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Rolin C, Zimmer J, Seguin-Devaux C. Bridging the gap with multispecific immune cell engagers in cancer and infectious diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:643-661. [PMID: 38789528 PMCID: PMC11214628 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
By binding to multiple antigens simultaneously, multispecific antibodies are expected to substantially improve both the activity and long-term efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy. Immune cell engagers, a subclass of antibody-based constructs, consist of engineered structures designed to bridge immune effector cells to their target, thereby redirecting the immune response toward the tumor cells or infected cells. The increasing number of recent clinical trials evaluating immune cell engagers reflects the important role of these molecules in new therapeutic approaches for cancer and infections. In this review, we discuss how different immune cell types (T and natural killer lymphocytes, as well as myeloid cells) can be bound by immune cell engagers in immunotherapy for cancer and infectious diseases. Furthermore, we explore the preclinical and clinical advancements of these constructs, and we discuss the challenges in translating the current knowledge from cancer to the virology field. Finally, we speculate on the promising future directions that immune cell engagers may take in cancer treatment and antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Rolin
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- University of Luxembourg, 2 Place de l'Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Paneerselvam N, Khan A, Lawson BR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109809. [PMID: 37852345 PMCID: PMC10872707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer a novel approach to treating, preventing, or curing HIV. Pre-clinical models and clinical trials involving the passive transfer of bNAbs have demonstrated that they can control viremia and potentially serve as alternatives or complement antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, antibody decay, persistent latent reservoirs, and resistance impede bNAb treatment. This review discusses recent advancements and obstacles in applying bNAbs and proposes strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential. These strategies include multi-epitope targeting, antibody half-life extension, combining with current and newer antiretrovirals, and sustained antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Pihlstrom N, Bournazos S. Engineering strategies of Anti-HIV antibody therapeutics in clinical development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:184-190. [PMID: 37144557 PMCID: PMC10247531 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-based therapeutics offer an alternative treatment option to current antiretroviral drugs. This review aims to provide an overview of the Fc- and Fab-engineering strategies that have been developed to optimize broadly neutralizing antibodies and discuss recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS Multispecific antibodies, including bispecific and trispecific antibodies, DART molecules, and BiTEs, as well as Fc-optimized antibodies, have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of HIV. These engineered antibodies engage multiple epitopes on the HIV envelope protein and human receptors, resulting in increased potency and breadth of activity. Additionally, Fc-enhanced antibodies have demonstrated extended half-life and improved effector function. SUMMARY The development of Fc and Fab-engineered antibodies for the treatment of HIV continues to show promising progress. These novel therapies have the potential to overcome the limitations of current antiretroviral pharmacologic agents by more effectively suppressing viral load and targeting latent reservoirs in individuals living with HIV. Further studies are needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of these therapies, but the growing body of evidence supports their potential as a new class of therapeutics for the treatment of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pihlstrom
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Lovelace SE, Helmold Hait S, Yang ES, Fox ML, Liu C, Choe M, Chen X, McCarthy E, Todd JP, Woodward RA, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Pegu A. Anti-viral efficacy of a next-generation CD4-binding site bNAb in SHIV-infected animals in the absence of anti-drug antibody responses. iScience 2022; 25:105067. [PMID: 36157588 PMCID: PMC9490026 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 are promising immunotherapeutic agents for treatment of HIV-1 infection. bNAbs can be administered to SHIV-infected rhesus macaques to assess their anti-viral efficacy; however, their delivery into macaques often leads to rapid formation of anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses limiting such assessment. Here, we depleted B cells in five SHIV-infected rhesus macaques by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD20 antibody prior to bNAb infusions to reduce ADA. Peripheral B cells were depleted following anti-CD20 infusions and remained depleted for at least 9 weeks after the 1st anti-CD20 infusion. Plasma viremia dropped by more than 100-fold in viremic animals after the initial bNAb treatment. No significant humoral ADA responses were detected for as long as B cells remained depleted. Our results indicate that transient B cell depletion successfully inhibited emergence of ADA and improved the assessment of anti-viral efficacy of a bNAb in a SHIV-infected rhesus macaque model. Highly potent CD4bs bNAb reduces viremia up to 4 log10 in SHIV-infected animals Sustained B cell depletion prevents development of ADA responses Lack of ADA enables multiple bNAb infusions over 12 weeks
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lovelace
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madison L Fox
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCarthy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth A Woodward
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nordstrom JL, Ferrari G, Margolis DM. Bispecific antibody-derived molecules to target persistent HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100083. [PMID: 36111287 PMCID: PMC9468498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection persists despite durable and potent antiviral therapy. To target persistent HIV infection, one major strategy aims to induce HIV provirus expression using latency reversing agents and then eliminate these reservoir cells via immune responses enhanced by treatment with antibody-derived bispecific molecules. The specificities of anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into bispecific molecules that can recognize infected cells and recruit cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate them. This concept seeks to engineer a unique and potent effector response based on the opportunity to target conserved viral epitopes on infected cells, and recruit broad populations of immune effector cells that are not limited by major histocompatibility complex restrictions or other programmed specificity constraints. This article provides a review of bispecific DART® molecules and other dual-specificity antibody-based molecules that function by co-engaging CD3-expressing T cells or CD16A-expressing NK cells with HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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