hume DA, Kaiser P, Balic A. Development of novel reagents to chicken FLT3, XCR1 and CSF2R for the identification and characterization of avian conventional dendritic cells. Immunology 2021; 165:171-194. [PMID: 34767637 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are bone marrow-derived immune cells that play a central role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. cDCs efficiently uptake, process and present antigen to naïve T cells, driving clonal expansion of antigen-specific T-cell responses. In chicken, vital reagents are lacking for the efficient and precise identification of cDCs. In this study, we have developed several novel reagents for the identification and characterization of chicken cDCs. Chicken FLT3 cDNA was cloned and a monoclonal antibody to cell surface FLT3 was generated. This antibody identified a distinct FLT3HI splenic subset which lack expression of signature markers for B cells, T cells or monocyte/macrophages. By combining anti-FLT3 and CSF1R-eGFP transgenic expression, three major populations within the mononuclear phagocyte system were identified in the spleen. The cDC1 subset of mammalian cDCs express the chemokine receptor XCR1. To characterize chicken cDCs, a synthetic chicken chemokine (C motif) ligand (XCL1) peptide conjugated to Alexa Fluor 647 was developed (XCL1AF647 ). Flow cytometry staining of XCL1AF647 on splenocytes showed that all chicken FLT3HI cells exclusively express XCR1, supporting the hypothesis that this population comprises bona fide chicken cDCs. Further analysis revealed that chicken cDCs expressed CSF1R but lacked the expression of CSF2R. Collectively, the cell surface phenotypes of chicken cDCs were partially conserved with mammalian XCR1+ cDC1, with distinct differences in CSF1R and CSF2R expression compared with mammalian orthologues. These original reagents allow the efficient identification of chicken cDCs to investigate their important roles in the chicken immunity and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tuanjun Hu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Joni Macdonald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Helen Sang
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Mauri M, Sannasiddappa TH, Vohra P, Corona-Torres R, Smith AA, Chintoan-Uta C, Bremner A, Terra VS, Abouelhadid S, Stevens MP, Grant AJ, Cuccui J, Wren BW. Multivalent poultry vaccine development using Protein Glycan Coupling Technology. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:193. [PMID: 34600535 PMCID: PMC8487346 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry is the world's most popular animal-based food and global production has tripled in the past 20 years alone. Low-cost vaccines that can be combined to protect poultry against multiple infections are a current global imperative. Glycoconjugate vaccines, which consist of an immunogenic protein covalently coupled to glycan antigens of the targeted pathogen, have a proven track record in human vaccinology, but have yet to be used for livestock due to prohibitively high manufacturing costs. To overcome this, we use Protein Glycan Coupling Technology (PGCT), which enables the production of glycoconjugates in bacterial cells at considerably reduced costs, to generate a candidate glycan-based live vaccine intended to simultaneously protect against Campylobacter jejuni, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and Clostridium perfringens. Campylobacter is the most common cause of food poisoning, whereas colibacillosis and necrotic enteritis are widespread and devastating infectious diseases in poultry. RESULTS We demonstrate the functional transfer of C. jejuni protein glycosylation (pgl) locus into the genome of APEC χ7122 serotype O78:H9. The integration caused mild attenuation of the χ7122 strain following oral inoculation of chickens without impairing its ability to colonise the respiratory tract. We exploit the χ7122 pgl integrant as bacterial vectors delivering a glycoprotein decorated with the C. jejuni heptasaccharide glycan antigen. To this end we engineered χ7122 pgl to express glycosylated NetB toxoid from C. perfringens and tested its ability to reduce caecal colonisation of chickens by C. jejuni and protect against intra-air sac challenge with the homologous APEC strain. CONCLUSIONS We generated a candidate glycan-based multivalent live vaccine with the potential to induce protection against key avian and zoonotic pathogens (C. jejuni, APEC, C. perfringens). The live vaccine failed to significantly reduce Campylobacter colonisation under the conditions tested but was protective against homologous APEC challenge. Nevertheless, we present a strategy towards the production of low-cost "live-attenuated multivalent vaccine factories" with the ability to express glycoconjugates in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mauri
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thippeswamy H Sannasiddappa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Prerna Vohra
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Ricardo Corona-Torres
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alexander A Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Abi Bremner
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Vanessa S Terra
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sherif Abouelhadid
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Jon Cuccui
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Nash TJ, Morris KM, Mabbott NA, Vervelde L. Inside-out chicken enteroids with leukocyte component as a model to study host-pathogen interactions. Commun Biol 2021; 4:377. [PMID: 33742093 PMCID: PMC7979936 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian three-dimensional (3D) enteroids mirror in vivo intestinal organisation and are powerful tools to investigate intestinal cell biology and host-pathogen interactions. We have developed complex multilobulated 3D chicken enteroids from intestinal embryonic villi and adult crypts. These avian enteroids develop optimally in suspension without the structural support required to produce mammalian enteroids, resulting in an inside-out enteroid conformation with media-facing apical brush borders. Histological and transcriptional analyses show these enteroids comprise of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells bound by cell-cell junctions, and notably, include intraepithelial leukocytes and an inner core of lamina propria leukocytes. The advantageous polarisation of these enteroids has enabled infection of the epithelial apical surface with Salmonella Typhimurium, influenza A virus and Eimeria tenella without the need for micro-injection. We have created a comprehensive model of the chicken intestine which has the potential to explore epithelial and leukocyte interactions and responses in host-pathogen, food science and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J Nash
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Katrina M Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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Grabert K, Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Ozdemir DD, Stables J, Luke GA, Ryan MD, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Sandrock CJ, Rojo R, Verkasalo VA, Mueller W, Hohenstein P, Pettit AR, Pridans C, Hume DA. A Transgenic Line That Reports CSF1R Protein Expression Provides a Definitive Marker for the Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3154-3166. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wu Z, Harne R, Chintoan-Uta C, Hu TJ, Wallace R, MacCallum A, Stevens MP, Kaiser P, Balic A, Hume DA. Regulation and function of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) in the chicken immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103586. [PMID: 31870792 PMCID: PMC6996135 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) is an essential growth factor to control the proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells of the macrophage lineage in vertebrates. We have previously produced a recombinant chicken CSF1-Fc fusion protein and administrated it to birds which produced a substantial expansion of tissue macrophage populations. To further study the biology of CSF1 in the chicken, here we generated anti-chicken CSF1 antibodies (ROS-AV181 and 183) using CSF1-Fc as an immunogen. The specific binding of each monoclonal antibody was confirmed by ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. Using the anti-CSF1 antibodies, we show that chicken bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) express CSF1 on their surface, and that the level appears to be regulated further by exogenous CSF1. By capture ELISA circulating CSF1 levels increased transiently in both layer and broiler embryos around the day of hatch. The levels of CSF1 in broilers was higher than in layers during the first week after hatch. Antibody ROS-AV183 was able to block CSF1 biological activity in vitro and treatment of hatchlings using this neutralising antibody in vivo impacted on some tissue macrophage populations, but not blood monocytes. After anti-CSF1 treatment, CSF1R-transgene reporter expressing cells were reduced in the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsil and TIM4+ Kupffer cells in the liver were almost completely ablated. Anti-CSF1 treatment also produced a reduction in overall bone density, trabecular volume and TRAP+ osteoclasts. Our novel neutralising antibody provides a new tool to study the roles of CSF1 in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rakhi Harne
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tuan-Jun Hu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert Wallace
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4104, Australia.
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