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Lu J, Gui W, Tang S, Shi Q, Wang X, Huang L, Shen Y, Yang S, Xiang J, Yuan J, Mo J, Kong X, Huang M, Li X, Lu C. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) is Involved in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Immune Infiltration by Driving Amino Acid Metabolism. Nutr Cancer 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38855943 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2359741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigates the role of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in immune infiltration modulation through amino acid metabolism in gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD). Methods: Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated with clinical samples, we analyzed NNMT expression and its prognostic implications in STAD. Differential amino acid profiles between cancerous and adjacent normal tissues were assessed, along with their associations with NNMT. Results: NNMT exhibits heightened expression in STAD cancer tissues, positively correlating with tumor immune infiltration. Additionally, twenty-eight amino acids display differential expression in gastric tissue, with their metabolic enzymes showing connections to NNMT. Conclusions: Elevated NNMT expression in STAD tissues potentially influences amino acid metabolism, thereby affecting immune infiltration dynamics and tumorigenesis in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenliang Gui
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shen Tang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinhang Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liyuan Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yinghui Shen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junni Xiang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianglang Yuan
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiao Mo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xingxing Kong
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Mingwei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiyi Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Cailing Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Preclinical Medicine, Nanning, China
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Zahran A, Hussein HA, Thabet AA, Izzaldin MR, Wardany AA, Sobhy A, Bashir MA, Afifi MM, Ali WA, Rayan A, Saad K, Khalaf MG, Ahmed ME, Sayed NG. Immune Checkpoints Receptors Expression of Macrophage/Monocytes in Response to Acute Viral Respiratory Infection. J Clin Med Res 2024; 16:232-242. [PMID: 38855783 PMCID: PMC11161185 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to monitor the phenotypic changes in macrophages and their polarization in patients with acute viral respiratory diseases, including coronavirus disease diagnosis, focusing on the variations in the percentages of macrophages and monocytes and their sub-populations in those patients compared to healthy control. Moreover, we defined the correlation between macrophage subtypes and some inflammatory indices. Methods Twenty-seven patients with clinical and radiologic diagnosis of acute viral respiratory infection admitted in Al-Azhar and Assiut University hospitals were recruited. Fresh peripheral blood samples were collected from all patients and healthy controls for flow cytometric analysis using BD FACSCanto II analyzer equipped with three lasers. Results Compared to healthy controls, accumulation of cluster of differentiation (CD)11B+CD68+ macrophages (M) (P = 0.018), CD274+ M1 (P = 0.01), CD274+ M2 (P < 0.001), and CD80-CD206+ M2 (P = 0.001) was more evident in patients. Moreover, CD273+ M2 (P = 0.03), CD80+CD206- M1 (P = 0.002), and CD80+CD86+ M1 (P = 0.002) were highly expressed in controls compared with patients. Conclusion The examination of clinical specimens obtained from patients with signs of acute respiratory viral infection showed the role of the macrophage in the immune response. Dysfunction in macrophages results in heightened immune activity and inflammation, which plays a role in the progression of viral diseases and the emergence of accompanying health issues. This malfunction in macrophages is a common characteristic seen in various viruses, making it a promising focus for antiviral therapies with broad applicability. The immune checkpoint could be a target for immune modulation in patients with severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hosni A. Hussein
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali A. Thabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Izzaldin
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Wardany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ali Sobhy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Bashir
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Magdy M. Afifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wageeh A. Ali
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal Rayan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Elsaeed Ahmed
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha G. Sayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Xu MY, Zeng N, Liu CQ, Sun JX, An Y, Zhang SH, Xu JZ, Zhong XY, Ma SY, He HD, Hu J, Xia QD, Wang SG. Enhanced cellular therapy: revolutionizing adoptive cellular therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:47. [PMID: 38664743 PMCID: PMC11046957 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhanced cellular therapy has emerged as a novel concept following the basis of cellular therapy. This treatment modality applied drugs or biotechnology to directly enhance or genetically modify cells to enhance the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). Drugs or biotechnology that enhance the killing ability of immune cells include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) / antibody drugs, small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulatory factors, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), oncolytic virus (OV), etc. Firstly, overcoming the inhibitory tumor microenvironment (TME) can enhance the efficacy of ACT, which can be achieved by blocking the immune checkpoint. Secondly, cytokines or cytokine receptors can be expressed by genetic engineering or added directly to adoptive cells to enhance the migration and infiltration of adoptive cells to tumor cells. Moreover, multi-antigen chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be designed to enhance the specific recognition of tumor cell-related antigens, and OVs can also stimulate antigen release. In addition to inserting suicide genes into adoptive cells, PROTAC technology can be used as a safety switch or degradation agent of immunosuppressive factors to enhance the safety and efficacy of adoptive cells. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism, current situation, and clinical application of enhanced cellular therapy, describing potential improvements to adoptive cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Xu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Na Zeng
