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Wu Q, Chen X, Qiao C, Cao X, Du Q, Yuan Y, Zuo Y, Miao Y, Zheng Z, Zhang T, Zang L, Yang X, Shi W, Xie Z, Xu Y, Wu D, Wen C, Zheng H. Methotrexate and Triptolide regulate Notch signaling pathway by targeting the Nedd4-Numb axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109595. [PMID: 36700774 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, acute leukemia, and psoriasis. MTX can cause certain side effects, such as myelosuppression, while the exact mechanism of myelosuppression caused by MTX is unknown. Notch signaling pathway has been considered to be essential to regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regeneration and homeostasis, thus contributing to bone marrow hematopoiesis. However, whether MTX affects Notch signaling remains unexplored. Here, our study provides evidence that MTX strongly suppresses the Notch signaling pathway. We found that MTX inhibited the interaction between Nedd4 with Numb, thus restricting K48-linked polyubiquitination of Numb and stabilizing Numb proteins. This in turn inhibited the Notch signaling pathway by reducing Notch1 protein levels. Interestingly, we found that a monomeric drug, Triptolide, is capable of alleviating the inhibitory effect of MTX on Notch signaling pathway. This study promotes our understanding of MTX-mediated regulation of Notch signaling and could provide ideas to alleviate MTX-induced myelosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caixia Qiao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinhua Cao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Du
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijin Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lichao Zang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Xie
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Ferulic Acid Alleviates Atherosclerotic Plaques by Inhibiting VSMC Proliferation Through the NO/p21 Signaling pathway. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:865-875. [PMID: 34993756 PMCID: PMC9622559 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The benefits and risks of inhibiting the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis (AS) remain a subject of debate. In this study, we investigated the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the associated mechanism and used ApoE-/- mice to study whether the effect of FA on VSMC proliferation and migration is beneficial in alleviating AS plaques. It was found that FA not only reduced blood lipid levels but also promoted the production of nitric oxide (NO) by MOVAS cells through the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway, inhibited the migration and proliferation of VSMCs induced by PDGF, promoted the expression of p21 in VSMCs, and exerted a therapeutic effect against AS.
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Wang S, Liu Y, Wang Q, Xu X, Huang T, Dong P, Wang L, Cao B, Jiao Q, Sun X, Li J, Wang T. Utilizing Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Integrated Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology to Investigate the Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Tripterygium wilfordii against Pulmonary Artery Hypertension. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:9862733. [PMID: 35535154 PMCID: PMC9078765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9862733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a rare, life-limiting cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by the progressive and remodeling of pulmonary vasculature. Although the development of the technology brings us many approaches for the treatment of PAH, the effect of treatment is unsatisfactory. Tripterygium wilfordii (TW), as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in anti-inflammation, anticancer, and other fields. However, the potential of TW in treating PAH is currently unclear. METHODS Active ingredients and their corresponding genes were harvested from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), CTD, and STITCH. Meanwhile, genes associated with PAH were adopted from OMIM and GeneCards databases. Through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, potential targeting KEGG pathways and functions were further collected. Then, STRING was used to generate the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The "ingredients-targets-pathway" network was built by Cystoscope. Finally, the binding between active ingredients of TW and corresponding targets of PAH was identified via molecular docking technology and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. RESULTS The network pharmacology analysis revealed 36 active ingredients in TW and 150 potential targets related to the treatment of PAH with TW. Moreover, GO enrichment analysis showed that the key function in molecular function (MF) was related to enzyme binding, the key function in biological process (BP) was related to cellular response to organic substance, and the key function in cellular component (CC) was related to KEGG enrichment analysis and found that it was closely related to the IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and apoptosis. At last, molecular docking results revealed that the main active ingredients of TW had a strong binding ability with the PAH target protein. In addition, the SPR experiment revealed that kaempferol was combined with the CASP3 protein rather than PARP1, while triptolide was combined with PARP1 rather than the CASP3 protein. CONCLUSION TW may have therapeutic effects on PAH through multitargets and multimethods, which provide a scientific basis for further elaborating the mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii in the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Wang
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Yunjing Liu
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- 2Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Peikang Dong
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Lide Wang
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Bufan Cao
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuhong Jiao
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- 3Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Jingtian Li
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- 1Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong, China
