1
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Mao M, Wu Y, He Q. Recent advances in targeted drug delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8689-8707. [PMID: 38606460 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the highly malignant brain tumors characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the recent advancements in the treatment of GBM, major challenges persist in achieving controlled drug delivery to tumors. The management of GBM poses considerable difficulties primarily due to unresolved issues in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)/blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) and GBM microenvironment. These factors limit the uptake of anti-cancer drugs by the tumor, thus limiting the therapeutic options. Current breakthroughs in nanotechnology provide new prospects concerning unconventional drug delivery approaches for GBM treatment. Specifically, swimming nanorobots show great potential in active targeted delivery, owing to their autonomous propulsion and improved navigation capacities across biological barriers, which further facilitate the development of GBM-targeted strategies. This review presents an overview of technological progress in different drug administration methods for GBM. Additionally, the limitations in clinical translation and future research prospects in this field are also discussed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guideline for researchers and offer perspectives on further development of new drug delivery therapies to combat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qiang He
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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2
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Xing Y, Yasinjan F, Geng H, He M, Yang M, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Guo B. A scientometric analysis of immunotherapies for gliomas: Focus on GBM. Asian J Surg 2024:S1015-9584(24)00400-7. [PMID: 38448290 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors worldwide, with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most common and aggressive type. The standard therapy for GBM has remained unchanged for nearly two decades, with no significant improvement in survival outcomes. Despite several barriers such as the tumor microenvironment (TME) and blood-brain barrier, immunotherapies bring new hope for the treatment of GBM. To better understand the development and progress of immunotherapies in GBM, we made this scientometric analysis of this field. A total of 3753 documents were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection, with publication years ranging from 1999 to 2022. The Web of Science platform, CiteSpace, and VOS viewer were used to conduct the scientometric analysis. The results of scientometric analysis showed that this field has recently become a popular topic of interest. The United States had the most publications among 89 countries or regions. Keyword analysis indicated significant areas in the field of immunotherapies for GBM, especially TME, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses (OVs). Overall, we hope that this scientometric analysis can provide insights for researchers and promote the development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xing
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feroza Yasinjan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huayue Geng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghua He
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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3
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Al-Hawary SIS, Alhajlah S, Olegovich BD, Hjazi A, Rajput P, Ali SHJ, Abosoda M, Ihsan A, Oudah SK, Mustafa YF. Effective extracellular vesicles in glioma: Focusing on effective ncRNA exosomes and immunotherapy methods for treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3921. [PMID: 38269511 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive article explores the complex field of glioma treatment, with a focus on the important roles of non-coding RNAsRNAs (ncRNAs) and exosomes, as well as the potential synergies of immunotherapy. The investigation begins by examining the various functions of ncRNAs and their involvement in glioma pathogenesis, progression, and as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Special attention is given to exosomes as carriers of ncRNAs and their intricate dynamics within the tumor microenvironment. The exploration extends to immunotherapy methods, analyzing their mechanisms and clinical implications in the treatment of glioma. By synthesizing these components, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how ncRNAs, exosomes, and immunotherapy interact, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of glioma research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharif Alhajlah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bokov Dmitry Olegovich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranchal Rajput
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Saad Hayif Jasim Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Munther Abosoda
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Ihsan
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Iraq
| | - Shamam Kareem Oudah
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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4
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Malbari F. Pediatric Neuro-oncology. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1680-1709. [PMID: 38085894 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews the most common pediatric brain tumors, neurocutaneous syndromes, treatment-related neurotoxicities, and the long-term outcomes of survivors. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS In the era of molecular diagnostics, the classification, management, and prognostication of pediatric brain tumors and neurocutaneous syndromes has been refined, resulting in advancements in patient management. Molecular diagnostics have been incorporated into the most recent World Health Organization 2021 classification. This knowledge has allowed for novel therapeutic approaches targeting the biology of these tumors with the intent to improve overall survival, decrease treatment-related morbidity, and improve quality of life. Advances in management have led to better survival, but mortality remains high and significant morbidity persists. Current clinical trials focus on tumor biology targeted therapy, deescalation of therapy, and multimodal intensified approaches with targeted therapy in more high-risk tumors. ESSENTIAL POINTS Molecular diagnostics for pediatric brain tumors and neurocutaneous syndromes have led to novel therapeutic approaches targeting the biology of these tumors with the goals of improving overall survival and decreasing treatment-related morbidity. Further understanding will lead to continued refinement and improvement of tumor classification, management, and prognostication.