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen-Qian Liu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Xuan Sun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ye An
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si-Han Zhang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhong
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Si-Yang Ma
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao-Dong He
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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4
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Gong X, Zheng C, Cai Y, Zhang W, Zhu B, Rong R, Kong Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang P. Adenosine-modulating synthetic high-density lipoprotein for chemoimmunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. J Control Release 2024; 367:637-648. [PMID: 38295994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is a common chemotherapy-associated immune checkpoint that hinders anti-tumor immunity-mediated efficacy of chemotherapy. Herein, we created a synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) by co-assembly of a doxorubicin (DOX)-apolipoprotein A1 mimetic peptide conjugate, PSB-603 (an A2BR inhibitor), phospholipid, and cholesterol oleate with a microfluidic-based method. The obtained DP-sHDL showed a self-promoted drug delivery to cancer cells via remodeling tumor microenvironment. DP-sHDL could trigger the release of ATP from cancer cells and inhibit its conversion into ADO. Consequently, DP-sHDL, while increasing immunogenic cell death, reduced intratumoral ADO levels by 58%. This treatment improved both the density and activity of CD8+ T cells as well as NK cells and relieved the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and led to a substantial inhibition of 4T1 tumor growth, thereby extending the survival of mice. The efficacy of DP-sHDL could be further improved when used in combination with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We envision that this platform provides a simple yet promising strategy to enhance anti-tumor response of chemotherapy by relieving treatment-associated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gong
- National Advanced Medical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- National Advanced Medical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Advanced Medical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Binyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Wang
- National Advanced Medical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Kwok SJJ, Forward S, Fahlberg MD, Assita ER, Cosgriff S, Lee SH, Abbott GR, Zhu H, Minasian NH, Vote AS, Martino N, Yun SH. High-dimensional multi-pass flow cytometry via spectrally encoded cellular barcoding. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:310-324. [PMID: 38036616 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Advances in immunology, immuno-oncology, drug discovery and vaccine development demand improvements in the capabilities of flow cytometry to allow it to measure more protein markers per cell at multiple timepoints. However, the size of panels of fluorophore markers is limited by overlaps in fluorescence-emission spectra, and flow cytometers typically perform cell measurements at one timepoint. Here we describe multi-pass high-dimensional flow cytometry, a method leveraging cellular barcoding via microparticles emitting near-infrared laser light to track and repeatedly measure each cell using more markers and fewer colours. By using live human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we show that the method enables the time-resolved characterization of the same cells before and after stimulation, their analysis via a 10-marker panel with minimal compensation for spectral spillover and their deep immunophenotyping via a 32-marker panel, where the same cells are analysed in 3 back-to-back cycles with 10-13 markers per cycle, reducing overall spillover and simplifying marker-panel design. Cellular barcoding in flow cytometry extends the utility of the technique for high-dimensional multi-pass single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Han Zhu
- LASE Innovation Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Martino
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Lin A, Torres CM, Hobbs EC, Bardhan J, Aley SB, Spencer CT, Taylor KL, Chiang T. Computational and Systems Biology Advances to Enable Bioagent Agnostic Signatures. Health Secur 2024; 22:130-139. [PMID: 38483337 PMCID: PMC11044874 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Lin
- Andy Lin, PhD, is a Linus Pauling Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellow; in the National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA
| | - Cameron M. Torres
- Cameron M. Torres is a Graduate Research Assistant and Wieland Fellow, Department of Biological Sciences; at the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Errett C. Hobbs
- Errett C. Hobbs, PhD, is a Data Scientist; in the National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA
| | - Jaydeep Bardhan
- Jaydeep Bardhan, PhD, is a Research Line Manager, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Stephen B. Aley
- Stephen B. Aley, PhD, is a Professor, Biological Sciences, and an Associate Vice President for Research, Sponsored Projects; at the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Charles T. Spencer
- Charles T. Spencer, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Biological Sciences, and Edward and Barbara Brown Egbert Endowed Chair of the Department of Biological Sciences; at the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Karen L. Taylor
- Karen L. Taylor, MS, is a Research Line Manager; in the National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA
| | - Tony Chiang
- Tony Chiang, PhD, is a Data Scientist; in the National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA
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7
