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Jodhawat N, Bargir UA, Setia P, Taur P, Bala N, Madkaikar A, Yadav RM, Dalvi A, Shinde S, Gupta M, Shelar S, Kambli P, Gowri V, Lokeshwar M, Satoskar P, Desai M, Madkaikar M. Normative data for paediatric lymphocyte subsets: A pilot study from western India. Indian J Med Res 2023; 158:161-174. [PMID: 37787259 PMCID: PMC10645029 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3282_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Accurate diagnosis of immunodeficiencies requires a critical comparison of values with age-matched controls. In India, the existing reference values for rare lymphocyte subsets are currently not available and we rely on the data originating from other countries for the interpretation of the results. Furthermore, there is limited information on normal variation for these rare-subset parameters in Indian children. So, this study aimed to establish normative values for clinically important lymphocyte subsets in Indian children at different age groups. Methods 148 children aged ≥16 yr were enrolled in this study. The study population included 61 per cent males and 39 per cent females and was divided into the following groups: cord blood (n=18), 0-6 months (n=9), 6-12 months (n=13), 1-2 yr (n=19), 2-5 yr (n=27), 5-10 yr (n=25) and 10-16 yr (n=37). The absolute and relative percentage of lymphocytes, T, B, natural killer cell, along with activated, naïve and memory subsets, was determined by flow cytometry. Results Median values and the 10th and 90th percentiles were obtained for 34 lymphocyte sub-populations. The T and B naïve compartments showed a decreasing trend, whereas memory cells showed an increase with age. The activated T cell subset shows an increasing pattern up to one year and then declines gradually. Double negative T cells are relatively stable. TCRgd+T cell percentage increases with age. Interpretation & conclusions This single-centre pilot study provides preliminary data that justifies the need for future large-scale multi centric studies to generate a reference range for interpreting extended immunophenotyping profiles in the paediatric age group, making it possible for clinicians to assess the immunological status in inborn errors of immunity, infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jodhawat
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Setia
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Division of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nidhi Bala
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aditi Madkaikar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Reetika Malik Yadav
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Shinde
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shraddha Shelar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Kambli
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijaya Gowri
- Division of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhukar Lokeshwar
- Department of Paediatrics, Kashyap Nursing Home, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Purnima Satoskar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Division of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology & Leukocyte Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research - National Institute of Immunohaematology, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Deciphering actin remodelling in immune cells through the prism of actin-related inborn errors of immunity. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151283. [PMID: 36525824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton remodelling drives cell motility, cell to cell contacts, as well as membrane and organelle dynamics. Those cellular activities operate at a particularly high pace in immune cells since these cells migrate through various tissues, interact with multiple cellular partners, ingest microorganisms and secrete effector molecules. The central and multifaceted role of actin cytoskeleton remodelling in sustaining immune cell tasks in humans is highlighted by rare inborn errors of immunity due to mutations in genes encoding proximal and distal actin regulators. In line with the specificity of some of the actin-based processes at work in immune cells, the expression of some of the affected genes, such as WAS, ARPC1B and HEM1 is restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. Exploration of these natural deficiencies highlights the fact that the molecular control of actin remodelling is tuned distinctly in the various subsets of myeloid and lymphoid immune cells and sustains different networks associated with a vast array of specialized tasks. Furthermore, defects in individual actin remodelling proteins are usually associated with partial cellular impairments highlighting the plasticity of actin cytoskeleton remodelling. This review covers the roles of disease-associated actin regulators in promoting the actin-based processes of immune cells. It focuses on the specific molecular function of those regulators across various immune cell subsets and in response to different stimuli. Given the fact that numerous immune-related actin defects have only been characterized recently, we further discuss the challenges lying ahead to decipher the underlying patho-mechanisms.