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5
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Yan W, Dunmall LSC, Lemoine NR, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang P. The capability of heterogeneous γδ T cells in cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285801. [PMID: 38077392 PMCID: PMC10704246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a specialized subset of T lymphocytes, have garnered significant attention within the realm of cancer immunotherapy. Operating at the nexus between adaptive and innate immunological paradigms, these cells showcase a profound tumor discernment repertoire, hinting at novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Significantly, these cells possess the capability to directly identify and eliminate tumor cells without reliance on HLA-antigen presentation. Furthermore, γδ T cells have the faculty to present tumor antigens to αβ T cells, amplifying their anti-tumoral efficacy.Within the diverse and heterogeneous subpopulations of γδ T cells, distinct immune functionalities emerge, manifesting either anti-tumor or pro-tumor roles within the tumor microenvironment. Grasping and strategically harnessing these heterogeneous γδ T cell cohorts is pivotal to their integration in tumor-specific immunotherapeutic modalities. The aim of this review is to describe the heterogeneity of the γδ T cell lineage and the functional plasticity it generates in the treatment of malignant tumors. This review endeavors to elucidate the intricate heterogeneity inherent to the γδ T cell lineage, the consequential functional dynamics in combating malignancies, the latest advancements from clinical trials, and the evolving landscape of γδ T cell-based oncological interventions, while addressing the challenges impeding the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yan
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S. Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yafeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Yasinjan F, Xing Y, Geng H, Guo R, Yang L, Liu Z, Wang H. Immunotherapy: a promising approach for glioma treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255611. [PMID: 37744349 PMCID: PMC10512462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors worldwide, with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most common and aggressive type. Despite two decades of relentless pursuit in exploring novel therapeutic approaches for GBM, there is limited progress in improving patients' survival outcomes. Numerous obstacles impede the effective treatment of GBM, including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), the blood-brain barrier, and extensive heterogeneity. Despite these challenges, immunotherapies are emerging as a promising avenue that may offer new hope for the treatment of gliomas. There are four main types of immunotherapies for gliomas, immune checkpoint blockades, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. In addition, gene therapy, bispecific antibody therapy, and combine therapy are also briefly introduced in this review. The significant role of TME in the process of immunotherapies has been emphasized in many studies. Although immunotherapy is a promising treatment for gliomas, enormous effort is required to overcome the existing barriers to its success. Owing to the rapid development and increasing attention paid to immunotherapies for gliomas, this article aims to review the recent advances in immunotherapies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroza Yasinjan
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xing
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huayue Geng
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziling Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Jain P, Vashist S, Panjiyar BK. Navigating the Immune Challenge in Glioblastoma: Exploring Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Overcoming Immune Suppression. Cureus 2023; 15:e46089. [PMID: 37900496 PMCID: PMC10611557 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor known for its short survival time, typically 14-18 months from diagnosis to fatality. Managing GBM poses significant challenges due to factors like the formidable blood-brain barrier, the immunosuppressive conditions within GBM, and the intricacies of surgical procedures. Currently, the typical treatment for GBM combines surgical procedures, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy using temozolomide. Unfortunately, this conventional approach has not proven effective in substantially extending the lives of GBM patients. Consequently, researchers are exploring alternative methods for GBM management. One promising avenue receiving attention in recent years is immunotherapy. This approach has successfully treated cancer types like non-small cell lung cancer and blood-related malignancies. Various immunotherapeutic strategies are currently under investigation for GBM treatment, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and oncolytic viruses. A comprehensive review of 26 high-quality studies conducted over the past decade, involving thorough searches of databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, has been conducted. The findings from this review suggest that while immunotherapeutic strategies show promise, they face significant limitations and challenges in practical application for GBM treatment. The study emphasizes the importance of combining diverse approaches, customizing treatments for individual patients, and ongoing research efforts to improve GBM patients' outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Jain
- Internal Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, IND
| | | | - Binay K Panjiyar
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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8
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Shahabifard H, Zarei M, Kookli K, Esmalian Afyouni N, Soltani N, Maghsoodi S, Adili A, Mahmoudi J, Shomali N, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. An updated overview of the application of CAR-T cell therapy in neurological diseases. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3356. [PMID: 37198722 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified immune cells, especially CAR-T cells, have captured the attention of scientists over the past 10 years. In the fight against cancer, these cells have a special place. Treatment for hematological cancers, autoimmune disorders, and cancers must include CAR-T cell therapy. Determining the therapeutic targets, side effects, and use of CAR-T cells in neurological disorders, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, is the goal of this study. Due to advancements in genetic engineering, CAR-T cells have become crucial in treating some neurological disorders. CAR-T cells have demonstrated a positive role in treating neurological cancers like Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and use diverse targets. However, CAR-T cell therapy for MS diseases is being researched and could be a potential treatment option. This study aimed to access the most recent studies and scientific articles in the field of CAR-T cells in neurological diseases and/or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Shahabifard
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zarei
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Keihan Kookli
- International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazgol Esmalian Afyouni
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Narges Soltani
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sairan Maghsoodi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (MUK), Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Cheng X, Liu Z, Liang W, Zhu Q, Wang C, Wang H, Zhang J, Li P, Gao Y. ECM2, a prognostic biomarker for lower grade glioma, serves as a potential novel target for immunotherapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106409. [PMID: 36997057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix protein 2 (ECM2), which regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, has recently been reported as a prognostic indicator for multiple cancers, but its value in lower grade glioma (LGG) remains unknown. In this study, LGG transcriptomic data of 503 cases in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and 403 cases in The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database were collected to analyze ECM2 expression patterns and the relationship with clinical characteristics, prognosis, enriched signaling pathways, and immune-related markers. In addition, a total of 12 laboratory samples were used for experimental validation. Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests demonstrated highly expressed ECM2 in LGG was positively associated with malignant histological features and molecular features such as recurrent LGG and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type. Also, Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves proved high ECM2 expression could predict shorter overall survival in LGG patients, as multivariate analysis and meta-analysis claimed ECM2 was a deleterious factor for LGG prognosis. In addition, the enrichment of immune-related pathways for ECM2, for instance JAK-STAT pathway, was obtained by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis. Furthermore, positive relationships between ECM2 expression with immune cells infiltration and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), iconic markers (CD163), and immune checkpoints (CD274, encoding PD-L1) were proved by Pearson correlation analysis. Finally, laboratory experiments of RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry showed high expression of ECM2, as well as CD163 and PD-L1 in LGG samples. This study identifies ECM2, for the first time, as a subtype marker and prognostic indicator for LGG. ECM2 could also provide a reliable guarantee for further personalized therapy, synergizing with tumor immunity, to break through the current limitations and thus reinvigorating immunotherapy for LGG. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: Raw data from all public databases involved in this study are stored in the online repository (chengMD2022/ECM2 (github.com)).
