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Nakamura H, Fukuda M. Establishment of a synchronized tyrosinase transport system revealed a role of Tyrp1 in efficient melanogenesis by promoting tyrosinase targeting to melanosomes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2529. [PMID: 38291221 PMCID: PMC10827793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (Tyr) is a key enzyme in the process of melanin synthesis that occurs exclusively within specialized organelles called melanosomes in melanocytes. Tyr is synthesized and post-translationally modified independently of the formation of melanosome precursors and then transported to immature melanosomes by a series of membrane trafficking events that includes endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport, post-Golgi trafficking, and endosomal transport. Although several important regulators of Tyr transport have been identified, their precise role in each Tyr transport event is not fully understood, because Tyr is present in several melanocyte organelles under steady-state conditions, thereby precluding the possibility of determining where Tyr is being transported at any given moment. In this study, we established a novel synchronized Tyr transport system in Tyr-knockout B16-F1 cells by using Tyr tagged with an artificial oligomerization domain FM4 (named Tyr-EGFP-FM4). Tyr-EGFP-FM4 was initially trapped at the ER under oligomerized conditions, but at 30 min after chemical dissociation into monomers, it was transported to the Golgi and at 9 h reached immature melanosomes. Melanin was then detected at 12 h after the ER exit of Tyr-EGFP-FM4. By using this synchronized Tyr transport system, we were able to demonstrate that Tyr-related protein 1 (Tyrp1), another melanogenic enzyme, is a positive regulator of efficient Tyr targeting to immature melanosomes. Thus, the synchronized Tyr transport system should serve as a useful tool for analyzing the molecular mechanism of each Tyr transport event in melanocytes as well as in the search for new drugs or cosmetics that artificially regulate Tyr transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Nakamura
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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2
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Zhou QM, Zheng L. Research progress on the relationship between Paneth cells-susceptibility genes, intestinal microecology and inflammatory bowel disease. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8111-8125. [PMID: 38130785 PMCID: PMC10731169 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i34.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder of the immune system and intestinal microecosystem caused by environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Paneth cells (PCs) play a central role in IBD pathogenesis, especially in Crohn's disease development, and their morphology, number and function are regulated by susceptibility genes. In the intestine, PCs participate in the formation of the stem cell microenvironment by secreting antibacterial particles and play a role in helping maintain the intestinal microecology and intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Moreover, PC proliferation and maturation depend on symbiotic flora in the intestine. This paper describes the interactions among susceptibility genes, PCs and intestinal microecology and their effects on IBD occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanxi 321100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lie Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an 710003, Shaanxi Province, China
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3
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Cavounidis A, Pandey S, Capitani M, Friedrich M, Cross A, Gartner L, Aschenbrenner D, Kim-Schulze S, Lam YK, Berridge G, McGovern DPB, Kessler B, Fischer R, Klenerman P, Hester J, Issa F, Torres EA, Powrie F, Gochuico BR, Gahl WA, Cohen L, Uhlig HH. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity and inflammation due to dysregulated immunometabolism. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1431-1446. [PMID: 36302964 PMCID: PMC9607658 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) types 1 and 4 are caused by defective vesicle trafficking. The mechanism for Crohn's disease-like inflammation, lung fibrosis, and macrophage lipid accumulation in these patients remains enigmatic. The aim of this study is to understand the cellular basis of inflammation in HPS-1. We performed mass cytometry, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate peripheral blood cells and serum of HPS-1 patients. Using spatial transcriptomics, granuloma-associated signatures in the tissue of an HPS-1 patient with granulomatous colitis were dissected. In vitro studies were conducted to investigate anti-microbial responses of HPS-1 patient macrophages and cell lines. Monocytes of HPS-1 patients exhibit an inflammatory phenotype associated with dysregulated TNF, IL-1α, OSM in serum, and monocyte-derived macrophages. Inflammatory macrophages accumulate in the intestine and granuloma-associated macrophages in HPS-1 show transcriptional signatures suggestive of a lipid storage and metabolic defect. We show that HPS1 deficiency leads to an altered metabolic program and Rab32-dependent amplified mTOR signaling, facilitated by the accumulation of mTOR on lysosomes. This pathogenic mechanism translates into aberrant bacterial clearance, which can be rescued with mTORC1 inhibition. Rab32-mediated mTOR signaling acts as an immuno-metabolic checkpoint, adding to the evidence that defective bioenergetics can drive hampered anti-microbial activity and contribute to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Cavounidis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Sumeet Pandey
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- GSK Immunology Network, GSK Medicines Research Center, Stevenage, UK
| | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- SenTcell Ltd, London, UK
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Cross
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Gartner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Ka Lam
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgina Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, Center for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Center for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Center for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Hester
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther A Torres
