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Han J, Mao K, Yang YG, Sun T. Impact of inorganic/organic nanomaterials on the immune system for disease treatment. Biomater Sci 2024. [PMID: 39190428 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00853g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The study of nanomaterials' nature, function, and biocompatibility highlights their potential in drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Advancements in nanotechnology have fostered the development and application of diverse nanomaterials. These materials facilitate drug delivery and influence the immune system directly. Yet, understanding of their impact on the immune system is incomplete, underscoring the need to select materials to achieve desired outcomes carefully. In this review, we outline and summarize the distinctive characteristics and effector functions of inorganic nanomaterials and organic materials in inducing immune responses. We highlight the role and advantages of nanomaterial-induced immune responses in the treatment of immune-related diseases. Finally, we briefly discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for disease treatment and clinical translation of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kuirong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang WY, Zheng XL, Coghi PS, Chen JH, Dong BJ, Fan XX. Revolutionizing adjuvant development: harnessing AI for next-generation cancer vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1438030. [PMID: 39206192 PMCID: PMC11349682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1438030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of vaccines has been widely recognized and has led to increased research and development efforts. Vaccines also play a crucial role in cancer treatment by activating the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. However, enhancing the efficacy of cancer vaccines remains a challenge. Adjuvants, which enhance the immune response to antigens and improve vaccine effectiveness, have faced limitations in recent years, resulting in few novel adjuvants being identified. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in drug development has provided a foundation for adjuvant screening and application, leading to a diversification of adjuvants. This article reviews the significant role of tumor vaccines in basic research and clinical treatment and explores the use of AI technology to screen novel adjuvants from databases. The findings of this review offer valuable insights for the development of new adjuvants for next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Zhang
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing-Jun Dong
- Gynecology Department, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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Gao F, You X, Yang L, Zou X, Sui B. Boosting immune responses in lung tumor immune microenvironment: A comprehensive review of strategies and adjuvants. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:280-308. [PMID: 38525925 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2333275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Da Qing Long Nan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangni Zou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bowen Sui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Abdelwahab WM, Auclair S, Borgogna T, Siram K, Riffey A, Bazin HG, Cottam HB, Hayashi T, Evans JT, Burkhart DJ. Co-Delivery of a Novel Lipidated TLR7/8 Agonist and Hemagglutinin-Based Influenza Antigen Using Silica Nanoparticles Promotes Enhanced Immune Responses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:107. [PMID: 38258117 PMCID: PMC10819884 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants to the same antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can significantly improve the efficacy and safety profiles of vaccines. Here, we report amine-grafted silica nanoparticles (A-SNP) as a tunable vaccine co-delivery platform for TLR7/8 agonists along with the recombinant influenza antigen hemagglutinin H7 (H7) to APCs. A-SNP of two different sizes (50 and 200 nm) were prepared and coated with INI-4001 at different coating densities, followed by co-adsorption of H7. Both INI-4001 and H7 showed >90% adsorption to the tested A-SNP formulations. TNF-α and IFN-α cytokine release by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 release by mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells revealed that the potency of the INI-4001-adsorbed A-SNP (INI-4001/A-SNP) formulations was improved relative to aqueous formulation control. This improved potency was dependent on particle size and ligand coating density. In addition, slow-release profiles of INI-4001 were measured from INI-4001/A-SNP formulations in plasma with 30-50% INI-4001 released after 7 days. In vivo murine immunization studies demonstrated significantly improved H7-specific humoral and Th1/Th17-polarized T cell immune responses with no observed adverse reactions. Low-density 50 nm INI-4001/A-SNP elicited significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-17 induction over that of the H7 antigen-only group and INI-4001 aqueous formulation controls. In summary, this work introduces an effective and biocompatible SNP-based co-delivery platform that enhances the immunogenicity of TLR7/8 agonist-adjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M. Abdelwahab
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Timothy Borgogna
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Karthik Siram
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Alexander Riffey
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Hélène G. Bazin
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.H.)
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA (T.H.)
| | - Jay T. Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
| | - David J. Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA (K.S.); (A.R.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 East Broadway, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
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Han X, Alameh MG, Butowska K, Knox JJ, Lundgreen K, Ghattas M, Gong N, Xue L, Xu Y, Lavertu M, Bates P, Xu J, Nie G, Zhong Y, Weissman D, Mitchell MJ. Adjuvant lipidoid-substituted lipid nanoparticles augment the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1105-1114. [PMID: 37365276 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccineare a promising platform to prevent infectious diseases as demonstrated by the recent success of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. To avoid immune recognition and uncontrolled inflammation, nucleoside-modified mRNA is used. However, such modification largely abrogates the innate immune responses that are critical to orchestrating robust adaptive immunity. Here we develop an LNP component-an adjuvant lipidoid-that can enhance the adjuvanticity of mRNA-LNP vaccines. Our results show that partial substitution of ionizable lipidoid with adjuvant lipidoid not only enhanced mRNA delivery, but also endowed LNPs with Toll-like receptor 7/8-agonistic activity, which significantly increased the innate immunity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccine with good tolerability in mice. Our optimized vaccine elicits potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus variants, strong Th1-biased cellular immunity, and robust B cell and long-lived plasma cell responses. Importantly, this adjuvant lipidoid substitution strategy works successfully in a clinically relevant mRNA-LNP vaccine, demonstrating its translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kamila Butowska
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk & Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - James J Knox