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Bosch JVDWT, Hlaváčková E, Derpoorter C, Fischer U, Saettini F, Ghosh S, Farah R, Bogaert D, Wagener R, Loeffen J, Bacon CM, Bomken S. How to recognize inborn errors of immunity in a child presenting with a malignancy: guidelines for the pediatric hemato-oncologist. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 40:131-146. [PMID: 35913104 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2085830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders caused by genetically determined defects in the immune system, leading to infections, autoimmunity, autoinflammation and an increased risk of malignancy. In some cases, a malignancy might be the first sign of an underlying IEI. As therapeutic strategies might be different in these patients, recognition of the underlying IEI by the pediatric hemato-oncologist is important. This article, written by a group of experts in pediatric immunology, hemato-oncology, pathology and genetics, aims to provide guidelines for pediatric hemato-oncologists on how to recognize a possible underlying IEI and what diagnostic tests can be performed, and gives some consideration to treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Hlaváčková
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne s University Hospital in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Brno University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Charlotte Derpoorter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesco Saettini
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fondazione MBBM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Department for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roula Farah
- Department of pediatrics, University-Medical-Center-Rizk-Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Delfien Bogaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rabea Wagener
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Loeffen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris M Bacon
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Bomken
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Neirinck J, Emmaneel A, Buysse M, Philippé J, Van Gassen S, Saeys Y, Bossuyt X, De Buyser S, van der Burg M, Pérez-Andrés M, Orfao A, van Dongen JJM, Lambrecht BN, Kerre T, Hofmans M, Haerynck F, Bonroy C. The Euroflow PID Orientation Tube in the diagnostic workup of primary immunodeficiency: Daily practice performance in a tertiary university hospital. Front Immunol 2022; 13:937738. [PMID: 36177024 PMCID: PMC9513319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) immunophenotyping is an important tool in the diagnostic screening and classification of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). The EuroFlow Consortium recently developed the PID Orientation Tube (PIDOT) as a universal screening tool to identify lymphoid-PID in suspicious patients. Although PIDOT can identify different lymphoid-PIDs with high sensitivity, clinical validation in a broad spectrum of patients with suspicion of PID is missing. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic performance of PIDOT, as part of the EuroFlow diagnostic screening algorithm for lymphoid-PID, in a daily practice at a tertiary reference center for PID. Methods PIDOT was tested in 887 consecutive patients suspicious of PID at the Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. Patients were classified into distinct subgroups of lymphoid-PID vs. non-PID disease controls (non-PID DCs), according to the IUIS and ESID criteria. For the clinical validation of PIDOT, comprehensive characterization of the lymphoid defects was performed, together with the identification of the most discriminative cell subsets to distinguish lymphoid-PID from non-PID DCs. Next, a decision-tree algorithm was designed to guide subsequent FCM analyses. Results The mean number of lymphoid defects detected by PIDOT in blood was 2.87 times higher in lymphoid-PID patients vs. non-PID DCs (p < 0.001), resulting in an overall sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 62% to detect severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), combined immunodeficiency with associated or syndromic features (CID), immune dysregulation disorder (ID), and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The most discriminative populations were total memory and switched memory B cells, total T cells, TCD4+cells, and naive TCD4+cells, together with serum immunoglobulin levels. Based on these findings, a decision-tree algorithm was designed to guide further FCM analyses, which resulted in an overall sensitivity and specificity for all lymphoid-PIDs of 86% and 82%, respectively. Conclusion Altogether, our findings confirm that PIDOT is a powerful tool for the diagnostic screening of lymphoid-PID, particularly to discriminate (S)CID, ID, and CVID patients from other patients suspicious of PID. The combination of PIDOT and serum immunoglobulin levels provides an efficient guide for further immunophenotypic FCM analyses, complementary to functional and genetic assays, for accurate PID diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Neirinck
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Emmaneel
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Malicorne Buysse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Philippé
