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Lanz-Mendoza H, Gálvez D, Contreras-Garduño J. The plasticity of immune memory in invertebrates. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246158. [PMID: 38449328 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Whether specific immune protection after initial pathogen exposure (immune memory) occurs in invertebrates has long been uncertain. The absence of antibodies, B-cells and T-cells, and the short lifespans of invertebrates led to the hypothesis that immune memory does not occur in these organisms. However, research in the past two decades has supported the existence of immune memory in several invertebrate groups, including Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Nematoda, Mollusca and Arthropoda. Interestingly, some studies have demonstrated immune memory that is specific to the parasite strain. Nonetheless, other work does not provide support for immune memory in invertebrates or offers only partial support. Moreover, the expected biphasic immune response, a characteristic of adaptive immune memory in vertebrates, varies within and between invertebrate species. This variation may be attributed to the influence of biotic or abiotic factors, particularly parasites, on the outcome of immune memory. Despite its critical importance for survival, the role of phenotypic plasticity in immune memory has not been systematically examined in the past two decades. Additionally, the features of immune responses occurring in diverse environments have yet to be fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Dumas Gálvez
- Coiba Scientific Station, City of Knowledge, Calle Gustavo Lara, Boulevard 145B, Clayton 0843-01853, Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta universitaria, Avenida Simón Bolívar, 0824, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Edificio 205, Ciudad del Saber, 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, 58190 Morelia, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Lian X, Li Y, Wang W, Zuo J, Yu T, Wang L, Song L. The Modification of H3K4me3 Enhanced the Expression of CgTLR3 in Hemocytes to Increase CgIL17-1 Production in the Immune Priming of Crassostrea gigas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1036. [PMID: 38256110 PMCID: PMC10816183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence confirms that histone modification plays a critical role in preserving long-term immunological memory. Immune priming is a novel form of immunological memory recently verified in invertebrates. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and cytokines have been reported to be involved in the immune priming of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (CgTLR3), myeloid differentiation factor 88-2 (CgMyd88-2) and interleukin 17-1 (CgIL17-1) was found to be elevated in the hemocytes of C. gigas at 6 h after the secondary stimulation with Vibrio splendidus, which was significantly higher than that at 6 h after the primary stimulation (p < 0.05). A significant increase in histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) enrichment was detected in the promoter region of the CgTLR3 gene at 7 d after the primary stimulation with inactivated V. splendidus (p < 0.05). After the treatment with a histone methyltransferase inhibitor (5'-methylthioadenosine, MTA), the level of H3K4me3 at the promoter of the CgTLR3 gene decreased significantly at 7 d after the primary stimulation with inactivated V. splendidus (p < 0.05), and the expression of CgTLR3, CgMyD88-2 and CgIL17-1 was significantly repressed at 6 h after the secondary stimulation with V. splendidus (p < 0.05). Conversely, the treatment with monomethyl fumarate (MEF, an inhibitor of histone demethylases) resulted in a significant increase in H3K4me3 enrichment levels at the CgTLR3 promoter at 7 d after the primary stimulation (p < 0.05), and the expression of CgTLR3, CgMyD88-2 and CgIL17-1 was observed to increase significantly at 6 h after the secondary stimulation (p < 0.05). These results suggested that H3K4me3 regulated MyD88-dependent TLR signaling in the hemocytes of C. gigas, which defined the role of histone modifications in invertebrate immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Lian
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiajun Zuo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tianqi Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; (W.W.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Wang X, Tang Y, Li Z, Wu Q, Qiao X, Wan F, Qian W, Liu C. Investigation of Immune Responses in Giant African Snail, Achatina immaculata, against a Two-Round Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12191. [PMID: 37569567 PMCID: PMC10418618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the 100 most-threatening invasive alien species, the giant African snail (Achatina immaculata) has successfully invaded and established itself in most areas of southern China. Protection against recurrent pathogen infections is vital to biological invasion. Enhanced immune protection has been previously found in other invertebrates, but not in the unique immune system of the giant African snail. In the present study, the survival rate of the giant African snail was recorded following a second infection with lethal doses of Escherichia coli after a previous first injection using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the mechanism of immune enhancement was investigated by examining the cellular and transcriptomic response of the giant African snail after two successive stimuli using LPS. Snails injected first with LPS, sterilized physiologic (0.9%) saline (SPS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or untreated (Blank) were rechallenged at 7d with E. coli (Ec), and were named as LPS + Ec, SPS + Ec, PBS + Ec, Ec, and Blank. The log-rank test shows the survival rate of the LPS + Ec group as significantly higher than that of other control groups after the second injection (p < 0.05). By performing cell counting and BrdU labeling on newly generated circulating hemocytes, we found that the total hemocyte count (THC) and the ratio of BrdU-positive cells to total cells increased significantly after primary stimulation with LPS and that they further increased after the second challenge. Then, caspase-3 of apoptosis protease and two antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) increased significantly after infection, and were significantly higher in the second response than they had been in the first round. Moreover, transcriptome analysis results showed that 84 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed at higher levels in both the resting and activating states after the second immune response compared to the levels observed after the first challenge. Among them, some DEGs, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signaling molecules, were verified using qRT-PCR and were consistent with the transcriptome assay results. Based on gene expression levels, we proposed that these genes related to the TLR signaling cascade participate in enhanced immune protection. All results provide evidence that enhanced immune protection exists in the giant African snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Henan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuzhe Tang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Henan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zaiyuan Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Xi Qiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
| | - Conghui Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (X.Q.); (F.W.)