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Wang J, Liu K, Li J, Zhang H, Gong X, Song X, Wei M, Hu Y, Li J. Constructing and Evaluating a Mitophagy-Related Gene Prognostic Model: Implications for Immune Landscape and Tumor Biology in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Biomolecules 2024; 14:228. [PMID: 38397465 PMCID: PMC10886790 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, a conserved cellular mechanism, is crucial for cellular homeostasis through the selective clearance of impaired mitochondria. Its emerging role in cancer development has sparked interest, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our study aimed to construct a risk model based on mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) to predict survival outcomes, immune response, and chemotherapy sensitivity in LUAD patients. We mined the GeneCards database to identify MRGs and applied LASSO/Cox regression to formulate a prognostic model. Validation was performed using two independent Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk categories according to the median risk score. The high-risk group demonstrated significantly reduced survival. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed the risk score as an independent predictor of prognosis, and a corresponding nomogram was developed to facilitate clinical assessments. Intriguingly, the risk score correlated with immune infiltration levels, oncogenic expression profiles, and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Enrichment analyses linked the risk score with key oncological pathways and biological processes. Within the model, MTERF3 emerged as a critical regulator of lung cancer progression. Functional studies indicated that the MTERF3 knockdown suppressed the lung cancer cell proliferation and migration, enhanced mitophagy, and increased the mitochondrial superoxide production. Our novel prognostic model, grounded in MRGs, promises to refine therapeutic strategies and prognostication in lung cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianxiang Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.W.); (K.L.); (J.L.); (H.Z.); (X.G.); (X.S.); (M.W.); (Y.H.)
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8
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Wang J, Wang G, Hu T, Wang H, Zhou Y. Identification of an ADME-related gene for forecasting the prognosis and responding to immunotherapy in sarcomas. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:45. [PMID: 38212774 PMCID: PMC10782529 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There are more than 170 subtypes of sarcomas (SARC), which pose a challenge for diagnosis and patient management. Relatively simple or complex karyotypes play an indispensable role in the early diagnosis and effective treatment of SARC. The genes related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug can serve as prognostic biomarkers of cancer and potential drug targets. In this study, a risk score signature was created. The SARC cohort was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and divided into high-risk group and low-risk group according to the median value of risk score. Compared with high-risk group, low-risk group has a longer survival time, which is also verified in osteosarcoma cohort from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database. In addition, the relationship between the signature and immunophenotypes, including status of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression, was explored. Then, we found that high-risk group is in immunosuppressive status. Finally, we verified that PPARD played a role as a carcinogen in osteosarcoma, which provided a direction for targeted treatment of osteosarcoma in the future. Generally speaking, the signature can not only help clinicians predict the prognosis of patients with SARC, but also provide a theoretical basis for developing more effective targeted drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Tianrui Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Shabrish S, Pal K, Khare NK, Satsangi D, Pilankar A, Jadhav V, Shinde S, Raphael N, Sriram G, Lopes R, Raghuram GV, Tandel H, Mittra I. Cell-free chromatin particles released from dying cancer cells activate immune checkpoints in human lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1331491. [PMID: 38274821 PMCID: PMC10808321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is the exciting breakthrough in cancer, but how immune checkpoints are activated is unknown. We have earlier reported that cell-free chromatin particles (cfChPs) that circulate in blood of cancer patients, or those that are released locally from dying cancer cells, are readily internalized by healthy cells with biological consequences. Here we report that treatment of human lymphocytes with cfChPs isolated from sera of cancer patients led to marked activation of the immune checkpoints PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, NKG2A, and TIM-3. This finding was corroborated in vivo in splenocytes of mice when cfChPs were injected intravenously. Significant upregulation of immune checkpoint was also observed when isolated lymphocytes were exposed to conditioned medium containing cfChPs released from hypoxia-induced dying HeLa cells. Immune checkpoint activation could be down-regulated by pre-treating the conditioned media with three different cfChPs deactivating agents. Down-regulation of immune checkpoints by cfChPs deactivating agents may herald a novel form of immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Shabrish
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Khare
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Dharana Satsangi
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Aishwarya Pilankar
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vishalkumar Jadhav
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sushma Shinde
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Nimisha Raphael
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Sriram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Relestina Lopes
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Gorantla V. Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Harshali Tandel
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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10