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10
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Gatto L, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, Di Nunno V, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Glioblastoma treatment slowly moves toward change: novel druggable targets and translational horizons in 2022. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:269-286. [PMID: 36718723 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2174097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. GBM treatment options have been the same for the past 30 years and have only modestly extended survival, despite aggressive multimodal treatments. The progressively better knowledge of GBM biology and a comprehensive analysis of its genomic profile have elucidated GBM heterogeneity, contributing to a more effective molecular classification and to the development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED This article reports all the noteworthy innovations for immunotherapy and targeted therapy, providing insights into the current advances in trial designs, including combination therapies with immuno-oncology agents and target combinations. EXPERT OPINION GBM molecular heterogeneity and brain anatomical characteristics critically restrain drug effectiveness. Nevertheless, stimulating insights for future research and drug development come from innovative treatment strategies for GBM, such as multi-specific 'off-the-shelf' CAR-T therapy, oncolytic viral therapy and autologous dendritic cell vaccination. Disappointing results from targeted therapies-clinical trials are mainly due to complex interferences between signaling pathways and biological processes leading to drug resistance: hence, it is imperative in the future to develop combinatorial approaches and multimodal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Department of Oncology, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alicia Tosoni
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Bartolini
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Ganapathy T, Radhakrishnan R, Sakshi S, Martin S. CAR γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Is the field more yellow than green? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:277-286. [PMID: 35960333 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Engineered immune cell therapy to treat malignancies refractory to conventional therapies is modernizing oncology. Although αβ T cells are time-tested chassis for CAR, potential graft versus host disease (GvHD) apart from cytokine toxicity and antigen escape pose limitations to this approach. αβ T cell malignancy challenges isolation and expansion of therapeutic T cells. Moreover, αβ T cells may pose toxicity risk to inflammation sensitive vital tissues bearing the tumor. The HLA independent, multivalent, versatile and systemic anti-tumor immunity increases the desirability of γδ T cells as an alternate chassis for CAR. Indeed, CD19 γδ CAR T cell therapy to treat advanced lymphoma reached a milestone with the fast track status by FDA. However, reduced tumor-toxicity, homing, in vivo persistence and heterogeneity limits the translation of this therapy. The field is gaining momentum in recent years with optimization of gene delivery approaches and mechanistic insights into co-signaling requirements in γδ T cells. There is a renewed interest in customizing design of CAR guided by the biology of the host immune cells. Progress has been made in the current good manufacturing practice compatible expansion and engineering protocols for the δ1 and δ2 T cells. γδ CAR T cells may find its niche in the clinical situations wherein conventional CAR therapy is less suitable due to propensity for cytokine toxicity or off-tumor effect. As the therapy is moving towards clinical trials, this review chronicles the hitherto progress in the therapeutic engineering of γδ T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamizhselvi Ganapathy
- Immune Cell Engineering and Therapy (iCET) Laboratory, Christian Medical College Vellore, Bagayam, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Rajalingam Radhakrishnan
- Synthetic Immunology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Seth Sakshi
- Immune Cell Engineering and Therapy (iCET) Laboratory, Christian Medical College Vellore, Bagayam, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Sunil Martin
- Synthetic Immunology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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12
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Swan SL, Mehta N, Ilich E, Shen SH, Wilkinson DS, Anderson AR, Segura T, Sanchez-Perez L, Sampson JH, Bellamkonda RV. IL7 and IL7 Flt3L co-expressing CAR T cells improve therapeutic efficacy in mouse EGFRvIII heterogeneous glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085547. [PMID: 36817432 PMCID: PMC9936235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in glioblastoma faces many challenges including insufficient CAR T cell abundance and antigen-negative tumor cells evading targeting. Unfortunately, preclinical studies evaluating CAR T cells in glioblastoma focus on tumor models that express a single antigen, use immunocompromised animals, and/or pre-treat with lymphodepleting agents. While lymphodepletion enhances CAR T cell efficacy, it diminishes the endogenous immune system that has the potential for tumor eradication. Here, we engineered CAR T cells to express IL7 and/or Flt3L in 50% EGFRvIII-positive and -negative orthotopic tumors pre-conditioned with non-lymphodepleting irradiation. IL7 and IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells increased intratumoral CAR T cell abundance seven days after treatment. IL7 co-expression with Flt3L modestly increased conventional dendritic cells as well as the CD103+XCR1+ population known to have migratory and antigen cross-presenting capabilities. Treatment with IL7 or IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells improved overall survival to 67% and 50%, respectively, compared to 9% survival with conventional or Flt3L CAR T cells. We concluded that CAR T cells modified to express IL7 enhanced CAR T cell abundance and improved overall survival in EGFRvIII heterogeneous tumors pre-conditioned with non-lymphodepleting irradiation. Potentially IL7 or IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells can provide new opportunities to combine CAR T cells with other immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Swan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nalini Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ilich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven H Shen
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alexa R Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Clinical Science Departments of Neurology and Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Amadasu E, Panther E, Lucke-Wold B. Characterization and Treatment of Spinal Tumors. INTENSIVE CARE RESEARCH 2022; 2:76-95. [PMID: 36741203 PMCID: PMC9893847 DOI: 10.1007/s44231-022-00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of spinal tumors is rare in comparison to brain tumors which encompass most central nervous system tumors. Tumors of the spine can be divided into primary and metastatic tumors with the latter being the most common presentation. Primary tumors are subdivided based on their location on the spinal column and in the spinal cord into intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, and primary bone tumors. Back pain is a common presentation in spine cancer patients; however, other radicular pain may be present. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for intradural extramedullary and intramedullary tumors. Plain radiographs are used in the initial diagnosis of primary bone tumors while Computed tomography (CT) and MRI may often be necessary for further characterization. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice for spinal tumors and may be curative for well circumscribed lesions. However, intralesional resection along with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy can be indicated for patients that would experience increased morbidity from damage to nearby neurological structures caused by resection with wide margins. Even with the current treatment options, the prognosis for aggressive spinal cancer remains poor. Advances in novel treatments including molecular targeting, immunotherapy and stem cell therapy provide the potential for greater control of malignant and metastatic tumors of the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efosa Amadasu
