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Åkesson A, Bussel JB, Martin M, Blom AM, Klintman J, Ghanima W, Zetterberg E, Garabet L. Complement activation negatively affects the platelet response to thrombopoietin receptor agonists in patients with immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective cohort study. Platelets 2023; 34:2159019. [PMID: 36636835 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2159019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased platelet destruction is central in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. However, impaired platelet production is also relevant and its significance underlies the rationale for treatment with thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Previous studies have associated enhanced complement activation with increased disease severity. Additionally, treatment refractoriness has been demonstrated to resolve by the administration of complement-targeted therapeutics in a subset of patients. The association between complement activation and the platelet response to TPO-RA therapy has previously not been investigated. In this study, blood samples from patients with immune thrombocytopenia (n = 15) were prospectively collected before and two, six and 12 weeks after the initiation of TPO-RA therapy. Plasma levels of complement degradation product C4d and soluble terminal complement complexes were assessed. Patients with significantly elevated baseline levels of terminal complement complexes exhibited more often an inadequate platelet response (p = .04), were exclusively subjected to rescue therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (p = .02), and did not respond with a significant platelet count increase during the study period. C4d showed a significant (p = .01) ability to distinguish samples with significant terminal complement activation, implying engagement of the classical complement pathway. In conclusion, elevated levels of complement biomarkers were associated with a worse TPO-RA treatment response. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results. Biomarkers of complement activation may prove valuable as a prognostic tool to predict which patients that potentially could benefit from complement-inhibiting therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Åkesson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - James B Bussel
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myriam Martin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jenny Klintman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway
| | - Eva Zetterberg
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lamya Garabet
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Kalnes, Norway.,Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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2
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Triggianese P, Conigliaro P, De Martino E, Monosi B, Chimenti MS. Overview on the Link Between the Complement System and Auto-Immune Articular and Pulmonary Disease. Open Access Rheumatol 2023; 15:65-79. [PMID: 37214353 PMCID: PMC10198272 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s318826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement system (CS) dysregulation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of different autoimmune diseases playing a central role in many immune innate and adaptive processes. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by ta breach of self-tolerance leading to a synovitis and extra-articular manifestations. The CS is activated in RA and seems not only to mediate direct tissue damage but also play a role in the initiation of RA pathogenetic mechanisms through interactions with citrullinated proteins. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents the most common extra-articular manifestation that can lead to progressive fibrosis. In this review, we focused on the evidence of CS dysregulation in RA and in ILD, and highlighted the role of the CS in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the development of diseases, by using idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as a model of lung disease. As a proof of concept, we dissected the evidence that several treatments used to treat RA and ILD such as glucocorticoids, pirfenidone, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, targeted biologics such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibitors, rituximab, tocilizumab, and nintedanib may act indirectly on the CS, suggesting that the CS might represent a potential therapeutic target in these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Triggianese
- Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conigliaro
- Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica De Martino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Monosi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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3
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Zecha J, Bayer FP, Wiechmann S, Woortman J, Berner N, Müller J, Schneider A, Kramer K, Abril-Gil M, Hopf T, Reichart L, Chen L, Hansen FM, Lechner S, Samaras P, Eckert S, Lautenbacher L, Reinecke M, Hamood F, Prokofeva P, Vornholz L, Falcomatà C, Dorsch M, Schröder A, Venhuizen A, Wilhelm S, Médard G, Stoehr G, Ruland J, Grüner BM, Saur D, Buchner M, Ruprecht B, Hahne H, The M, Wilhelm M, Kuster B. Decrypting drug actions and protein modifications by dose- and time-resolved proteomics. Science 2023; 380:93-101. [PMID: 36926954 PMCID: PMC7615311 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Although most cancer drugs modulate the activities of cellular pathways by changing posttranslational modifications (PTMs), little is known regarding the extent and the time- and dose-response characteristics of drug-regulated PTMs. In this work, we introduce a proteomic assay called decryptM that quantifies drug-PTM modulation for thousands of PTMs in cells to shed light on target engagement and drug mechanism of action. Examples range from detecting DNA damage by chemotherapeutics, to identifying drug-specific PTM signatures of kinase inhibitors, to demonstrating that rituximab kills CD20-positive B cells by overactivating B cell receptor signaling. DecryptM profiling of 31 cancer drugs in 13 cell lines demonstrates the broad applicability of the approach. The resulting 1.8 million dose-response curves are provided as an interactive molecular resource in ProteomicsDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zecha
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian P. Bayer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Svenja Wiechmann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Woortman
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nicola Berner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Müller
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Annika Schneider
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Kramer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Hopf
- OmicScouts GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonie Reichart
- OmicScouts GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lin Chen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Fynn M. Hansen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Severin Lechner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Patroklos Samaras
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Eckert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Lautenbacher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maria Reinecke
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Firas Hamood
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Polina Prokofeva
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Larsen Vornholz
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Dorsch
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Department of Medical Oncology, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ayla Schröder
- OmicScouts GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Venhuizen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wilhelm
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gabriele Stoehr
- OmicScouts GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Grüner
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Department of Medical Oncology, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hannes Hahne
- OmicScouts GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Str. 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthew The
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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An anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody that induces unique HER2 clustering and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1394. [PMID: 36914633 PMCID: PMC10011572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an oncogenic role in breast, gastric and other solid tumors. However, anti-HER2 therapies are only currently approved for the treatment of breast and gastric/gastric esophageal junction cancers and treatment resistance remains a problem. Here, we engineer an anti-HER2 IgG1 bispecific, biparatopic antibody (Ab), zanidatamab, with unique and enhanced functionalities compared to both trastuzumab and the combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab (tras + pert). Zanidatamab binds adjacent HER2 molecules in trans and initiates distinct HER2 reorganization, as shown by polarized cell surface HER2 caps and large HER2 clusters, not observed with trastuzumab or tras + pert. Moreover, zanidatamab, but not trastuzumab nor tras + pert, elicit potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against high HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Zanidatamab also mediates HER2 internalization and downregulation, inhibition of both cell signaling and tumor growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP), and also shows superior in vivo antitumor activity compared to tras + pert in a HER2-expressing xenograft model. Collectively, we show that zanidatamab has multiple and distinct mechanisms of action derived from the structural effects of biparatopic HER2 engagement.