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modelling for Biomedicine Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie De Buyser
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martín Pérez-Andrés
- Cancer Research Centre (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), USAL-CSIC; CIBERONC CB16/12/00400), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS Research Support Platform), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca (USAL), Department of Medicine, IBSAL and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), USAL-CSIC; CIBERONC CB16/12/00400), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS Research Support Platform), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca (USAL), Department of Medicine, IBSAL and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Hofmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Research Lab, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien Bonroy
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Carolien Bonroy,
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Kužílková D, Puñet-Ortiz J, Aui PM, Fernández J, Fišer K, Engel P, van Zelm MC, Kalina T. Standardization of Workflow and Flow Cytometry Panels for Quantitative Expression Profiling of Surface Antigens on Blood Leukocyte Subsets: An HCDM CDMaps Initiative. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827898. [PMID: 35222411 PMCID: PMC8874145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Human Cell Differentiation Molecules (HCDM) organizes Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen (HLDA) workshops to test and name clusters of antibodies that react with a specific antigen. These cluster of differentiation (CD) markers have provided the scientific community with validated antibody clones, consistent naming of targets and reproducible identification of leukocyte subsets. Still, quantitative CD marker expression profiles and benchmarking of reagents at the single-cell level are currently lacking. Objective To develop a flow cytometric procedure for quantitative expression profiling of surface antigens on blood leukocyte subsets that is standardized across multiple research laboratories. Methods A high content framework to evaluate the titration and reactivity of Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was created. Two flow cytometry panels were designed: an innate cell tube for granulocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (12-color) and an adaptive lymphocyte tube for naive and memory B and T cells, including TCRγδ+, regulatory-T and follicular helper T cells (11-color). The potential of these 2 panels was demonstrated via expression profiling of selected CD markers detected by PE-conjugated antibodies and evaluated using 561 nm excitation. Results Using automated data annotation and dried backbone reagents, we reached a robust workflow amenable to processing hundreds of measurements in each experiment in a 96-well plate format. The immunophenotyping panels enabled discrimination of 27 leukocyte subsets and quantitative detection of the expression of PE-conjugated CD markers of interest that could quantify protein expression above 400 units of antibody binding capacity. Expression profiling of 4 selected CD markers (CD11b, CD31, CD38, CD40) showed high reproducibility across centers, as well as the capacity to benchmark unique clones directed toward the same CD3 antigen. Conclusion We optimized a procedure for quantitative expression profiling of surface antigens on blood leukocyte subsets. The workflow, bioinformatics pipeline and optimized flow panels enable the following: 1) mapping the expression patterns of HLDA-approved mAb clones to CD markers; 2) benchmarking new antibody clones to established CD markers; 3) defining new clusters of differentiation in future HLDA workshops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kužílková
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Joan Puñet-Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pei M. Aui
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Javier Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karel Fišer
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomáš Kalina
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague (CLIP), Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Tomáš Kalina,
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Damoiseaux M, Damoiseaux J, Pico-Knijnenburg I, van der Burg M, Bredius R, van Well G. Lessons learned from the diagnostic work-up of a patient with the bare lymphocyte syndrome type II. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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El Allam A, El Fakihi S, Tahoune H, Sahmoudi K, Bousserhane H, Bakri Y, El Hafidi N, Seghrouchni F. Cytometric analysis and clinical features in a Moroccan cohort with severe combined immunodeficiency. Hum Antibodies 2022; 30:67-77. [PMID: 35094990 DOI: 10.3233/hab-211510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a form of primary immunodeficiency disease (PID). It is characterized by a serious abnormality of the cellular and sometimes humoral system due to a deficiency in development of T cells, B cells and/or NK cells. The early diagnosis of SCID improves the prognosis. Typically, the initial consideration of SCID is made based on low lymphocyte counts. Notwithstanding, the heterogeneity of lymphocyte count presentation makes the diagnosis of SCID a significant challenge. The objective of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to analyze the lymphocyte subpopulation counts along with clinical manifestations within a Moroccan cohort diagnosed as SCID compared to children diagnosed with non-PID diseases. Thirty-five SCID confirmed patients were selected in the period between 2008 and 2018 and compared with non-PID patients. Results of peripheral blood T, B, and NK lymphocyte subpopulation counts were measured by flow cytometry for each SCID subtype. As expected, T cell count was less than 300 cells/μL in most patients with SCID (85.5%). Unexpectedly, significantly higher T cell counts were detected in some patients with a confirmed clinical diagnosis and family history of SCID. 5.7% of our SCID Moroccan cohort had T cell numbers in the range between 300 and 500 cells/μL. 8.7% of our SCID Moroccan cohort had T cell numbers higher than 500 cells/μL. Of the SCID subtypes, the proportion of SCID with B cell deficiencies was highly represented in our cohort. 71.4% of Moroccan SCID patients (25 out of 35 patients) were of T-B-subtype. Furthermore, 40% of the patients (14 out of 35 patients) had a T-B-NK+ profile and 31.4% had a T-B-NK- profile (11 out of 35 patients). The most common clinical manifestations observed in our SCID cohort were pneumonia, failure to thrive, candidiasis, diarrhea, bronchitis and urinary tract infections. Our results not only highlight the relatively frequent presence of atypical SCID in the Moroccan population with unexpectedly high T cell numbers, but also describes the incidence pattern of common SCID subtypes in Morocco. Physicians in Morocco may find this local region-specific difference in SCID important for making improved early diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha El Allam
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara El Fakihi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Med Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham Tahoune
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Karima Sahmoudi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houria Bousserhane
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Med Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Biology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
- Centre of Human Pathology Genomic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naima El Hafidi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunology, Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Children's Hospital of Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital Centre, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fouad Seghrouchni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
- Med Biotech Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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Blom M, Bredius RGM, van der Burg M. Future Perspectives of Newborn Screening for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Int J Neonatal Screen 2021; 7:ijns7040074. [PMID: 34842618 PMCID: PMC8628921 DOI: 10.3390/ijns7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn screening (NBS) programs continue to expand due to innovations in both test methods and treatment options. Since the introduction of the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay 15 years ago, many countries have adopted screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in their NBS program. SCID became the first inborn error of immunity (IEI) in population-based screening and at the same time the TREC assay became the first high-throughput DNA-based test in NBS laboratories. In addition to SCID, there are many other IEI that could benefit from early diagnosis and intervention by preventing severe infections, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity, if a suitable NBS test was available. Advances in technologies such as KREC analysis, epigenetic immune cell counting, protein profiling, and genomic techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) could allow early detection of various IEI shortly after birth. In the next years, the role of these technical advances as well as ethical, social, and legal implications, logistics and cost will have to be carefully examined before different IEI can be considered as suitable candidates for inclusion in NBS programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Blom
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Robbert G. M. Bredius
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