- School of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Eric Panther
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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14
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Liu Z, Zhou Z, Dang Q, Xu H, Lv J, Li H, Han X. Immunosuppression in tumor immune microenvironment and its optimization from CAR-T cell therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:6273-6290. [PMID: 36168626 PMCID: PMC9475465 DOI: 10.7150/thno.76854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy represents a landmark advance in personalized cancer treatment. CAR-T strategy generally engineers T cells from a specific patient with a new antigen-specificity, which has achieved considerable success in hematological malignancies, but scarce benefits in solid tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) cast a profound impact on the immunotherapeutic response. The immunosuppressive landscape of TIME is a critical obstacle to the effector activity of CAR-T cells. Nevertheless, every cloud has a silver lining. The immunosuppressive components also shed new inspiration on reshaping a friendly TIME by targeting them with engineered CARs. Herein, we summarize recent advances in disincentives of TIME and discuss approaches and technologies to enhance CAR-T cell efficacy via addressing current hindrances. Simultaneously, we firmly believe that by parsing the immunosuppressive components of TIME, rationally manipulating the complex interactions of immunosuppressive components, and optimizing CAR-T cell therapy for each patient, the CAR-T cell immunotherapy responsiveness for solid malignancies will be substantially enhanced, and novel therapeutic targets will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jinxiang Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Huanyun Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.,Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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15
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Jaén M, Martín-Regalado Á, Bartolomé RA, Robles J, Casal JI. Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2): Expression, signaling pathways and therapeutic applications in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188802. [PMID: 36152905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2) is increasingly recognized as a relevant player in cancer invasion and metastasis. Despite being initially considered a decoy receptor for dampening the levels of interleukin 13 (IL-13) in diverse inflammatory conditions, accumulating evidences in the last decades indicate the capacity of IL13Rα2 for mediating IL-13 signaling in cancer cells. The biological reasons behind the expression of this receptor with such extremely high affinity for IL-13 in cancer cells remain unclear. Elevated expression of IL13Rα2 is commonly associated with invasion, late stage and cancer metastasis that results in poor prognosis for glioblastoma, colorectal or breast cancer, among others. The discovery of new mediators and effectors of IL13Rα2 signaling has been critical for deciphering its underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer progression. Still, many questions about the effects of inflammation, the cancer type and the tumor degree in the expression of IL13Rα2 remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we review and discuss the current status of the IL13Rα2 biology in cancer, with particular emphasis in the role of inflammation-driven expression and the regulation of different signaling pathways. As IL13Rα2 implications in cancer continue to grow exponentially, we highlight new targeted therapies recently developed for glioblastoma, colorectal cancer and other IL13Rα2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jaén
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Martín-Regalado
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robles
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Protein Alternatives SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Wang M, Shen S, Hou F, Yan Y. Pathophysiological roles of integrins in gliomas from the perspective of glioma stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:962481. [PMID: 36187469 PMCID: PMC9523240 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.962481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and is also one of the most malignant central nervous system tumors. Its characteristics, such as high malignancy, abundant tumor vasculature, drug resistance, and recurrence-prone nature, cause great suffering to glioma patients. Furthermore, glioma stem cells are the primordial cells of the glioma and play a central role in the development of glioma. Integrins—heterodimers composed of noncovalently bound a and ß subunits—are highly expressed in glioma stem cells and play an essential role in the self-renewal, differentiation, high drug resistance, and chemo-radiotherapy resistance of glioma stem cells through cell adhesion and signaling. However, there are various types of integrins, and their mechanisms of function on glioma stem cells are complex. Therefore, this article reviews the feasibility of treating gliomas by targeting integrins on glioma stem cells.
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17
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Laureano RS, Sprooten J, Vanmeerbeerk I, Borras DM, Govaerts J, Naulaerts S, Berneman ZN, Beuselinck B, Bol KF, Borst J, Coosemans A, Datsi A, Fučíková J, Kinget L, Neyns B, Schreibelt G, Smits E, Sorg RV, Spisek R, Thielemans K, Tuyaerts S, De Vleeschouwer S, de Vries IJM, Xiao Y, Garg AD. Trial watch: Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for cancer. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2096363. [PMID: 35800158 PMCID: PMC9255073 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2096363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination for cancer treatment has seen considerable development over recent decades. However, this field is currently in a state of flux toward niche-applications, owing to recent paradigm-shifts in immuno-oncology mobilized by T cell-targeting immunotherapies. DC vaccines are typically generated using autologous (patient-derived) DCs exposed to tumor-associated or -specific antigens (TAAs or TSAs), in the presence of immunostimulatory molecules to induce DC maturation, followed by reinfusion into patients. Accordingly, DC vaccines can induce TAA/TSA-specific CD8+/CD4+ T cell responses. Yet, DC vaccination still shows suboptimal anti-tumor efficacy in the clinic. Extensive efforts are ongoing to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of DC vaccines, often by employing combinatorial chemo-immunotherapy regimens. In this Trial Watch, we summarize the recent preclinical and clinical developments in this field and discuss the ongoing trends and future perspectives of DC-based immunotherapy for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Laureano
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Sprooten
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isaure Vanmeerbeerk
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Borras
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannes Govaerts
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Naulaerts
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Department of Haematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Kalijn F Bol
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - an Coosemans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, ImmunOvar Research Group, Ku Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Kinget
- Department of General Medical Oncology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research, Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Tuyaerts