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5
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Fan Y, Liao J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zheng H, Wang Y. miR-132-3p regulates antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells by directly targeting CD55. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:57-67. [PMID: 36571232 PMCID: PMC9993456 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs) on tumour cells helps them survive complement attacks by suppressing antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Consequently, mCRP overexpression limits monoclonal antibody drug immune efficacy. CD55, an mCRP, plays an important role in inhibiting antibody-mediated CDC. However, the mechanisms regulating CD55 expression in tumour cells remain unclear. Here, the aim was to explore CD55-targeting miRNAs. We previously constructed an in vitro model comprising cancer cell lines expressing α-gal and serum containing natural antibodies against α-gal and complement. This was used to simulate antibody-mediated CDC in colon cancer cells. We screened microRNAs that directly target CD55 using LoVo and Ls-174T colon cell lines, which express CD55 at low and high levels, respectively. miR-132-3p expression was dramatically lower in Ls-174T cells than in LoVo cells. miR-132-3p overexpression or inhibition transcriptionally regulated CD55 expression by specifically targeting its mRNA 3'-untranslated regions. Further, miR-132-3p modulation regulated colon cancer cell sensitivity to antibody-mediated CDC through C5a release and C5b-9 deposition. Moreover, miR-132-3p expression was significantly reduced, whereas CD55 expression was increased, in colon cancer tissues compared to levels in adjacent normal tissues. CD55 protein levels were negatively correlated with miR-132-3p expression in colon cancer tissues. Our results indicate that miR-132-3p regulates colon cancer cell sensitivity to antibody-mediated CDC by directly targeting CD55. In addition, incubating the LoVo human tumour cell line, stably transfected with the xenoantigen α-gal, with human serum containing natural antibodies comprises a stable and cheap in vitro model to explore the mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Multi-omics Laboratory of Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Correspondence: Yanping Wang, 5# Gongxing Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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6
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Kuźniewska A, Thiel M, Kowalska D, Felberg-Miętka A, Szynkowski P, Ołdziej S, Arjona E, Jongerius I, Rodriguez de Córdoba S, Okrój M, Urban A. Substitutions at position 263 within the von Willebrand factor type A domain determine the functionality of complement C2 protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1061696. [PMID: 36591303 PMCID: PMC9797810 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is one of the first defense lines protecting from invading pathogens. However, it may turn offensive to the body's own cells and tissues when deregulated by the presence of rare genetic variants that impair physiological regulation and/or provoke abnormal activity of key enzymatic components. Factor B and complement C2 are examples of paralogs engaged in the alternative and classical/lectin complement pathway, respectively. Pathogenic mutations in the von Willebrand factor A domain (vWA) of FB have been known for years. Despite substantial homology between two proteins and the demonstration that certain substitutions in FB translated to C2 result in analogous phenotype, there was a limited number of reports on pathogenic C2 variants in patients. Recently, we studied a cohort of patients suffering from rare kidney diseases and confirmed the existence of two gain-of-function and three loss-of-function mutations within the C2 gene sequences coding for the vWA domain (amino acids 254-452) or nearly located unstructured region (243-253) of C2 protein. Herein, we report the functional consequences of amino acid substitution of glutamine at position 263. The p.Q263G variant resulted in the gain-of-function phenotype, similarly to a homologous mutation p.D279G in FB. Conversely, the p.Q263P variant found in a patient with C3 glomerulopathy resulted in the loss of C2 function. Our results confirm that the N-terminal part of the vWA domain is a hot spot crucial for the complement C2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kuźniewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcel Thiel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Felberg-Miętka
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patryk Szynkowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Ołdziej
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Arjona
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Santiago Rodriguez de Córdoba
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland,*Correspondence: Marcin Okrój,
| | - Aleksandra Urban