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Meng L, Wu H, Wu J, Ding P, He J, Sang M, Liu L. Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors: insights into the regulation of circular RNAS involved in cancer hallmarks. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38177102 PMCID: PMC10766988 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Current treatment strategies for cancer, especially advanced cancer, are limited and unsatisfactory. One of the most substantial advances in cancer therapy, in the last decades, was the discovery of a new layer of immunotherapy approach, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which can specifically activate immune cells by targeting immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints are a type of immunosuppressive molecules expressed on immune cells, which can regulate the degree of immune activation and avoid autoimmune responses. ICIs, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs, has shown inspiring efficacy and broad applicability across various cancers. Unfortunately, not all cancer patients benefit remarkably from ICIs, and the overall response rates to ICIs remain relatively low for most cancer types. Moreover, the primary and acquired resistance to ICIs pose serious challenges to the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular biological properties and regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints is urgently needed to improve clinical options for current therapies. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted increasing attention, not only due to their involvement in various aspects of cancer hallmarks, but also for their impact on immune checkpoints in shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. In this review, we systematically summarize the current status of immune checkpoints in cancer and the existing regulatory roles of circRNAs on immune checkpoints. Meanwhile, we also aim to settle the issue in an evidence-oriented manner that circRNAs involved in cancer hallmarks regulate the effects and resistance of ICIs by targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjiao Meng
- Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
- Research Center and Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Ping'an Ding
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jinchen He
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050011, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Meixiang Sang
- Research Center and Tumor Research Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
- Science and Education Department, Shanghai Electric Power Hospital, Shanghai, 20050, China.
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Tumor Immunotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China.
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Miao YD, Quan WX, Tang XL, Shi WW, Li Q, Li RJ, Wang JT, Gan J, Dong X, Hao L, Luan WY, Zhang F. Uncovering the flip side of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive review of immune-related adverse events and predictive biomarkers. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:621-642. [PMID: 38169638 PMCID: PMC10758091 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have generated considerable excitement as a novel class of immunotherapeutic agents due to their remarkable efficacy in treating various types of cancer. However, the widespread use of ICIs has brought about a number of safety concerns, especially the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These serious complications could result in treatment discontinuation and even life-threatening consequences, making it critical to identify high-risk groups and predictive markers of irAEs before initiating therapy. To this end, the current article examines several potential predictive markers of irAEs in important organs affected by ICIs. While retrospective studies have yielded some promising results, limitations such as small sample sizes, variable patient populations, and specific cancer types and ICIs studied make it difficult to generalize the findings. Therefore, prospective cohort studies and real-world investigations are needed to validate the potential of different biomarkers in predicting irAEs risk. Overall, identifying predictive markers of irAEs is a crucial step towards improving patient safety and enhancing the management of irAEs. With ongoing research efforts, it is hoped that more accurate and reliable biomarkers will be identified and incorporated into clinical practice to guide treatment decisions and prevent the development of irAEs in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Miao
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Wu-Xia Quan
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Xiao-Long Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Rui Jian Li
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Jian Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Liang Hao
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Wen-Yu Luan
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2 nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
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12
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Gao Y, Wang X, Dong L, Qu C, Lu Q, Wang P, Xin M, Zheng W, Liu C, Ning S. Identifying immune checkpoint-related lncRNA biomarkers for immunotherapy response and prognosis in cancers. Sci Data 2023; 10:663. [PMID: 37770497 PMCID: PMC10539355 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could modulate expression of immune checkpoints (ICPs) in tumor-immune. However, precise functions in immunity and potential for predicting ICP inhibitors (ICI) response have been described for only a few lncRNAs. Here, a multiple-step pipeline was developed to identify cancer- and immune-context ICP and lncRNA cooperative regulation pairs (ICPaLncCRPs) across cancers. Immune-related ICPs and lncRNAs were extracted follow immune cell lines and immunologic constant of rejection groups. ICPaLncCRP networks were constructed, which likely to modulate tumor-immune by specific patterns. Common and specific hub ICPaLncs such as MIR155HG, TRG-AS1 and PCED1B-AS1 maybe play central roles in prognosis and circulating. Moreover, these hub ICPaLncs were significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration based on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. Some ICPaLncCRPs such as IDO1-MIR155HG could predict three- and five-year prognosis of melanoma in two independent datasets. We also validated that some ICPaLncCRPs could effectively predict ICI-response follow six independent datasets. Collectively, this study will enhance our understanding of lncRNA functions and accelerate discovery of lncRNA-based biomarkers in ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Longlong Dong
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Changfan Qu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qianyi Lu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mengyu Xin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chenyu Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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13