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Xiao F, Lu Y, Wu B, Liu B, Li G, Zhang P, Zhou Q, Sun J, Wang H, Zhou W. High-Frequency Exon Deletion of DNA Cross-Link Repair 1C Accounting for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency May Be Missed by Whole-Exome Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:677748. [PMID: 34421990 PMCID: PMC8372405 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.677748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been used to detect severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in patients, and some patients with DNA cross-link repair 1C (DCLRE1C) variants have been identified. Moreover, some compound variants, such as copy number variants (CNV) and single nucleotide variants (SNV), have been reported. The purpose of this study was to expand the genetic data related to patients with SCID carrying the compound DCLRE1C variant. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for genetic analysis, and variants were verified by performing Sanger sequencing or quantitative PCR. Moreover, we searched PubMed and summarized the data of the reported variants. Four SCID patients with DCLRE1C variants were identified in this study. WES revealed a homozygous deletion in the DCLRE1C gene from exons 1–5 in patient 1, exons 1–3 deletion and a novel rare variant (c.92T>C, p.L31P) in patient 2, exons 1–3 deletion and a novel rare variant (c.328C>G, p.L110V) in patient 3, and exons 1–4 deletion and a novel frameshift variant (c.449dup, p.His151Alafs*20) in patient 4. Based on literature review, exons 1–3 was recognized as a hotspot region for deletion variation. Moreover, we found that compound variations (CNV + SNV) accounted for approximately 7% variations in all variants. When patients are screened for T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), NGS can be used to expand genetic testing. Deletion of the DCLRE1C gene should not be ignored when a variant has been found in patients with SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xiao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhua Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Ministry of Health, Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Blom M, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Imholz S, Vissers L, Schulze J, Werner J, Bredius R, van der Burg M. Second Tier Testing to Reduce the Number of Non-actionable Secondary Findings and False-Positive Referrals in Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1762-1773. [PMID: 34370170 PMCID: PMC8604867 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is based on the detection of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). TRECs are a sensitive biomarker for T-cell lymphopenia, but not specific for SCID. This creates a palette of secondary findings associated with low T-cells that require follow-up and treatment or are non-actionable. The high rate of (non-actionable) secondary findings and false-positive referrals raises questions about the harm-benefit-ratio of SCID screening, as referrals are associated with high emotional impact and anxiety for parents. Methods An alternative quantitative TREC PCR with different primers was performed on NBS cards of referred newborns (N = 56) and epigenetic immune cell counting was used as for relative quantification of CD3 + T-cells (N = 59). Retrospective data was used to determine the reduction in referrals with a lower TREC cutoff value or an adjusted screening algorithm. Results When analyzed with a second PCR with different primers, 45% of the referrals (25/56) had TREC levels above cutoff, including four false-positive cases in which two SNPs were identified. With epigenetic qPCR, 41% (24/59) of the referrals were within the range of the relative CD3 + T-cell counts of the healthy controls. Lowering the TREC cutoff value or adjusting the screening algorithm led to lower referral rates but did not prevent all false-positive referrals. Conclusions Second tier tests and adjustments of cutoff values or screening algorithms all have the potential to reduce the number of non-actionable secondary findings in NBS for SCID, although second tier tests are more effective in preventing false-positive referrals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01107-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Blom
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte Vissers
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janika Schulze
- Department of Research and Development, Epimune GmbH, Belin, Germany
| | - Jeannette Werner
- Department of Research and Development, Epimune GmbH, Belin, Germany
| | - Robbert Bredius
- Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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11
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Abstract
Ras homology (RHO) GTPases are signalling proteins that have crucial roles in triggering multiple immune functions. Through their interactions with a broad range of effectors and kinases, they regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, cell polarity and the trafficking and proliferation of immune cells. The activity and localization of RHO GTPases are highly controlled by classical families of regulators that share consensus motifs. In this Review, we describe the recent discovery of atypical modulators and partners of RHO GTPases, which bring an additional layer of regulation and plasticity to the control of RHO GTPase activities in the immune system. Furthermore, the development of large-scale genetic screening has now enabled researchers to identify dysregulation of RHO GTPase signalling pathways as a cause of many immune system-related diseases. We discuss the mutations that have been identified in RHO GTPases and their signalling circuits in patients with rare diseases. The discoveries of new RHO GTPase partners and genetic mutations in RHO GTPase signalling hubs have uncovered unsuspected layers of crosstalk with other signalling pathways and may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for patients affected by complex immune or broader syndromes.
