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Liu T, Yao W, Sun W, Yuan Y, Liu C, Liu X, Wang X, Jiang H. Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18801-18833. [PMID: 38979917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yihan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Lahimchi MR, Madanchi H, Ahmadi K, Shahbazi B, Yousefi B. In silico designing a novel TLR4-mediating multiepitope vaccine against monkeypox via advanced immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2094-2110. [PMID: 37129119 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2203253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus is a member of the Poxviridae family, which causes monkeypox zoonotic disease. Since July 2022, the prevention of monkeypox have become more considerable due to the new outbreak, making it a global concern. Therefore, we used an in silico-based method, including immunoinformatics, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and gene cloning approaches to design a novel multiepitope vaccine against monkeypox. Three immunogenic envelope proteins of monkeypox virus, including G10R, E8L, and A30L, were selected to predict appropriate immune system stimulator epitopes. The A30L is common between smallpox and monkeypox virus, so the proposed vaccine may be effective against smallpox too. There is no evidence of allergenicity and toxicity of the vaccine epitopes. To boost the immunogenicity of the designed vaccine, we used the helper epitope of PADRE and RS01as adjuvants. Furthermore, some linkers are used to link epitopes and adjuvants together. The physicochemical futures of the designed vaccine were assessed. The tertiary structure of the vaccine was modeled and then refined to improve its structure and physicochemical properties. To analyze the vaccine construct and TLR4 complex affinity, they were docked to gather. Besides, the vaccine was cloned into E.coli. pET-21b(+) plasmid to reveal that it can be expressed and stimulate the immune system. Immune stimulation evaluation showed that the candidate vaccine could induce the production of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies. Overall, we suggested an effective vaccine candidate against monkeypox. However, Future studies and clinical trials should be done to ensure the efficacy and safety of this vaccine.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Lahimchi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Li X, Wen H, Xiao X, Ren Z, Tan C, Fu C. Design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against endometrial cancer using immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37771176 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2263213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system. Multi-epitope vaccine may be a promising and effective strategy against EC. In this study, we designed a novel multi-epitope vaccine based on the antigenic proteins PRAME and TMPRSS4 using immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. After a rigorous selection process, 14 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, 6 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and 8 B cell epitopes (BCEs) were finally selected for vaccine construction. To enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate, the pan HLA DR-binding epitope was included in the vaccine design as an adjuvant. The final vaccine construct had 455 amino acids and a molecular weight of 49.8 kDa, and was predicted to cover 95.03% of the total world population. Docking analysis showed that there were 10 hydrogen bonds and 19 hydrogen bonds in the vaccine-HLA-A*02:01 and vaccine-HLA-DRB1*01:01 complexes, respectively, indicating that the vaccine has a good affinity to MHC molecules. This was further supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Immune simulation showed that the designed vaccine was able to induce higher levels of immune cell activity, with the secretion of numerous cytokines. The codon adaptation index (CAI) value and GC content of the optimised codon sequences of the vaccine were 0.986 and 54.43%, respectively, indicating that the vaccine has the potential to be highly expressed. The in silico analysis suggested that the designed vaccine may provide a novel therapeutic option for the individualised treatment of EC patients in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haicheng Wen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caixia Tan