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Tang S, Xu L, Wu Z, Wen Q, Li H, Li N. A novel immunogenomic classification for prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:10951-10964. [PMID: 37329462 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To facilitate immunotherapy and prognostic assessment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we established a novel immunogenomic classification to provide valid identification criteria. METHODS The immune enrichment scores were calculated by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and clustered into Immunity_L and Immunity_H, and the reliability of this classification was demonstrated. Immune microenvironment score and immune cell infiltration analysis of NSCLC were also performed. Randomly divided into training group and test group, a prognosis-related immune profile was developed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise COX proportional hazards model to construct a prognostic mode. RESULTS The risk score for this immune profile was identified as an independent prognostic factor and can be used as a powerful prognostic tool to refine tumor immunotherapy. Our study identified two NSCLC classifications based on immunomic profiling, Immunity_H and Immunity_L. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Immunogenomic classification can distinguish the immune status of different types of NSCLC patients and contribute to the immunotherapy of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Liqing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhanshen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Construction Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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14
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Wang J, Yu X, Cao X, Tan L, Jia B, Chen R, Li J. GAPDH: A common housekeeping gene with an oncogenic role in pan-cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4056-4069. [PMID: 37664172 PMCID: PMC10470192 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is one of the most prominent housekeeping proteins and is widely used as an internal control in some semi-quantitative assays. In addition to glycolysis, GAPDH is involved in several cancer-related biological processes and has been reported to be commonly dysregulated in multiple cancer types. Therefore, its role in the physiological process of cancer needs to be urgently elucidated. Pan-cancer analysis indicated that GAPDH is ubiquitously highly expressed in most cancer types, and that patients with a high GAPDH expression of in tumor tissues have a poor prognosis. The concordance of GAPDH expression in tumors with the infiltration of immune cells and immune checkpoints implies a certain association between GAPDH and the tumor microenvironment as well as tumor development. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that GAPDH may contribute to multiple important cancer-related pathways and biological processes. Multi-omics analysis and in vitro cell experiments revealed that GAPDH overexpression is regulated by DNA copy number amplification and promoter methylation modification. Importantly, a transcription factor, forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), which is capable of regulating GAPDH expression, was also identified and was confirmed to be an oncogene and ubiquitously highly expressed in multiple cancer types. Semi-quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation, quantitative PCR, and dual-luciferase assays showed that FOXM1 mainly binds to the promoter region of GAPDH in two cancer cell lines. The present findings revealed the implication of GAPDH in tumor development, thus bringing attention to this important molecule and casting doubts on its role as an internal reference gene in cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xueting Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiyuan Cao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lirong Tan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Beibei Jia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jianxiang Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
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15
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Donnenberg VS, Luketich JD, Sultan I, Lister J, Bartlett DL, Ghosh S, Donnenberg AD. A maladaptive pleural environment suppresses preexisting anti-tumor activity of pleural infiltrating T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157697. [PMID: 37063842 PMCID: PMC10097923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatment options for patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are limited due, at least in part, to the unique environment of the pleural space, which drives an aggressive tumor state and governs the behavior of infiltrating immune cells. Modulation of the pleural environment may be a necessary step toward the development of effective treatments. We examine immune checkpoint molecule (ICM) expression on pleural T cells, the secretomes of pleural fluid, pleural infiltrating T cells (PIT), and ability to activate PIT ex vivo. Methods ICM expression was determined on freshly drained and in vitro activated PIT from breast, lung and renal cell cancer. Secretomics (63 analytes) of activated PIT, primary tumor cultures and MPE fluid was determined using Luminex technology. Complementary digital spatial proteomic profiling (42 analytes) of CD45+ MPE cells was done using the Nanostring GeoMx platform. Cytolytic activity was measured against autologous tumor targets. Results ICM expression was low on freshy isolated PIT; regulatory T cells (T-reg) were not detectable by GeoMx. In vitro activated PIT coexpressed PD-1, LAG-3 and TIGIT but were highly cytotoxic against autologous tumor and uniquely secreted cytokines and chemokines in the > 100 pM range. These included CCL4, CCL3, granzyme B, IL-13, TNFα, IL-2 IFNγ, GM-CSF, and perforin. Activated PIT also secreted high levels of IL-6, IL-8 and sIL-6Rα, which contribute to polarization of the pleural environment toward wound healing and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Addition of IL-6Rα antagonist to cultures reversed tumor EMT but did not alter PIT activation, cytokine secretion or cytotoxicity. Discussion Despite the negative environment, immune effector cells are plentiful, persist in MPE in a quiescent state, and are easily activated and expanded in culture. Low expression of ICM on native PIT may explain reported lack of responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade. The potent cytotoxic activity of activated PIT and a proof-of-concept clinical scale GMP-expansion experiment support their promise as a cellular therapeutic. We expect that a successful approach will require combining cellular therapy with pleural conditioning using immune checkpoint blockers together with inhibitors of upstream master cytokines such as the IL-6/IL-6R axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S. Donnenberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James D. Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John Lister