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Rathi S, Griffith JI, Zhang W, Zhang W, Oh JH, Talele S, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. The influence of the blood-brain barrier in the treatment of brain tumours. J Intern Med 2022; 292:3-30. [PMID: 35040235 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumours have a poor prognosis and lack effective treatments. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a major hurdle to drug delivery to brain tumours. In some locations in the tumour, the BBB may be disrupted to form the blood-brain tumour barrier (BBTB). This leaky BBTB enables diagnosis of brain tumours by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; however, this disruption is heterogeneous throughout the tumour. Thus, relying on the disrupted BBTB for achieving effective drug concentrations in brain tumours has met with little clinical success. Because of this, it would be beneficial to design drugs and drug delivery strategies to overcome the 'normal' BBB to effectively treat the brain tumours. In this review, we discuss the role of BBB/BBTB in brain tumour diagnosis and treatment highlighting the heterogeneity of the BBTB. We also discuss various strategies to improve drug delivery across the BBB/BBTB to treat both primary and metastatic brain tumours. Recognizing that the BBB represents a critical determinant of drug efficacy in central nervous system tumours will allow a more rapid translation from basic science to clinical application. A more complete understanding of the factors, such as BBB-limited drug delivery, that have hindered progress in treating both primary and metastatic brain tumours, is necessary to develop more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica I Griffith
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Rodríguez-Camacho A, Flores-Vázquez JG, Moscardini-Martelli J, Torres-Ríos JA, Olmos-Guzmán A, Ortiz-Arce CS, Cid-Sánchez DR, Pérez SR, Macías-González MDS, Hernández-Sánchez LC, Heredia-Gutiérrez JC, Contreras-Palafox GA, Suárez-Campos JDJE, Celis-López MÁ, Gutiérrez-Aceves GA, Moreno-Jiménez S. Glioblastoma Treatment: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137207. [PMID: 35806212 PMCID: PMC9267036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and lethal primary tumor of the central nervous system. Through many years, research has brought various advances in glioblastoma treatment. At this time, glioblastoma management is based on maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Recently, bevacizumab has been added to the treatment arsenal for the recurrent scenario. Nevertheless, patients with glioblastoma still have a poor prognosis. Therefore, many efforts are being made in different clinical research areas to find a new alternative to improve overall survival, free-progression survival, and life quality in glioblastoma patients. (2) Methods: Our objective is to recap the actual state-of-the-art in glioblastoma treatment, resume the actual research and future perspectives on immunotherapy, as well as the new synthetic molecules and natural compounds that represent potential future therapies at preclinical stages. (3) Conclusions: Despite the great efforts in therapeutic research, glioblastoma management has suffered minimal changes, and the prognosis remains poor. Combined therapeutic strategies and delivery methods, including immunotherapy, synthetic molecules, natural compounds, and glioblastoma stem cell inhibition, may potentiate the standard of care therapy and represent the next step in glioblastoma management research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Camacho
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José Guillermo Flores-Vázquez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Júlia Moscardini-Martelli
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Jorge Alejandro Torres-Ríos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Alejandro Olmos-Guzmán
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Cindy Sharon Ortiz-Arce
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Dharely Raquel Cid-Sánchez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Samuel Rosales Pérez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | | | - Laura Crystell Hernández-Sánchez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Juan Carlos Heredia-Gutiérrez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Gabriel Alejandro Contreras-Palafox
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José de Jesús Emilio Suárez-Campos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Celis-López
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Guillermo Axayacalt Gutiérrez-Aceves
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Sergio Moreno-Jiménez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Cancer Center, Mexico City 01120, Mexico
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20
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Huang J, Li YB, Charlebois C, Nguyen T, Liu Z, Bloemberg D, Zafer A, Baumann E, Sodja C, Leclerc S, Fewell G, Liu Q, Prabhakarpandian B, McComb S, Stanimirovic DB, Jezierski A. Application of blood brain barrier models in pre-clinical assessment of glioblastoma-targeting CAR-T based immunotherapies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:38. [PMID: 35650594 PMCID: PMC9161615 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood brain barrier (BBB) models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become an important tool for the discovery and preclinical evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) targeting cell and gene-based therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a revolutionary form of gene-modified cell-based immunotherapy with potential for targeting solid tumors, such as glioblastomas. Crossing the BBB is an important step in the systemic application of CAR-T therapy for the treatment of glioblastomas and other CNS malignancies. In addition, even CAR-T therapies targeting non-CNS antigens, such as the well-known CD19-CAR-T therapies, are known to trigger CNS side-effects including brain swelling due to BBB disruption. In this study, we used iPSC-derived brain endothelial-like cell (iBEC) transwell co-culture model to assess BBB extravasation of CAR-T based immunotherapies targeting U87MG human glioblastoma (GBM) cells overexpressing the tumor-specific mutated protein EGFRvIII (U87vIII). Two types of anti-EGFRvIII targeting CAR-T cells, with varying tonic signaling profiles (CAR-F263 and CAR-F269), and control Mock T cells were applied on the luminal side of BBB model in vitro. CAR-F263 and CAR-F269 T cells triggered a decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in BBB permeability. CAR-T cell extravasation and U87vIII cytotoxicity were assessed from the abluminal compartment using flow cytometry and Incucyte real-time viability imaging, respectively. A significant decrease in U87vIII cell viability was observed over 48 h, with the most robust cytotoxicity response observed for the constitutively activated CAR-F263. CAR-F269 T cells showed a similar cytotoxic profile but were approximately four fold less efficient at killing the U87vIII cells compared to CAR-F263, despite similar transmigration rates. Visualization of CAR-T cell extravasation across the BBB was further confirmed using BBTB-on-CHIP models. The described BBB assay was able to discriminate the cytotoxic efficacies of different EGFRvIII-CARs and provide a measure of potential alterations to BBB integrity. Collectively, we illustrate how BBB models in vitro can be a valuable tool in deciphering the mechanisms of CAR-T–induced BBB disruption, accompanying toxicity and effector function on post-barrier target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jez Huang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ying Betty Li
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Claudie Charlebois
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ziying Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ahmed Zafer
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caroline Sodja
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sonia Leclerc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gwen Fewell
- SynVivo Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA, 35806, 701 McMillian Way NW
| | - Qing Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Scott McComb
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5
| | - Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anna Jezierski
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5.