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Majed Ghattas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ningqiang Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lulu Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junchao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zhou S, Luo Y, Lovell JF. Vaccine approaches for antigen capture by liposomes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1022-1040. [PMID: 37878481 PMCID: PMC10872528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes have been used as carriers for vaccine adjuvants and antigens due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility as delivery vehicles. Two vial admixture of protein antigens with liposome-formulated immunostimulatory adjuvants has become a broadly used clinical vaccine preparation approach. Compared to freely soluble antigens, liposome-associated forms can enhance antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and co-deliver antigens with adjuvants, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. AREAS COVERED Several antigen-capture strategies for liposomal vaccines have been developed for proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Specific antigen delivery methodologies are discussed, including electrostatic adsorption, encapsulation inside the liposome aqueous core, and covalent and non-covalent antigen capture. EXPERT OPINION Several commercial vaccines include active lipid components, highlighting an increasingly prominent role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in vaccine development. Utilizing liposomes to associate antigens offers potential advantages, including antigen and adjuvant dose-sparing, co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to immune cells, and enhanced immunogenicity. Antigen capture by liposomes has demonstrated feasibility in clinical testing. New antigen-capture techniques have been developed and appear to be of interest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Nicolai M, Steinberg J, Obermann HL, Solis FV, Bartok E, Bauer S, Jung S. Identification of an Optimal TLR8 Ligand by Alternating the Position of 2′-O-Ribose Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911139. [PMID: 36232437 PMCID: PMC9570189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of RNA by receptors of the innate immune system is regulated by various posttranslational modifications. Different single 2′-O-ribose (2′-O-) methylations have been shown to convert TLR7/TLR8 ligands into specific TLR8 ligands, so we investigated whether the position of 2′-O-methylation is crucial for its function. To this end, we designed different 2′-O-methylated RNA oligoribonucleotides (ORN), investigating their immune activity in various cell systems and analyzing degradation under RNase T2 treatment. We found that the 18S rRNA-derived TLR7/8 ligand, RNA63, was differentially digested as a result of 2′-O-methylation, leading to variations in TLR8 and TLR7 inhibition. The suitability of certain 2′-O-methylated RNA63 derivatives as TLR8 agonists was further demonstrated by the fact that other RNA sequences were only weak TLR8 agonists. We were thus able to identify specific 2′-O-methylated RNA derivatives as optimal TLR8 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nicolai
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Luo L, Wang X, Liao YP, Chang CH, Nel AE. Nanocarrier Co-formulation for Delivery of a TLR7 Agonist plus an Immunogenic Cell Death Stimulus Triggers Effective Pancreatic Cancer Chemo-immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13168-13182. [PMID: 35920660 PMCID: PMC10117630 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists hold great promise as immune modulators for reprogramming the suppressive immune landscape in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), their use is limited by poor pharmacokinetics (PK) and off-target systemic inflammatory effects. To overcome these challenges as well as to attain drug synergy, we developed a lipid bilayer (LB)-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle (silicasome) platform for co-delivery of the TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 with the immunogenic chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan. This was accomplished by incorporating the C18 lipid tail of 3M-052 in the coated LB, also useful for irinotecan remote loading in the porous interior. Not only did the co-formulated carrier improve PK, but it strengthened the irinotecan-induced immunogenic cell death response by 3M-052-mediated dendritic cell activation at the tumor site as well as participating lymph nodes. The accompanying increase in CD8+ T-cell infiltration along with a reduced number of regulatory T-cells was associated with tumor shrinkage and metastasis disappearance in subcutaneous and orthotopic KRAS-mediated pancreatic carcinoma tumor models. Moreover, this therapeutic outcome was accomplished without drug or nanocarrier toxicity. All considered, dual-delivery strategies that combine chemo-immunotherapy with co-formulated TLR agonists or other lipid-soluble immune modulators predict successful intervention in heterogeneous PDAC immune landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Luo
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Kaur A, Baldwin J, Brar D, Salunke DB, Petrovsky N. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as a driving force behind next-generation vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102172. [PMID: 35785601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery of the toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors that directly or indirectly are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and respond to them by activating innate and adaptive immune pathways. Hundreds of ligands targeting various TLRs have since been identified and characterized as vaccine adjuvants. This work has important implications not only for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases but also for immuno-therapies against cancer, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction and other diseases. Each TLR has its own specific tissue localization and downstream gene signalling pathways, providing researchers the opportunity to precisely tailor adjuvants with specific immune effects. TLR agonists can be combined with other TLR or alternative adjuvants to create combination adjuvants with synergistic or modulatory effects. This review provides an introduction to the various classes of TLR adjuvants and their respective signalling pathways. It provides an overview of recent advancements in the TLR field in the past 2-3 years and discusses criteria for selecting specific TLR adjuvants based on considerations, such as disease mechanisms and correlates of protection, TLR immune biasing capabilities, route of administration, antigen compatibility, new vaccine technology platforms, and age- and species-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Deshkanwar Brar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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Haegebaert RM, Kempers M, Ceelen W, Lentacker I, Remaut K. Nanoparticle mediated targeting of toll-like receptors to treat colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:16-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Transformable vesicles for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113905. [PMID: 34331988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that utilizes the human immune system to fight cancer represents a revolutionary method for cancer treatment. Immunotherapeutic agents that trigger the immune response should be carefully delivered to the desired site to maximize immunotherapy effectiveness and minimize side effects. Vesicles offer the possibility of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and thus serve as a promising delivery tool. As multiple irreconcilable requirements exist at different transport stages, developing vesicles transformable in response to given stimuli is of great significance. In this review, we first introduced various vesicle types used for immunotherapy. Furthermore, the typical stimuli that trigger vesicle transformation and the usually generated transformation styles were described. Focusing on three aspects of antigen-presenting cell (APC)/T cell activation, tumor microenvironment (TME) amelioration, and immunogenic cell death (ICD)-induced immunotherapy, we reviewed recently reported transformable vesicles for tumor treatment. Finally, we put forward possible directions for future research and clinical translation.
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