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David L. Bartlett
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sohini Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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16
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Song Z, Zou K, Zou L. Immune checkpoint blockade for locally advanced or recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer: An update on clinical data. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1045481. [PMID: 36644634 PMCID: PMC9832370 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1045481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown great promise in the field of oncology, and recent clinical trials have illustrated that immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is safe and effective at treating a range of tumor types. Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common malignancy in women. However, first-line treatments for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) and recurrent/metastatic (R/M) CC have limited efficacy. Thus, it is necessary to explore new treatment approaches. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) currently recommends pembrolizumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody, as a first line therapy for individuals with R/M CC. This study reviews the progress of ICB therapy for LACC and R/M CC and describes the current status of the combination of ICB therapy and other therapeutic modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and other immunotherapies. The focus is placed on studies published since 2018 with the aim of highlighting novel CC-specific immunotherapeutic approaches and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China,*Correspondence: Lijuan Zou,
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Kone AS, Ait Ssi S, Sahraoui S, Badou A. BTN3A: A Promising Immune Checkpoint for Cancer Prognosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13424. [PMID: 36362212 PMCID: PMC9653866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilin-3A (BTN3A) subfamily members are a group of immunoglobulins present on the surface of different cell types, including innate and cancer cells. Due to their high similarity with the B7 family members, different studies have been conducted and revealed the involvement of BTN3A molecules in modulating T cell activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, a great part of this research focused on γδ T cells and how BTN3A contributes to their functions. In this review, we will depict the roles and various aspects of BTN3A molecules in distinct tumor microenvironments and review how BTN3A receptors modulate diverse immune effector functions including those of CD4+ (Th1), cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. We will also highlight the potential of BTN3A molecules as therapeutic targets for effective immunotherapy and successful cancer control, which could represent a bright future for patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou-samad Kone
- Laboratory of Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Saadia Ait Ssi
- Laboratory of Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Souha Sahraoui
- Mohammed VI Center of Oncology, CHU Ibn Rochd, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Laboratory of Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
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18
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Rienzo M, Skirecki T, Monneret G, Timsit JF. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of sepsis:insights from preclinical and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:885-894. [PMID: 35944174 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis represents one-fifth of all deaths worldwide and is associated with huge costs. Regarding disease progression, it is now well established that sepsis induces a state of acquired immunosuppression, with an increased risk of secondary infections that contributes to patients' worsening. Thus, tackling sepsis-induced immunosuppression represents a promising perspective. AREAS COVERED Of mechanisms responsible for sepsis-induced immunosuppression, the increased expression of co-inhibitory receptors (aka immune checkpoint) such as PD-1, CTLA4, TIM-3, LAG-3 or BTLA and their ligands recently received considerable interest since their inhibition, thanks to the so-called checkpoint inhibitors (CPI), provided astonishing results in cancer by rebooting immune functions. This review reports on the first landmarks of these molecules in sepsis. We introduce them in terms of basic immunology in line with sepsis pathophysiology both in experimental models and observational works and assess the first human clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical results are positive and the first human clinical trials, although currently limited to the early phase, showed a beneficial effect on immunological functions and/or markers and suggested that tolerance of CPIs side effects, mainly auto-immune disorders, is acceptable in sepsis. Elsewhere, in some specific infections leading to ICU admission (or occurring during ICU stay), such as fungal infections, preliminary convincing case reports have been published. Overall, the first results regarding CPIs in sepsis appear encouraging. However, further efforts are warranted, especially in defining the right patients to be treated (i.e., in an individualized approach) and establishing the optimal time to start an immune restoration. Larger trials are now mandatory to confirm CPIs' potential in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rienzo
- AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Medical and infectious diseases ICU (MI2), F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003.,Université de Lyon, EA7426, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, F-69003
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Medical and infectious diseases ICU (MI2), F-75018 Paris, France.,University of Paris, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