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21
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Zhang PF, Wang C, Zhang L, Li Q. Reversing chemokine/chemokine receptor mismatch to enhance the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cells. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:459-473. [PMID: 35232284 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the antitumor efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in solid tumors is modest. Both chemokines and their receptors play a key role in the proliferation of cancer cells, tumor angiogenesis, organ-selective metastasis and migration of immune cells to solid tumors. Unfortunately, frequent chemokine/chemokine receptor 'mismatch' between effector cells and the tumor microenvironment results in inefficient T-cell infiltration and antitumor efficacy. Thus, reversing the 'mismatch' of chemokines and chemokine receptors appears to be a promising method for promoting T-cell infiltration into the tumor and enhancing their antitumor efficacy. In this review, we discuss functions of the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis in cancer immunity and the current understanding, challenges and prospects for improving the effect of chimeric antigen receptor T cells by reversing the mismatch between chemokines and chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases & Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Human Diseases & Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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Bryukhovetskiy I. Cell‑based immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:133. [PMID: 35251352 PMCID: PMC8895466 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal primary glial brain tumor. It has an unfavorable prognosis and relatively ineffective treatment protocols, with the median survival of patients being ~15 months. Tumor resistance to treatment is associated with its cancer stem cells (CSCs). At present, there is no medication or technologies that have the ability to completely eradicate CSCs, and immunotherapy (IT) is only able to prolong the patient's life. The present review aimed to investigate systemic solutions for issues associated with immunosuppression, such as ineffective IT and the creation of optimal conditions for CSCs to fulfill their lethal potential. The present review also investigated the main methods involved in local immunosuppression treatment, and highlighted the associated disadvantages. In addition, novel treatment options and targets for the elimination and regulation of CSCs with adaptive and active IT are discussed. Antagonists of TGF-β inhibitors, immune checkpoints and other targeted medication are also summarized. The role of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mechanisms underlying systemic immune suppression development in cases of GBM is analyzed, and the potential reprogramming of HSCs during their interaction with cancer cells is discussed. Moreover, the present review emphasizes the importance of the aforementioned interactions in the development of immune tolerance and the inactivation of the immune system in neoplastic processes. The possibility of solving the problem of systemic immunosuppression during transplantation of donor HSCs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Medical Center, School of Medicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
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23
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Zhao Z, Ju Q, Ji J, Li Y, Zhao Y. N6-Methyladenosine Methylation Regulator RBM15 is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Promotes Cell Proliferation in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:842833. [PMID: 35223996 PMCID: PMC8864094 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.842833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding motif protein 15 (RBM15) is a key regulatory factor involved in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation. It has been reported that RBM15 plays an important role in the progress of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), promoting LSCC migration and invasion. However, the role of RBM15 in human different cancers remains unknown. This study aims to analyze the prognostic value of RBM15, and to demonstrate the correlation between RBM15 expression and tumor immunity, as well as to provide clues for further mechanism research. The results showed that RBM15 was mutated or copy number varied in 25 types of cancer. RBM15 mRNA was abnormally up-regulated across various cancers. Survival analysis suggested high expression of RBM15 was associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. Among these, it affected patients’ overall survival (OS) in 10 cancer types, disease-free interval (DFI) in 8 cancer types, progression-free interval (PFI) in 12 cancer types and disease-specific survival (DSS) in 7 cancer types. Importantly, in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), overexpression of RBM15 is associated with patients’ OS, DFI, PFI, or DSS. In addition, RBM15 expression was positively correlated with immune infiltrating cells in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), and PAAD. Moreover, RBM15 expression showed a strong correlation with immune checkpoint markers in PAAD. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that knockdown of RBM15 significantly inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. PPI analysis showed USP10, USP24, SMG1, NRAS were closely connected with RBM15 alterations. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that many biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), molecular functions (MF), cancer related pathways including “sister chromatid cohesion”, “peptidyl-serine phosphorylation”, “cell division”, “nucleoplasm”, “nucleus”, “protein binding”, “protein serine/threonine kinase activity”, “T cell receptor signaling pathway”, “Cell cycle” were regulated by RBM15 alterations. Taken together, pan-cancer analysis of RBM15 suggested it may be served as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Ju
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yanjie Zhao,
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24
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Chen K, Si Y, Guan JS, Zhou Z, Kim S, Kim T, Shan L, Willey CD, Zhou L, Liu X. Targeted Extracellular Vesicles Delivered Verrucarin A to Treat Glioblastoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:130. [PMID: 35052809 PMCID: PMC8773723 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas, accounting for approximately 50% of gliomas, comprise the most aggressive, highly heterogeneous, and malignant brain tumors. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a new targeted therapy, i.e., highly potent natural compound verrucarin A (Ver-A), delivered with monoclonal antibody-directed extracellular vesicle (mAb-EV). First, the high surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma patient tissue and cell lines was confirmed using immunohistochemistry staining, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. mAb-EV-Ver-A was constructed by packing Ver-A and tagging anti-EGFR mAb to EV generated from HEK293F culture. Confocal microscopy and the In Vivo Imaging System demonstrated that mAb-EV could penetrate the blood-brain barrier, target intracranial glioblastoma xenografts, and deliver drug intracellularly. The in vitro cytotoxicity study showed IC50 values of 2-12 nM of Ver-A. The hematoxylin and eosin staining of major organs in the tolerated dose study indicated minimal systemic toxicity of mAb-EV-Ver-A. Finally, the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy study in intracranial xenograft models demonstrated that EGFR mAb-EV-Ver-A effectively inhibited glioblastoma growth, but the combination with VEGF mAb did not improve the therapeutic efficacy. This study suggested that mAb-EV is an effective drug delivery vehicle and natural Ver-A has great potential to treat glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jia-Shiung Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Zhuoxin Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Liang Shan
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1701 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Christopher D. Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1700 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.Z.)