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Meng H, Fan L, Zhang CJ, Zhu L, Liu P, Chen J, Bao X, Pu Z, Zhu MS, Xu Y. Synthetic VSMCs induce BBB disruption mediated by MYPT1 in ischemic stroke. iScience 2021; 24:103047. [PMID: 34553133 PMCID: PMC8441154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have been widely recognized as key players in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and their roles are unclear in ischemic stroke. Myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) is essential for VSMC contraction and maintaining healthy vasculature. We generated VSMC-specific MYPT1 knockout (MYPT1SMKO) mice and cultured VSMCs infected with Lv-shMYPT1 to explore phenotypic switching of VSMCs and the accompanied impacts on BBB integrity. We found that MYPT1 deficiency induced phenotypic switching of synthetic VSMCs, which aggravated BBB disruption. Proteomic analysis identified evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediates in Toll pathways (ECSIT) as a downstream molecule that promotes activation of synthetic VSMCs and contributed to IL-6 expression. Knocking down ECSIT rescued phenotypic switching of VSMCs and BBB disruption. Additionally, inhibition of IL-6 decreased BBB permeability. These findings reveal that MYPT1 deficiency activated phenotypic switching of synthetic VSMCs and induced BBB disruption through ECSIT-IL-6 signaling after ischemic stroke. MYPT1 deficiency induces activation of synthetic VSMCs and aggravates BBB disruption Synthetic VSMCs release more IL-6 to destroy BBB in a contact-independent way MYPT1-ECSIT-IL-6 signaling pathway regulates synthetic VSMC-mediated BBB disruption
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Meng
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lizhen Fan
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liwen Zhu
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Pinyi Liu
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhijun Pu
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
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Qin YF, Kong DJ, Qin H, Zhu YL, Li GM, Sun CL, Zhao YM, Wang HD, Hao JP, Wang H. Melatonin Synergizes With Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuates Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672849. [PMID: 33995416 PMCID: PMC8116651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic rejection characterized by chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a major obstacle to long-term graft survival. Due to multiple complicated mechanisms involved, a novel therapy for CAV remains exploration. Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been ubiquitously applied to various refractory immune-related diseases, rare research makes a thorough inquiry in CAV. Meanwhile, melatonin (MT), a wide spectrum of immunomodulator, plays a non-negligible role in transplantation immunity. Here, we have investigated the synergistic effects of MT in combination with MSCs in attenuation of CAV. Methods C57BL/6 (B6) mouse recipients receiving BALB/c mouse donor aorta transplantation have been treated with MT and/or adipose-derived MSCs. Graft pathological changes, intragraft immunocyte infiltration, splenic immune cell populations, circulating donor-specific antibodies levels, cytokine profiles were detected on post-operative day 40. The proliferation capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, populations of Th1, Th17, and Tregs were also assessed in vitro. Results Grafts in untreated recipients developed a typical pathological feature of CAV characterized by intimal thickening 40 days after transplantation. Compared to untreated and monotherapy groups, MT in combination with MSCs effectively ameliorated pathological changes of aorta grafts indicated by markedly decreased levels of intimal hyperplasia and the infiltration of CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and macrophages, but elevated infiltration of Foxp3+ cells. MT either alone or in combination with MSCs effectively inhibited the proliferation of T cells, decreased populations of Th1 and Th17 cells, but increased the proportion of Tregs in vitro. MT synergized with MSCs displayed much fewer splenic populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells, Th17 cells, CD4+ central memory T cells (Tcm), as well as effector memory T cells (Tem) in aorta transplant recipients. In addition, the percentage of splenic Tregs was substantially increased in the combination therapy group. Furthermore, MT combined with MSCs markedly reduced serum levels of circulating allospecific IgG and IgM, as well as decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1, but increased the level of IL-10 in the recipients. Conclusions These data suggest that MT has synergy with MSCs to markedly attenuate CAV and provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the long-term allograft acceptance in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-fei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - De-jun Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang-lin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang-ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-lu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-ming Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-peng Hao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Zhang H, Li Z, Li W. M2 Macrophages Serve as Critical Executor of Innate Immunity in Chronic Allograft Rejection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648539. [PMID: 33815407 PMCID: PMC8010191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft functional failure due to acute or chronic rejection has long been a major concern in the area of solid organ transplantation for decades. As critical component of innate immune system, the macrophages are unlikely to be exclusive for driving acute or chronic sterile inflammation against allografts. Traditionally, macrophages are classified into two types, M1 and M2 like macrophages, based on their functions. M1 macrophages are involved in acute rejection for triggering sterile inflammation thus lead to tissue damage and poor allograft survival, while M2 macrophages represent contradictory features, playing pivotal roles in both anti-inflammation and development of graft fibrosis and resulting in chronic rejection. Macrophages also contribute to allograft vasculopathy, but the phenotypes remain to be identified. Moreover, increasing evidences are challenging traditional identification and classification of macrophage in various diseases. Better understanding the role of macrophage in chronic rejection is fundamental to developing innovative strategies for preventing late graft loss. In this review, we will update the recent progress in our understanding of diversity of macrophage-dominated innate immune response, and reveal the roles of M2 macrophages in chronic allograft rejection as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuonan Li
- Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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