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The PD-1 with PD-L1 Axis Is Pertinent with the Immune Modulation of Atrial Fibrillation by Regulating T Cell Excitation and Promoting the Secretion of Inflammatory Factors. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3647817. [PMID: 35600045 PMCID: PMC9119745 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3647817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in regulating T cell activation and secretion of proinflammatory factors in atrial fibrillation. Methods Forty-five patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to the cardiology department of our hospital from July 2019 to March 2021 were selected to be included in the atrial fibrillation group, and another 45 healthy volunteers were selected as the control group to compare the changes of T cell CD69 and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression in the peripheral blood of the two study groups; compare the changes of programmed death factor-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the two groups (PD-1) expression changes and PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression changes on peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) cells; compare the changes of interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interleukin-17A (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations on peripheral blood inflammatory factors in the two groups; and isolate the two groups of peripheral blood mDCs cells; α interferon upregulated PD-L1 expression in the cells and analyzed the effect of PD-L1 expression on the ability of mDCs to stimulate T cells to secrete cytokines. Results The positive expression rates of CD69 and HLA-DR on peripheral blood CD3+ T lymphocytes were significantly higher in patients in the atrial fibrillation group than in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The positive expression rate of PD-1 on CD4+ lymphocytes was significantly lower in patients in the atrial fibrillation group than in the control group (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of PD-1 positive expression rate on CD8+ lymphocytes (P > 0.05). The positive expression rate of PD-L1 on mDCs cells was significantly lower in patients in the atrial fibrillation group than in the control group (P < 0.01), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the positive expression rate of PD-L2 on mDCs cells, PD-L1, and PD-L2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P > 0.05). The concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in peripheral blood were significantly higher in patients in the atrial fibrillation group than in the control group (P < 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of IL-17A and TNF concentrations in peripheral blood between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the atrial fibrillation group, the ability of mDCs to stimulate T cells to secrete IL-2 and IFN-γ was significantly higher, and the ability to secrete IL-10 was significantly lower compared with the control group (P < 0.05). After α interferon upregulated PD-L1 expression in cells, the ability of mDCs to stimulate T cells to secrete IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines was reversed in patients in the atrial fibrillation group, and the differences compared with the control group were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway may play an immunomodulatory role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation by promoting increased secretion of inflammatory factors through regulating T cell activation.
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Pournoori N, Oghabian MA, Irajirad R, Muhammadnejad S, Delavari H H. Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by anti-CD3-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100708. [PMID: 35305289 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade, considered a revolutionary approach in cancer treatment, is only effective in patients with high tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This work aimed to investigate the feasibility of targeted contrast agent (CA) based on dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs-DEX) for TILs detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. To do so, we synthesized an MRI CA by conjugating SPIONs-DEX to an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody via cyanogen bromide as a cross-linker. In vitro assessments demonstrated the higher labeling efficiency of the developed CA to CD3+ lymphocytes compared to SPIONs-DEX. In vivo MRI of a xenograft model of CD3+ lymphocytes revealed the significant signal loss after the intravenous injection of the bioconjugate by ~ 34% and 21% in T 2 * -weighted and T 2 -weighted images, respectively. The histopathological evaluation of xenograft tumors confirmed the labeling of lymphocytes by the targeted CA. This approach could open up a new horizon in the non-invasive assessment of TILs to identify patients eligible for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Pournoori
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Rasoul Irajirad
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Finetech in Medicine Research Center, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Hamid Delavari H
- Tarbiat Modares University, Materials Engineering, Gisha, Tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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21
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Taslimi Y, Masoudzadeh N, Bahrami F, Rafati S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: multiomics approaches to unravel the role of immune cells checkpoints. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:213-225. [PMID: 36191333 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2131545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of leishmaniases, associated with skin inflammation and ulceration. Understanding the interaction of different phagocytic cells in the recognition and uptake of different Leishmania species is critical for controlling the infection. Phagocytic cells have a pivotal role as professional antigen-presenting cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immunity and shape the outcome of the disease. AREAS COVERED Here we reviewed new technologies with high-throughput data collection capabilities along with systems biology approaches which are recently being used to decode the paradox of CL immunology. EXPERT OPINION We emphasized on the crosstalk between DC and T-cells while focusing on the immune checkpoints interactions between the human immune system and the Leishmania species. Further, we discussed omics technologies including bulk RNA sequencing, reverse transcriptase-multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (RT-MLPA), and proximity extension assay (PEA) in studies on human blood or tissue-driven samples from CL patients in which we have so far been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran Iran
| | - Nasrin Masoudzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran Iran
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22