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25
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Liu L, Xiao S, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Cao Y, Yang S, Mai R, Zheng Y. Identification of a novel circular RNA circZNF652/miR-486-5p/SERPINE1 signaling cascade that regulates cancer aggressiveness in glioblastoma (GBM). Bioengineered 2022; 13:1411-1423. [PMID: 35258403 PMCID: PMC8805984 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2018096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closely associated with cancer development in glioblastoma (GBM), and this study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms of a novel circular RNA circZNF652 in regulating GBM aggressiveness. The present study found that CircZNF652 and SERPINE1 were upregulated, while miR-486-5p was downregulated in GBM tissues and cell lines, and GBM patients with high expression of CircZNF652 and SERPINE1, and patients with low expression of miR-486-5p tended to have a worse prognosis. Further results validated that both silencing of circZNF652 and miR-486-5p overexpression suppressed cell growth, migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumorigenesis in GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. Next, the underlying mechanisms were investigated, and we found that circZNF652 sponged miR-486-5p to upregulate SERPINE1 in GBM cells. Also, we validated that knock-down of circZNF652 regulated the miR-486-5p/SERPINE1 axis to reverse the malignant phenotypes in GBM cells. Interestingly, we noticed that GBM cells derived exosomes were characterized by high-expressed CircZNF652. Collectively, we concluded that targeting the circular RNA circZNF652/miR-486-5p/SERPINE1 axis was a novel and effective strategy to suppress cancer progression in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of General Practice Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Zifeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Rongkang Mai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (People's Hospital of Shenzhen Baoan District), Shenzhen, Guang Dong, China
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26
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Li Y, Ma Y, Wu Z, Xie R, Zeng F, Cai H, Lui S, Song B, Chen L, Wu M. Advanced Imaging Techniques for Differentiating Pseudoprogression and Tumor Recurrence After Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790674. [PMID: 34899760 PMCID: PMC8656432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system with poor prognosis. Although the field of immunotherapy in glioma is developing rapidly, glioblastoma is still prone to recurrence under strong immune intervention. The major challenges in the process of immunotherapy are evaluating the curative effect, accurately distinguishing between treatment-related reactions and tumor recurrence, and providing guidance for clinical decision-making. Since the conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is usually difficult to distinguish between pseudoprogression and the true tumor progression, many studies have used various advanced imaging techniques to evaluate treatment-related responses. Meanwhile, criteria for efficacy evaluation of immunotherapy are constantly updated and improved. A standard imaging scheme to evaluate immunotherapeutic response will benefit patients finally. This review mainly summarizes the application status and future trend of several advanced imaging techniques in evaluating the efficacy of GBM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiqi Ma
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijun Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Xie
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanxin Zeng
- Department of Clinic Medical Center, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Song
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Clinic Medical Center, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
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27
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CAR-T: a potential gene carrier targeting solid tumor immune microenvironment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:393. [PMID: 34764238 PMCID: PMC8585982 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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28
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Gatto L, Franceschi E, Di Nunno V, Maggio I, Lodi R, Brandes AA. Engineered CAR-T and novel CAR-based therapies to fight the immune evasion of glioblastoma: gutta cavat lapidem. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:1333-1353. [PMID: 34734551 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1997599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of cancer immunotherapy has achieved great advancements through the application of genetically engineered T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), that have shown exciting success in eradicating hematologic malignancies and have proved to be safe with promising early signs of antitumoral activity in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). AREAS COVERED We discuss the use of CAR T cells in GBM, focusing on limitations and obstacles to advancement, mostly related to toxicities, hostile tumor microenvironment, limited CAR T cells infiltration and persistence, target antigen loss/heterogeneity and inadequate trafficking. Furthermore, we introduce the refined strategies aimed at strengthening CAR T activity and offer insights in to novel immunotherapeutic approaches, such as the potential use of CAR NK or CAR M to optimize anti-tumor effects for GBM management. EXPERT OPINION With the progressive wide use of CAR T cell therapy, significant challenges in treating solid tumors, including central nervous system (CNS) tumors, are emerging, highlighting early disease relapse and cancer cell resistance issues, owing to hostile immunosuppressive microenvironment and tumor antigen heterogeneity. In addition to CAR T cells, there is great interest in utilizing other types of CAR-based therapies, such as CAR natural killer (CAR NK) or CAR macrophages (CAR M) cells for CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Medical Oncology Department, Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Oncologia Medica del Sistema Nervoso, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Maggio
- Medical Oncology Department, Azienda USL, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- IrcssIstituto di Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Oncologia Medica del Sistema Nervoso, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Wang K, Zhang M, Wang J, Sun P, Luo J, Jin H, Li R, Pan C, Lu L. A Systematic Analysis Identifies Key Regulators Involved in Cell Proliferation and Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:737152. [PMID: 34650921 PMCID: PMC8505978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.737152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common and malignant cancer types. Abnormal cell proliferation, exemplified by cell cycle and cell division dysregulation, is one of the most prominent hallmarks of cancer and is responsible for recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapy. However, LUAD-specific gene regulation and clinical significance remain obscure. Here, by using both tissues and cells from LUAD and normal lung samples, 434 increased and 828 decreased genes of biological significance were detected, including 127 cell cycle-associated genes (95 increased and 32 decreased), 66 cell division-associated genes (56 increased and 10 decreased), and 81 cell proliferation-associated genes (34 increased and 47 decreased). Among them, 12 increased genes (TPX2, CENPF, BUB1, PLK1, KIF2C, AURKB, CDKN3, BUB1B, HMGA2, CDK1, ASPM, and CKS1B) and 2 decreased genes (TACC1 and MYH10) were associated with all the three above processes. Importantly, 2 (CDKN3 and CKS1B) out of the 11 increased genes (except HMGA2) are previously uncharacterized ones in LUAD and can potentially be prognostic markers. Moreover, PLK1 could be a promising therapeutic target for LUAD. Besides, protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that CDK1 and CDC20 were the hub genes, which might play crucial roles in cell proliferation of LUAD. Furthermore, transcriptional regulatory network analysis suggested that the transcription factor E2F1 could be a key regulator in controlling cell proliferation of LUAD via expression modulation of most cell cycle-, cell division-, and cell proliferation-related DEGs. Finally, trichostatin A, hycanthone, vorinostat, and mebeverine were identified as four potential therapeutic agents for LUAD. This work revealed key regulators contributing to cell proliferation in human LUAD and identified four potential therapeutic agents for treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhuang Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Jin
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Pan