- Department of Infection Control Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chun Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Liu Z, Lim SH, Min JJ, Jung S. Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Combined Radiotherapy and Engineered Salmonella typhimurium in an Intracranial Sarcoma Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1275. [PMID: 37515090 PMCID: PMC10385126 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial sarcoma is an uncommon aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Although postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is the most recommended treatment strategy, it does not significantly improve survival rates. In this study, we used an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain engineered to secrete Vibrio vulnificus flagellin B (SLpFlaB) as an immunotherapy to assist with the antitumor effects of RT on intracranial sarcoma. In vitro, the expression of γH2AX and cleaved caspase-3 was analyzed by Western blot. In vivo detection of SLpFlaB colonization time in tumors was measured using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Tumor growth delay and elimination were demonstrated in an intracranial mouse model, and the distribution of macrophages, M1 macrophages, and CD8+ cells after treatment was measured using FACS analysis. Our findings in vitro suggest that combination therapy increases S-180 radiosensitivity, the expression of DNA double-strand breaks, and programmed cell death. In vivo, combination treatment causes intracranial sarcoma to be eliminated without tumor recurrence and redistribution of immune cells in the brain, with data showing the enhanced migration and infiltration of CD8+ T cells and macrophages, and an increased proportion of M1 macrophage polarization. Compared to RT alone, the combination therapy enhanced the radiosensitivity of S-180 cells, promoted the recruitment of immune cells at the tumor site, and prevented tumor recurrence. This combination therapy may provide a new strategy for treating intracranial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Hoe Lim
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute for Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Jung
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Gwangju 58128, Republic of Korea
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Das S, Dash BS, Premji TP, Chen JP. Immunotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme: Mechanism and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10546. [PMID: 37445721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most aggressive types of primary brain tumor with a high-grade glioma known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients diagnosed with GBM usually have an overall survival rate of less than 18 months after conventional therapy. This bleak prognosis underlines the need to consider new therapeutic interventions for GBM treatment to overcome current treatment limitations. By highlighting different immunotherapeutic approaches currently in preclinical and clinical trials, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptors T cells, natural killer cells, vaccines, and combination therapy, this review aims to discuss the mechanisms, benefits, and limitations of immunotherapy in treating GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprava Das
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Banendu Sunder Dash
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Thejas P Premji
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Jung S, Kim IY, Moon KS, Jung TY, Jang WY, Kim YJ, Lee TK, Park SJ, Lim SH. Distinct Specialized Center of Excellence, the Story of Hwasun Neurosurgery at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2023; 11:94-102. [PMID: 37151151 PMCID: PMC10172013 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the growth and development of Hwasun Neurosurgery at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital over the past 18 years. As the first brain tumor center in Korea when it was established in April 2004, Hwasun Neurosurgery has since become one of the leading institutions in brain tumor education and research in the country. Its impressive clinical and basic research capabilities, dedication to professional education, and numerous academic achievements have all contributed to its reputation as a top-tier institution. We hope this will become a useful guide for other brain tumor centers or educational institutions by sharing the story of Hwasun Neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.
| | - In-Young Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sub Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Woo-Youl Jang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sue Jee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Sa-Hoe Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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Jiang F, Liu Y, Xue Y, Cheng P, Wang J, Lian J, Gong W. Developing a multiepitope vaccine for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus co-infection: A reverse vaccinology analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109728. [PMID: 36652758 PMCID: PMC9832108 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) severely threaten human health; however, currently, no vaccine can prevent a co-infection with both viruses. METHODS Five antigens were selected to predict dominant T and B cell epitopes screened for immunogenicity, antigenicity, toxicity, and sensitization. After screening, all antigens joined in the construction of a novel multiepitope vaccine. The physicochemical and immunological characteristics, and secondary and tertiary structures of the vaccine were predicted and analyzed using bio- and immunoinformatics. Finally, codon optimization and cloning in-silico were performed. RESULTS A new multiepitope vaccine, named S7M8, was constructed based on four helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, five B cell epitopes, as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The antigenicity and immunogenicity scores of the S7M8 vaccine were 0.907374 and 0.6552, respectively. The S7M8 vaccine was comprised of 26.96% α-helices, the optimized Z-value of the tertiary structure was -5.92, and the favored area after majorization in the Ramachandran plot was 84.54%. Molecular docking showed that the S7M8 vaccine could tightly bind to TLR2 (-1100.6 kcal/mol) and TLR4 (-950.3 kcal/mol). In addition, the immune stimulation prediction indicated that the S7M8 vaccine could activate T and B lymphocytes to produce high levels of Th1 cytokines and antibodies. CONCLUSION S7M8 is a promising biomarker with good antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization. The S7M8 vaccine can trigger significantly high levels of Th1 cytokines and antibodies and may be a potentially powerful tool in preventing SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,The Second Brigade of Cadet, Basic Medical Science Academy of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Chu TH, Vo MC, Lakshmi TJ, Ahn SY, Kim M, Song GY, Yang DH, Ahn JS, Kim HJ, Jung SH, Lee JJ. Novel IL-15 dendritic cells have a potent immunomodulatory effect in immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Transl Oncol 2022; 20:101413. [PMID: 35413499 PMCID: PMC9006865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture DCs with GM-CSF + IL-4 + IL-15 (IL-15 DCs) can be shortened for 6 days. IL-15 DCs showed high expression levels of costimulatory receptors, IFN-γ and IL-12p70. IL-15 DCs showed strong stimulation toward T, CIK and NK cells. The activated lymphocytes showed high cytotoxicity against myeloma cells.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, and have thus been used in clinical cancer vaccines. However, the effects of DC vaccines are still limited, leading researchers to explore novel ways to make them effective. In this study, we investigated whether human monocyte-derived DCs generated via the addition of interleukin 15 (IL-15) had a higher capacity to induce antigen-specific T cells compared to conventional DCs. We isolated CD14+ monocytes from peripheral blood from multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and induced immature DCs with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4 in the presence or absence of IL-15 for 4–6 days. Then we generated mature DCs (mDCs) with lipopolysaccharide for another 2 days [IL-15 mDCs (6 days), IL-15 mDCs (8 days), and conventional mDCs (8 days)]. IL-15 mDCs (6 days) showed higher expression of MHC I and II, CD40, CD86, and CCR7, and the secretion of IFN-γ was significantly higher compared to conventional mDCs. IL-15 mDCs (6 days) showed superior polarization of naïve T cells toward Th1 cells and a higher proportion of activated T cells, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells for inducing strong cytotoxicity against myeloma cells, and lower proportion of regulatory T cells compared to conventional mDCs. These data imply that novel multipotent mDCs generated by the addition of IL-15, which can be cultivated in 6 days, resulted in outstanding activation of T cells, CIK cells and NK cells, and may facilitate cellular immunotherapy for cancer patients.
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Xun Y, Yang H, Kaminska B, You H. Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34715891 PMCID: PMC8555307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients’ prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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Immune System-Related Changes in Preclinical GL261 Glioblastoma under TMZ Treatment: Explaining MRSI-Based Nosological Imaging Findings with RT-PCR Analyses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112663. [PMID: 34071393 PMCID: PMC8199490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GB) are brain tumours with poor prognosis even after aggressive therapy. Previous work suggests that magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) could act as a biomarker of efficient immune system attack onto GB, presenting oscillatory changes. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) constitute the most abundant non-tumour cell type within the GB and can be polarised into anti-tumour (M1) or pro-tumour (M2) phenotypes. One of the mechanisms to mediate immunosuppression in brain tumours is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1). We evaluated the subpopulations of GAMs in responding and control GB tumours to correlate PD-L1 expression to GAM polarisation in order to explain/validate MRSI-detected findings. Mice were evaluated by MRI/MRSI to assess the extent of response to treatment and with qPCR for GAMs M1 and M2 polarisation analyses. M1/M2 ratios and PD-L1 expression were higher in treated compared to control tumours. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was positively correlated with the M1/M2 ratio. The oscillatory change in the GAMs prevailing population could be one of the key causes for the differential MRSI-detected pattern, allowing this to act as immune system activity biomarker in future work.