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Aru B, Soltani M, Pehlivanoglu C, Gürlü E, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Yanikkaya Demirel G. Comparison of Laboratory Methods for the Clinical Follow Up of Checkpoint Blockade Therapies in Leukemia: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Front Oncol 2022; 12:789728. [PMID: 35155232 PMCID: PMC8829140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.789728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the monoclonal antibodies that modulate the interaction between immune checkpoint molecules or their ligands on the immune cells or tumor tissue has revolutionized cancer treatment. While there are various studies proving their efficacy in hematological malignancies, there is also a body of accumulating evidence indicating that immune checkpoint inhibitors’ clinical benefits are limited in such diseases. In addition, due to their regulatory nature that balances the immune responses, blockade of immune checkpoints may lead to toxic side effects and autoimmune responses, and even primary or acquired resistance mechanisms may restrict their success. Thus, the need for laboratory biomarkers to identify and monitor patient populations who are more likely respond to this type of therapy and the management of side effects seem critical. However, guidelines regarding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hematological cancers and during follow-up are limited while there is no consensus on the laboratory parameters to be investigated for safety and efficacy of the treatment. This review aims to provide an insight into recent information on predictive and prognostic value of biomarkers and laboratory tests for the clinical follow up of hematological malignancies, with an emphasis on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Aru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mojdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cemil Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hatay Training and Research Hospital, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Ege Gürlü
- Faculty of Medicine 4thYear Student, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Schilling HL, Glehr G, Kapinsky M, Ahrens N, Riquelme P, Cordero L, Bitterer F, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Haferkamp S, Hutchinson JA, Kronenberg K. Development of a Flow Cytometry Assay to Predict Immune Checkpoint Blockade-Related Complications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765644. [PMID: 34868015 PMCID: PMC8637156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of advanced melanoma with combined immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is complicated in up to 50% of cases by immune-related adverse events (irAE) that commonly include hepatitis, colitis and skin reactions. We previously reported that pre-therapy expansion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-reactive CD4+ effector memory T cells (TEM) predicts ICI-related hepatitis in a subset of patients with Stage IV melanoma given αPD-1 and αCTLA-4. Here, we develop and validate a 10-color flow cytometry panel for reliably quantifying CD4+ TEM cells and other biomarkers of irAE risk in peripheral blood samples. Compared to previous methods, our new panel performs equally well in measuring CD4+ TEM cells (agreement = 98%) and is superior in resolving CD4+ CD197+ CD45RA- central memory T cells (TCM) from CD4+ CD197+ CD45RA+ naive T cells (Tnaive). It also enables us to precisely quantify CD14+ monocytes (CV = 6.6%). Our new “monocyte and T cell” (MoT) assay predicts immune-related hepatitis with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 83% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 80%. Our essential improvements open the possibility of sharing our predictive methods with other clinical centers. Furthermore, condensing measurements of monocyte and memory T cell subsets into a single assay simplifies our workflows and facilitates computational analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunther Glehr
- Institute of Functional Genomics and Statistical Bioinformatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Ahrens
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ) for Laboratory Medicine Raubling, amedes Labor, Raubling, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Riquelme
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cordero
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bitterer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Mummareddy S, Pradhan S, Narasimhan AK, Natarajan A. On Demand Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Cancer and Immune Checkpoints Blockade Therapy Monitoring from Liquid Biopsy. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120500. [PMID: 34940257 PMCID: PMC8699359 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable interest has emerged in the development of biosensors to detect biomarkers and immune checkpoints to identify and measure cancer through liquid biopsies. The detection of cancer biomarkers from a small volume of blood is relatively fast compared to the gold standard of tissue biopsies. Traditional immuno-histochemistry (IHC) requires tissue samples obtained using invasive procedures and specific expertise as well as sophisticated instruments. Furthermore, the turnaround for IHC assays is usually several days. To overcome these challenges, on-demand biosensor-based assays were developed to provide more immediate prognostic information for clinicians. Novel rapid, highly precise, and sensitive approaches have been under investigation using physical and biochemical methods to sense biomarkers. Additionally, interest in understanding immune checkpoints has facilitated the rapid detection of cancer prognosis from liquid biopsies. Typically, these devices combine various classes of detectors with digital outputs for the measurement of soluble cancer or immune checkpoint (IC) markers from liquid biopsy samples. These sensor devices have two key advantages: (a) a small volume of blood drawn from the patient is sufficient for analysis, and (b) it could aid physicians in quickly selecting and deciding the appropriate therapy regime for the patients (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy). In this review, we will provide updates on potential cancer markers, various biosensors in cancer diagnosis, and the corresponding limits of detection, while focusing on biosensor development for IC marker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Mummareddy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Stuti Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ashwin Kumar Narasimhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India;
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-736-9822
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