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland,Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Lara S, Heilig J, Virtanen A, Kleinau S. Exploring complement-dependent cytotoxicity by rituximab isotypes in 2D and 3D-cultured B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:678. [PMID: 35725455 PMCID: PMC9210731 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic IgG1 anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab (RTX), has greatly improved prognosis of many B-cell malignancies. Despite its success, resistance has been reported and detailed knowledge of RTX mechanisms are lacking. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is one important mode of action of RTX. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate factors influencing complement-mediated tumor cell killing by RTX. Methods Different RTX isotypes, IgG1, IgG3, IgA1 and IgA2 were evaluated and administered on four human CD20+ B-cell lymphoma cell lines, displaying diverse expression of CD20 and complement-regulatory protein CD59. Complement activation was assessed on lymphoma cells grown in 2 and 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems by trypan blue exclusion. CDC in 3D spheroids was additionally analyzed by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry, and confocal imaging. Anti-CD59 antibody was used to evaluate influence of CD59 in RTX-mediated CDC responses. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results We found that 3 out of 4 lymphomas were sensitive to RTX-mediated CDC when cultured in 2D, while 2 out of 4 when grown in 3D. RTX-IgG3 had the greatest CDC potential, followed by clinical standard RTX-IgG1 and RTX-IgA2, whereas RTX-IgA1 displayed no complement activation. Although the pattern of different RTX isotypes to induce CDC were similar in the sensitive lymphomas, the degree of cell killing differed. A greater CDC activity was seen in lymphoma cells with a higher CD20/CD59 expression ratio. These lymphomas were also sensitive to RTX when grown in 3D spheroids, although the CDC activity was substantially reduced compared to 2D cultures. Analysis of RTX-treated spheroids demonstrated apoptosis and necrosis essentially in the outer cell-layers. Neutralization of CD59 overcame resistance to RTX-mediated CDC in 2D-cultured lymphoma cells, but not in spheroids. Conclusions The results demonstrate that CDC outcome in CD20+ B-cell lymphoma is synergistically influenced by choice of RTX isotype, antigen density, tumor structure, and degree of CD59 expression. Assessment of tumor signatures, such as CD20/CD59 ratio, can be advantageous to predict CDC efficiency of RTX in vivo and may help to develop rational mAbs to raise response rates in patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Virtanen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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In Silico Designed Gain-of-Function Variants of Complement C2 Support Cytocidal Activity of Anticancer Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051270. [PMID: 35267578 PMCID: PMC8909654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular target for the classical complement pathway (CP) is defined by surface-bound immunoglobulins. Therefore, numerous anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exploit the CP as their effector mechanism. Conversely, the alternative complement pathway (AP) is spontaneously induced on the host and microbial surfaces, but complement inhibitors on host cells prevent its downstream processing. Gain-of-function (GoF) mutations in the AP components that oppose physiological regulation directly predispose carriers to autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Based on the homology between AP and CP components, we modified the CP component C2 so that it emulates the known pathogenic mutations in the AP component, factor B. By using tumor cell lines and patient-derived leukemic cells along with a set of clinically approved immunotherapeutics, we showed that the supplementation of serum with recombinant GoF C2 variants not only enhances the cytocidal effect of type I anti-CD20 mAbs rituximab and ofatumumab, but also lowers the threshold of mAbs necessary for the efficient lysis of tumor cells and efficiently exploits the leftovers of the drug accumulated in patients' sera after the previous infusion. Moreover, we demonstrate that GoF C2 acts in concert with other therapeutic mAbs, such as type II anti-CD20, anti-CD22, and anti-CD38 specimens, for overcoming cancer cells resistance to complement attack.
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9
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Kusowska A, Kubacz M, Krawczyk M, Slusarczyk A, Winiarska M, Bobrowicz M. Molecular Aspects of Resistance to Immunotherapies-Advances in Understanding and Management of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031501. [PMID: 35163421 PMCID: PMC8835809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the unquestionable success achieved by rituximab-based regimens in the management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the high incidence of relapsed/refractory disease still remains a challenge. The widespread clinical use of chemo-immunotherapy demonstrated that it invariably leads to the induction of resistance; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Rituximab-mediated therapeutic effect primarily relies on complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, and their outcome is often compromised following the development of resistance. Factors involved include inherent genetic characteristics and rituximab-induced changes in effectors cells, the role of ligand/receptor interactions between target and effector cells, and the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on summarizing the emerging advances in the understanding of the molecular basis responsible for the resistance induced by various forms of immunotherapy used in DLBCL. We outline available models of resistance and delineate solutions that may improve the efficacy of standard therapeutic protocols, which might be essential for the rational design of novel therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Translational Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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