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Jiang H, Yu K, Cui Y, Ren X, Li M, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhu Q, Lin S. Combination of Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy for Recurrent Malignant Gliomas: Results From a Prospective Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632547. [PMID: 34025640 PMCID: PMC8138184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV glioma remains one of the most lethal tumors with a dismal prognosis and inevitable recurrence. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy with radiotherapy in this population of patients. Methods This study was a single-arm, open-label, phase I trial based on patients with recurrent WHO grade IV glioma. Patients were treated with intracranial and systemic immunoadjuvants in combination with low-dose reirradiation. The primary endpoint of the present trial was safety. Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03392545. Results Thirty patients were enrolled. The most common adverse events (AEs) were fever (66.7%), vomiting (33.3%), headache (30.0%), and fatigue (23.3%). Only a single patient experienced grade 3 fever, and no grade 4 AEs or deaths related to treatment were observed. Of the 30 patients, 1 (3.3%) had a complete response, 5 (16.7%) had a partial response, 9 (30.0%) had stable disease, and 15 (50.0%) had progressive disease, resulting in an objective response rate of 20.0%. The median PFS of the entire cohort was 88.0 (61.0-254.0) days, and the median OS was 362.0 (197.0-601.0) days. Patients could be divided into responders and non-responders, and these groups exhibited a significant difference in terms of survival time, T lymphocyte subsets, frequency of cell division cycle 27 (CDC27) mutation status, and CD15 and CD68 expression (P<0.05). Conclusion The combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy is well tolerated and may provide clinical benefit for patients with recurrent WHO grade IV glioma. A prospective phase II study is needed to further validate the efficacy of our therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Xuzhe Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Tumor, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Branched Multipeptide-combined Adjuvants Potentially Improve the Antitumor Effects on Glioblastoma. J Immunother 2021; 44:151-161. [PMID: 33512855 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The promising immunotherapy effects of a multiple antigenic peptide on glioblastoma (GBM) in a previous study encourage the use of adjuvants to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Among adjuvants, pan HLA-DR-binding epitope (PADRE) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1) have potentially been tested for cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, here we evaluated the ability of PADRE and anti-PD1 to enhance the function of the branched multipeptide against GBM. The potential utility of tumor-associated antigens (ErbB-2 and WT-1) targeting GBM with HLA-A24 was confirmed and a branched multipeptide was constructed from these antigens. The effects of the branched multipeptide and PADRE on immunophenotyping and polarized Th cytokine production in dendritic cells were clarified. The expression of PD1 on T cells and PDL1 on GBM cells was also investigated. The interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were performed to determine the function of GBM peptide antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells against GBM cells. Overall, this study showed that both ErbB-2 and WT-1 are potential candidates for branched multipeptide construction. The branched multipeptide and PADRE enhanced the expression of major histocompatibility complex and co-stimulatory molecules and the production of polarized Th1 cytokines in dendritic cells. The increase in the number of interferon-γ+ effector T cells was consistent with the increase in the percentage specific lysis of GBM target cells by GBM peptide antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the presence of the branched multipeptide, PADRE, and anti-PD1. Our study suggests the combination of branched multipeptide and adjuvants such as PADRE and anti-PD1 can potentially enhance the effects of immunotherapy for GBM treatment.
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Wouters R, Bevers S, Riva M, De Smet F, Coosemans A. Immunocompetent Mouse Models in the Search for Effective Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E19. [PMID: 33374542 PMCID: PMC7793150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive intrinsic brain tumor in adults. Despite maximal therapy consisting of surgery and radio/chemotherapy, GBM remains largely incurable with a median survival of less than 15 months. GBM has a strong immunosuppressive nature with a multitude of tumor and microenvironment (TME) derived factors that prohibit an effective immune response. To date, all clinical trials failed to provide lasting clinical efficacy, despite the relatively high success rates of preclinical studies to show effectivity of immunotherapy. Various factors may explain this discrepancy, including the inability of a single mouse model to fully recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of GBM. It is therefore critical to understand the features and limitations of each model, which should probably be combined to grab the full spectrum of the disease. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge concerning immune composition, stem cell characteristics and response to standard-of-care and immunotherapeutics for the most commonly available immunocompetent mouse models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Wouters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Oncoinvent, A.S., 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sien Bevers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mont-Godinne Hospital, UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
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