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Perez-Duran F, Calderon-Rico F, Franco-Correa LE, Zamora-Aviles AG, Ortega-Flores R, Durand-Herrera D, Bravo-Patiño A, Cortes-Vieyra R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:652. [PMID: 38932381 PMCID: PMC11209519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenic response elicited in swine by two synthetic peptides derived from GP5 to understand the role of lineal B epitopes in the humoral and B-cell-mediated response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). For inoculation, twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into six groups: control, vehicle, vaccinated (Ingelvac-PRRSV, MLV®), non-vaccinated and naturally infected, GP5-B and GP5-B3. At 2 days post-immunization (dpi), the GP5-B3 peptide increased the serum concentrations of cytokines associated with activate adaptive cellular immunity, IL-1β (1.15 ± 1.15 to 10.17 ± 0.94 pg/mL) and IL-12 (323.8 ± 23.3 to 778.5 ± 58.11 pg/mL), compared to the control group. The concentration of IgGs anti-GP5-B increased in both cases at 21 and 42 dpi compared to that at 0 days (128.3 ± 8.34 ng/mL to 231.9 ± 17.82 and 331 ± 14.86 ng/mL), while IgGs anti-GP5-B3 increased at 21 dpi (105.1 ± 19.06 to 178 ± 15.09 ng/mL) and remained at the same level until 42 dpi. Also, antibody-forming/Plasma B cells (CD2+/CD21-) increased in both cases (9.85 ± 0.7% to 13.67 ± 0.44 for GP5-B and 15.72 ± 1.27% for GP5-B3). Furthermore, primed B cells (CD2-/CD21+) from immunized pigs showed an increase in both cases (9.62 ± 1.5% to 24.51 ± 1.3 for GP5-B and 34 ± 2.39% for GP5-B3) at 42 dpi. Conversely the naïve B cells from immunized pigs decreased compared with the control group (8.84 ± 0.63% to 6.25 ± 0.66 for GP5-B and 5.78 ± 0.48% for GP5-B3). Importantly, both GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides exhibited immunoreactivity against serum antibodies from the vaccinated group, as well as the non-vaccinated and naturally infected group. In conclusion, GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides elicited immunogenicity mediated by antigen-specific IgGs and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Interdisciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon CP 37684, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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Li C, Fan A, Liu Z, Wang G, Zhou L, Zhang H, Huang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Prevalence, Time of Infection, and Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China. Viruses 2024; 16:774. [PMID: 38793655 PMCID: PMC11125865 DOI: 10.3390/v16050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRVS) is a major swine viral pathogen that affects the pig industry worldwide. Control of early PRRSV infection is essential, and different types of PRRSV-positive samples can reflect the time point of PRRSV infection. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of PRRSV in China from Q4 2021 to Q4 2022, which will be beneficial for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)control in the swine production industry in the future. A total of 7518 samples (of processing fluid, weaning serum, and oral fluid) were collected from 100 intensive pig farms in 21 provinces, which covered all five pig production regions in China, on a quarterly basis starting from the fourth quarter of 2021 and ending on the fourth quarter of 2022. Independent of sample type, 32.1% (2416/7518) of the total samples were PCR-positive for PRRSV, including 73.6% (1780/2416) samples that were positive for wild PRRSV, and the remaining were positive for PRRSV vaccine strains. On the basis of the time of infection, 58.9% suckling piglets (processing fluid) and 30.8% weaning piglets (weaning serum) showed PRRSV infection at an early stage (approximately 90% of the farms). The sequencing analysis results indicate a wide range of diverse PRRSV wild strains in China, with lineage 1 as the dominant strain. Our study clearly demonstrates the prevalence, infection stage, and diversity of PRRSV in China. This study provides useful data for the epidemiological understanding of PRRSV, which can contribute to the strategic and systematic prevention and control of PRRSV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China; (C.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Aihua Fan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China; (C.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China;
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Lv Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200040, China; (C.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China;
| | - Yan Zhang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161006, China;
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Kick AR, Grete AF, Crisci E, Almond GW, Käser T. Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030594. [PMID: 36992179 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Alicyn F Grete
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Sun R, Guo Y, Li X, Li R, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Zhang L, Han J, Huang J. PRRSV Non-Structural Proteins Orchestrate Porcine E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF122 to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020424. [PMID: 35216017 PMCID: PMC8874583 DOI: 10.3390/v14020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a major role in immune regulation after viral infection. An alternatively spliced porcine E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF122 promoted PRRSV infection and upregulated in PRRSV-infected PAM cells was identified. We characterized the core promoter of RNF122, located between −550 to −470 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), which displayed significant differential transcriptional activities in regulating the transcription and expression of RNF122. The transcription factor HLTF was inhibited by nsp1α and nsp7 of PRRSV, and the transcription factor E2F complex regulated by nsp9. Together, they modulated the transcription and expression of RNF122. RNF122 could mediate K63-linked ubiquitination to raise stability of PRRSV nsp4 protein and thus promote virus replication. Moreover, RNF122 also performed K27-linked and K48-linked ubiquitination of MDA5 to degrade MDA5 and inhibit IFN production, ultimately promoted virus proliferation. In this study, we illustrate a new immune escape mechanism of PRRSV that enhances self-stability and function of viral nsp4, thus, regulating RNF122 expression to antagonize IFNα/β production. The present study broadens our knowledge of PRRSV-coding protein modulating transcription, expression and modification of host protein to counteract innate immune signaling, and may provide novel insights for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (R.S.); (Y.G.); (X.L.); (R.L.); (J.S.); (Z.T.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (J.H.)