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Rispoli F, Valencic E, Girardelli M, Pin A, Tesser A, Piscianz E, Boz V, Faletra F, Severini GM, Taddio A, Tommasini A. Immunity and Genetics at the Revolving Doors of Diagnostics in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030532. [PMID: 33809703 PMCID: PMC8002250 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a large and growing group of disorders commonly associated with recurrent infections. However, nowadays, we know that PIDs often carry with them consequences related to organ or hematologic autoimmunity, autoinflammation, and lymphoproliferation in addition to simple susceptibility to pathogens. Alongside this conceptual development, there has been technical advancement, given by the new but already established diagnostic possibilities offered by new genetic testing (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Nevertheless, there is also the need to understand the large number of gene variants detected with these powerful methods. That means advancing beyond genetic results and resorting to the clinical phenotype and to immunological or alternative molecular tests that allow us to prove the causative role of a genetic variant of uncertain significance and/or better define the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Furthermore, because of the rapid availability of results, laboratory immunoassays are still critical to diagnosing many PIDs, even in screening settings. Fundamental is the integration between different specialties and the development of multidisciplinary and flexible diagnostic workflows. This paper aims to tell these evolving aspects of immunodeficiencies, which are summarized in five key messages, through introducing and exemplifying five clinical cases, focusing on diseases that could benefit targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rispoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Erica Valencic
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0403785422
| | - Martina Girardelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alessia Pin
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alessandra Tesser
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Valentina Boz
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Department of Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maria Severini
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Andrea Taddio
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.); (A.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (E.P.); (G.M.S.)
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Blanco E, Izotova N, Booth C, Thrasher AJ. Immune Reconstitution After Gene Therapy Approaches in Patients With X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608653. [PMID: 33329605 PMCID: PMC7729079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe immunodeficiency disease (SCID-X1) is an inherited, rare, and life-threating disease. The genetic origin is a defect in the interleukin 2 receptor γ chain (IL2RG) gene and patients are classically characterized by absence of T and NK cells, as well as presence of partially-functional B cells. Without any treatment the disease is usually lethal during the first year of life. The treatment of choice for these patients is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with an excellent survival rate (>90%) if an HLA-matched sibling donor is available. However, when alternative donors are used, the success and survival rates are often lower. Gene therapy has been developed as an alternative treatment initially using γ-retroviral vectors to correct the defective γ chain in the absence of pre-conditioning treatment. The results were highly promising in SCID-X1 infants, showing long-term T-cell recovery and clinical benefit, although NK and B cell recovery was less robust. However, some infants developed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after the gene therapy, due to vector-mediated insertional mutagenesis. Consequently, considerable efforts have been made to develop safer vectors. The most recent clinical trials using lentiviral vectors together with a low-dose pre-conditioning regimen have demonstrated excellent sustained T cell recovery, but also B and NK cells, in both children and adults. This review provides an overview about the different gene therapy approaches used over the last 20 years to treat SCID-X1 patients, particularly focusing on lymphoid immune reconstitution, as well as the developments that have improved the process and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blanco
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Izotova
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian James Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Parents' Perspectives and Societal Acceptance of Implementation of Newborn Screening for SCID in the Netherlands. J Clin Immunol 2020; 41:99-108. [PMID: 33070266 PMCID: PMC7846522 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose While neonatal bloodspot screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has been introduced more than a decade ago, implementation in NBS programs remains challenging in many countries. Even if high-quality test methods and follow-up care are available, public uptake and parental acceptance are not guaranteed. The aim of this study was to describe the parental perspective on NBS for SCID in the context of an implementation pilot. Psychosocial aspects have never been studied before for NBS for SCID and are important for societal acceptance, a major criterion when introducing new disorders in NBS programs. Methods To evaluate the perspective of parents, interviews were conducted with parents of newborns with abnormal SCID screening results (N = 17). In addition, questionnaires about NBS for SCID were sent to 2000 parents of healthy newborns who either participated or declined participation in the SONNET-study that screened 140,593 newborns for SCID. Results Support for NBS for SCID was expressed by the majority of parents in questionnaires from both a public health perspective and a personal perspective. Parents emphasized the emotional impact of an abnormal screening result in interviews. (Long-term) stress and anxiety can be experienced during and after referral indicating the importance of uniform follow-up protocols and adequate information provision. Conclusion The perspective of parents has led to several recommendations for NBS programs that are considering screening for SCID or other disorders. A close partnership of NBS programs’ stakeholders, immunologists, geneticists, and pediatricians-immunologists in different countries is required for moving towards universal SCID screening for all infants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10875-020-00886-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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