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Zhang X, Shi J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. The potential role of eyestalk in the immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:62-73. [PMID: 34998096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The X-organ-sinus gland complex (XO-SG) in the eyestalk is an important neuroendocrine regulatory organ of crustaceans such as Litopenaeus vannamei, a prominent aquaculture species. The current study found significant changes in the enzyme activities of ALP, ACP, and T-SOD of hepatopancreatic in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus exposure following eyestalk ablation, indicating that they were all involved in the immunological regulation of shrimps against V. parahaemolyticus infection. A total of 52,656 unigenes were obtained after RNA-Seq, with an average length of 1036 bp and an N50 of 1847 bp. Subsequently, 1899 eyestalk positive regulation genes (EPRGs), 745 eyestalk negative regulation genes (ENRGs), and 2077 non-eyestalk regulatory genes (NEGs) were identified. KEGG analysis of EPRGs revealed that eyestalk ablation might activate the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) system. The RNA-Seq data were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The findings suggested that eyestalk ablation might affect the expression of genes involved in the prophenoloxidase-activating system, the TLR signaling pathway, and numerous other immune-related genes in L. vannamei. All of these findings revealed that the eyestalk might have a role in the immune response of L. vannamei. The genes and pathways discovered in this study will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of hemocytes' immune response to V. parahaemolyticus following eyestalk ablation in shrimp, as well as provide the framework for building crustacean immunity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jialong Shi
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Circulating Phylotypes of White Spot Syndrome Virus in Bangladesh and Their Virulence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010191. [PMID: 35056639 PMCID: PMC8780693 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) has emerged as one of the most prevalent and lethal viruses globally and infects both shrimps and crabs in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of WSSV in different ghers of Bangladesh and the virulence of the circulating phylotypes. We collected 360 shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and 120 crab (Scylla sp.) samples from the south-east (Cox’s Bazar) and south-west (Satkhira) coastal regions of Bangladesh. The VP28 gene-specific PCR assays and sequencing revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test) differences in the prevalence of WSSV in shrimps and crabs between the study areas (Cox’s Bazar and Satkhira) and over the study periods (2017–2019). The mean Log load of WSSV varied from 8.40 (Cox’s Bazar) to 10.48 (Satkhira) per gram of tissue. The mean values for salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH were 14.71 ± 0.76 ppt, 3.7 ± 0.1 ppm, 34.11 ± 0.38 °C and 8.23 ± 0.38, respectively, in the WSSV-positive ghers. The VP28 gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed an amino-acid substitution (E→G) at the 167th position in the isolates from Cox’s Bazar (referred to as phylotype BD2) compared to the globally circulating one (BD1). Shrimp PL artificially challenged with BD1 and BD2 phylotypes with filtrates of tissue containing 0.423 × 109 copies of WSSV per mL resulted in a median LT50 value of 73 h and 75 h, respectively. The in vivo trial showed higher mean Log WSSV copies (6.47 ± 2.07 per mg tissue) in BD1-challenged shrimp PL compared to BD2 (4.75 ± 0.35 per mg tissue). Crabs infected with BD1 and BD2 showed 100% mortality within 48 h and 62 h of challenge, respectively, with mean Log WSSV copies of 12.06 ± 0.48 and 9.95 ± 0.37 per gram tissue, respectively. Moreover, shrimp antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), penaeidin and lysozyme expression were lower in the BD1-challenged group compared to BD2 challenged shrimps. These results collectively demonstrated that relative virulence properties of WSSV based on mortality rate, viral load and expression of host immune genes in artificially infected shrimp PL could be affected by single aa substitution in VP28.
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