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Li C, Liu Z, Chen K, Qian J, Hu Y, Fang S, Sun Z, Zhang C, Huang L, Zhang J, Huang N. Efficacy of the Synergy Between Live-Attenuated and Inactivated PRRSV Vaccines Against a NADC30-Like Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-Week Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:812040. [PMID: 35187144 PMCID: PMC8847452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.812040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a novel strain responsible for substantial economic losses to swine production in China. This study evaluated the cross-protective efficacy of the synergy between live-attenuated and inactivated PRRSV vaccines compared with a single vaccination with PRRS modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against challenge with NADC30-like strain, v2016/ZJ/09-03. A total of 45 PRRSV free pigs were randomly divided into five groups: (1) strict control (SC); (2) positive control (PC); (3) single MLV dose (M1); (4) primed intramuscularly with MLV and boosted with killed vaccine 3 weeks later (MK1); and (5) intramuscular prime MLV boosted subcutaneously with killed vaccine B 3 weeks later (MK2). Serological tests in MK groups revealed no differences in both anti-N and anti-GP protein antibodies compared with M1 group, and failed to provide further protection against clinical signs, virus shedding, and gross lesions. However, the viremic titer, gross lung lesions, and average daily weight gain were significantly improved in the MLV vaccinated groups, suggesting that MLV provides substantial cross-protection against the NADC30-like virus. Thus, as a booster, the killed vaccine confers minimal additional protection in NADC30-like infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Qian
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhe Fang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Asian Veterinary Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lv Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for LingNan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianfeng Zhang
| | - Nian Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Nian Huang
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Zhou L, Ge X, Yang H. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Vaccine: A "Leaky" Vaccine with Debatable Efficacy and Safety. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040362. [PMID: 33918580 PMCID: PMC8069561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important diseases, that has significantly impacted the global pork industry for over three decades, since it was first recognized in the United States in the late 1980s. Attributed to the PRRSV extensive genetic and antigenic variation and rapid mutability and evolution, nearly worldwide epidemics have been sustained by a set of emerging and re-emerging virus strains. Since the first modified live virus (MLV) vaccine was commercially available, it has been widely used for more than 20 years, for preventing and controlling PRRS. On the one hand, MLV can induce a protective immune response against homologous viruses by lightening the clinical signs of pigs and reducing the virus transmission in the affected herd, as well as helping to cost-effectively increase the production performance on pig farms affected by heterologous viruses. On the other hand, MLV can still replicate in the host, inducing viremia and virus shedding, and it fails to confer sterilizing immunity against PRRSV infection, that may accelerate viral mutation or recombination to adapt the host and to escape from the immune response, raising the risk of reversion to virulence. The unsatisfied heterologous cross-protection and safety issue of MLV are two debatable characterizations, which raise the concerns that whether it is necessary or valuable to use this leaky vaccine to protect the field viruses with a high probability of being heterologous. To provide better insights into the immune protection and safety related to MLV, recent advances and opinions on PRRSV attenuation, protection efficacy, immunosuppression, recombination, and reversion to virulence are reviewed here, hoping to give a more comprehensive recognition on MLV and to motivate scientific inspiration on novel strategies and approaches of developing the next generation of PRRS vaccine.
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