- University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Bolton C, Smillie CS, Pandey S, Elmentaite R, Wei G, Argmann C, Aschenbrenner D, James KR, McGovern DPB, Macchi M, Cho J, Shouval DS, Kammermeier J, Koletzko S, Bagalopal K, Capitani M, Cavounidis A, Pires E, Weidinger C, McCullagh J, Arkwright PD, Haller W, Siegmund B, Peters L, Jostins L, Travis SPL, Anderson CA, Snapper S, Klein C, Schadt E, Zilbauer M, Xavier R, Teichmann S, Muise AM, Regev A, Uhlig HH. An Integrated Taxonomy for Monogenic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:859-876. [PMID: 34780721 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Monogenic forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) illustrate the essential roles of individual genes in pathways and networks safeguarding immune tolerance and gut homeostasis. METHODS To build a taxonomy model, we assessed 165 disorders. Genes were prioritized based on penetrance of IBD and disease phenotypes were integrated with multi-omics datasets. Monogenic IBD genes were classified by (1) overlapping syndromic features, (2) response to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, (3) bulk RNA-sequencing of 32 tissues, (4) single-cell RNA-sequencing of >50 cell subsets from the intestine of healthy individuals and patients with IBD (pediatric and adult), and (5) proteomes of 43 immune subsets. The model was validated by addition of newly identified monogenic IBD defects. As a proof-of-concept, we explore the intersection between immunometabolism and antimicrobial activity for a group of disorders (G6PC3/SLC37A4). RESULTS Our quantitative integrated taxonomy defines the cellular landscape of monogenic IBD gene expression across 102 genes with high and moderate penetrance (81 in the model set and 21 genes in the validation set). We illustrate distinct cellular networks, highlight expression profiles across understudied cell types (e.g., CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, epithelial subsets, and endothelial cells) and define genotype-phenotype associations (perianal disease and defective antimicrobial activity). We illustrate processes and pathways shared across cellular compartments and phenotypic groups and highlight cellular immunometabolism with mammalian target of rapamycin activation as one of the converging pathways. There is an overlap of genes and enriched cell-specific expression between monogenic and polygenic IBD. CONCLUSION Our taxonomy integrates genetic, clinical and multi-omic data; providing a basis for genomic diagnostics and testable hypotheses for disease functions and treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy Bolton
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher S Smillie
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sumeet Pandey
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Gabrielle Wei
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kylie R James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marina Macchi
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judy Cho
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tiqva, Israel, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jochen Kammermeier
- Gastroenterology Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Athena Cavounidis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wolfram Haller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lauren Peters
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luke Jostins
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon P L Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Biomedical Research Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Scott Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton UK
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Gastroenterology Division, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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5
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Li W, Hao CJ, Hao ZH, Ma J, Wang QC, Yuan YF, Gong JJ, Chen YY, Yu JY, Wei AH. New insights into the pathogenesis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:290-302. [PMID: 35129281 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by defects of multiple tissue-specific lysosome-related organelles (LROs), typically manifesting with oculocutaneous albinism or ocular albinism, bleeding tendency, and in some cases with pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease or immunodeficiency, neuropsychological disorders. Eleven HPS subtypes in humans and at least 15 subtypes in mice have been molecularly identified. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HPS is focusing on the defective biogenesis of LROs. Compelling evidences have shown that HPS protein-associated complexes (HPACs) function in cargo transport, cargo recycling, and cargo removal to maintain LRO homeostasis. Further investigation on the molecular and cellular mechanism of LRO biogenesis and secretion will be helpful for better understanding of its pathogenesis and for the precise intervention of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan-Juan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Feng Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Center of Rare Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Dumitrescu AV, Tran J, Pfeifer W, Bhattarai SV, Kemerley A, Dunn TV, Wang K, Scheetz TE, Drack A. Clinical albinism score, presence of nystagmus and optic nerves defects are correlated with visual outcome in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:539-552. [PMID: 34251969 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1933544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To correlate clinical features, molecular genetic findings, and visual acuity in a cohort of patients clinically diagnosed with oculocutaneous albinism.Design: Retrospective chart reviewMethods: 58 charts met the inclusion criteria. Clinical examination, ancillary testing, and molecular genetic diagnoses were extracted. A novel clinical albinism score (CAS) was developed.Results: A least one likely pathogenic mutation was found in 44/58 (75.9%) patients. Mutations in the OCA1 gene were the most common (52.3%), followed by OCA2 (34%), OCA4 (2.3%), OA1 (6.8%), and HPS (4.5%). Thirty-four percentage of patients had a complete genotype, 41% had one mutation found and 24% had negative genetic testing. CAS was statistically significantly higher in patients with complete genotype, versus patients with one or no mutations found (p < .01). Better visual acuity was associated with lower CAS and fewer disease-causing mutations (p < .01). Foveal defects and iris transillumination were associated with a higher number of mutations (p < .01). Patients with nystagmus or anomalous optic nerves had worse visual acuity than those who did not (p < .01, p < .05).Conclusions: Patients with a complete genotype were more likely to have higher CAS. Vision loss correlated with complete phenotype and higher CAS, the presence of nystagmus and anomalous optic nerves. Patients with features of albinism in whom an incomplete genotype was found had better vision than those with complete genotype, suggesting a mild occult mutation or modifier variant. Genetic diagnosis is vital for complete diagnosis, counseling, and family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina V Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Johnny Tran
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wanda Pfeifer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sajag V Bhattarai
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Kemerley
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Taylor V Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tod E Scheetz
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Arlene Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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