- General Surgery Department, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Zeng XX, Zeng J, Zhu B. Future generation of combined multimodal approach to treat brain glioblastoma multiforme and potential impact on micturition control. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:313-326. [PMID: 34529907 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains lethal even when treated with standard therapy. This review aims to outline the recent development of various advanced therapeutics for glioblastoma and briefly discuss the potential impact of glioblastoma and some of its therapeutic approaches on the neurological function micturition control. Although immunotherapy led to success in treating hematological malignancies, but no similar success occurred in treatment for brain glioblastoma. Neither regenerative medicine nor stem cell therapy led to astounding success in glioblastoma. However, CRISPR Cas system holds potential in multiple applications due to its capacity to knock-in and knock-out genes, modify immune cells and cell receptors, which will enable it to address clinical challenges in immunotherapy such as CAR-T and regenerative therapy for brain glioblastoma, improving the precision and safety of these approaches. The studies mentioned in this review could indicate that glioblastoma is a malignant disease with multiple sophisticated barriers to be overcome and more challenges might arise in the attempt of researchers to yield a successful cure. A multimodal approach of future generation of refined and safe therapeutics derived from CRISPR Cas therapeutics, immunotherapy, and regenerative therapeutics mentioned in this review might prolong survival or even contribute towards a potential cure for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xue Zeng
- Guangzhou United Family Hospital, Fangyuan Road 28, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Postcode: 510000, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Zeng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Yinquan Road B24, Qingyuan City, Postcode: 511500, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Baoyi Zhu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Yinquan Road B24, Qingyuan City, Postcode: 511500, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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31
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The Interplay between Glioblastoma and Its Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092257. [PMID: 34571905 PMCID: PMC8469987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GBM is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the aggressive nature of this tumor contributes to its extremely poor prognosis. Over the years, the heterogeneous and adaptive nature of GBM has been highlighted as a major contributor to the poor efficacy of many treatments including various immunotherapies. The major challenge lies in understanding and manipulating the complex interplay among the different components within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This interplay varies not only by the type of cells interacting but also by their spatial distribution with the TME. This review highlights the various immune and non-immune components of the tumor microenvironment and their consequences f the efficacy of immunotherapies. Understanding the independent and interdependent aspects of the various sub-populations encapsulated by the immune and non-immune components will allow for more targeted therapies. Meanwhile, understanding how the TME creates and responds to different environmental pressures such as hypoxia may allow for other multimodal approaches in the treatment of GBM. Ultimately, a better understanding of the GBM TME will aid in the development and advancement of more effective treatments and in improving patient outcomes.
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Luan C, Zhou J, Wang H, Ma X, Long Z, Cheng X, Chen X, Huang Z, Zhang D, Xia R, Ge J. Case Report: Local Cytokine Release Syndrome in an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient After Treatment With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: A Possible Model, Literature Review and Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707191. [PMID: 34349766 PMCID: PMC8326907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved remarkable clinical efficacy in treatment of many malignancies especially for B-cell hematologic malignancies. However, the application of CAR-T cells is hampered by potentially adverse events, of which cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is one of the severest and the most studied. Local cytokine-release syndrome (L-CRS) at particular parts of the body has been reported once in a while in B-cell lymphoma or other compartmental tumors. The underlying mechanism of L-CRS is not well understood and the existing reports attempting to illustrate it only involve compartmental tumors, some of which even indicated L-CRS only happens in compartmental tumors. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is systemic and our center treated a B-cell ALL patient who exhibited life threatening dyspnea, L-CRS was under suspicion and the patient was successfully rescued with treatment algorithm of CRS. The case is the firstly reported L-CRS related to systemic malignancies and we tentatively propose a model to illustrate the occurrence and development of L-CRS of systemic malignancies inspired by the case and literature, with emphasis on the new recognition of L-CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Luan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhangbiao Long
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenqi Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dagan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixiang Xia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Ge
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Characterization of ferroptosis signature to evaluate the predict prognosis and immunotherapy in glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17655-17672. [PMID: 34244461 PMCID: PMC8312442 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of brain cancer with poor survival outcomes and unsatisfactory response to current therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) are linked with the occurrence and development of GBM and may become promising biological indicators in GBM therapy. METHODS We systematically assessed the relationship between FRGs expression profiles and prognosis in glioma patients based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets to establish a risk score model according to the gene signature of multiple survival-associated DEGs. Further, the differences between the tumor microenvironment score, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression levels, and drug sensitivity in the high- and low-risk group are analyzed through a variety of algorithms in R software. RESULTS GBM patients were divided into two subgroups (high- and low-risk) according to the established risk score model. Patients in the high-risk group showed significantly reduced overall survival compared with those in the low-risk group. Also, we found that the high-risk group showed higher ImmuneScore and StromalScore, while different subgroups have significant differences in immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression levels, and drug sensitivity. In summary, we developed and validated an FRGs risk model, which served as an independent prognostic indicator for GBM. Besides, the two subgroups divided by the model have significant differences, which provides novel insights for further studies as well as the personalized treatment of patients.
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Chelliah SS, Paul EAL, Kamarudin MNA, Parhar I. Challenges and Perspectives of Standard Therapy and Drug Development in High-Grade Gliomas. Molecules 2021; 26:1169. [PMID: 33671796 PMCID: PMC7927069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their low incidence rate globally, high-grade gliomas (HGG) remain a fatal primary brain tumor. The recommended therapy often is incapable of resecting the tumor entirely and exclusively targeting the tumor leads to tumor recurrence and dismal prognosis. Additionally, many HGG patients are not well suited for standard therapy and instead, subjected to a palliative approach. HGG tumors are highly infiltrative and the complex tumor microenvironment as well as high tumor heterogeneity often poses the main challenges towards the standard treatment. Therefore, a one-fit-approach may not be suitable for HGG management. Thus, a multimodal approach of standard therapy with immunotherapy, nanomedicine, repurposing of older drugs, use of phytochemicals, and precision medicine may be more advantageous than a single treatment model. This multimodal approach considers the environmental and genetic factors which could affect the patient's response to therapy, thus improving their outcome. This review discusses the current views and advances in potential HGG therapeutic approaches and, aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap that will assist in overcoming challenges in HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundramurthi Chelliah
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ervin Ashley Lourdes Paul
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
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