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La Guidara C, Adamo R, Sala C, Micoli F. Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies as Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5487. [PMID: 38791526 PMCID: PMC11122364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most critical threats to global public health in the 21st century, causing a large number of deaths every year in both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies can be exploited to prevent and treat diseases caused by AMR pathogens, thereby reducing antibiotic use and decreasing selective pressure that favors the emergence of resistant strains. Here, differences in the mechanism of action and resistance of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies compared to antibiotics are discussed. The state of the art for vaccine technologies and monoclonal antibodies are reviewed, with a particular focus on approaches validated in clinical studies. By underscoring the scope and limitations of the different emerging technologies, this review points out the complementary of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies in fighting AMR. Gaps in antigen discovery for some pathogens, as well as challenges associated with the clinical development of these therapies against AMR pathogens, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Guidara
- Magnetic Resonance Center CERM, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sala
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Laboratory, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.R.L. (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy
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2
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Muñoz-Echeverri LM, Benavides-López S, Geiger O, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:174. [PMID: 38642254 PMCID: PMC11032300 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are non-replicative nanostructures released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as a survival mechanism and inter- and intraspecific communication mechanism. Due to BEVs physical, biochemical, and biofunctional characteristics, there is interest in producing and using them in developing new therapeutics, vaccines, or delivery systems. However, BEV release is typically low, limiting their application. Here, we provide a biotechnological perspective to enhance BEV production, highlighting current strategies. The strategies include the production of hypervesiculating strains through gene modification, bacteria culture under stress conditions, and artificial vesicles production. We discussed the effect of these production strategies on BEVs types, morphology, composition, and activity. Furthermore, we summarized general aspects of BEV biogenesis, functional capabilities, and applications, framing their current importance and the need to produce them in abundance. This review will expand the knowledge about the range of strategies associated with BEV bioprocesses to increase their productivity and extend their application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Muñoz-Echeverri
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Santiago Benavides-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México.
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Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spontaneously released by many gram-negative bacteria during their growth and constitute an important virulence factor for bacteria, helping them to survive through harsh environmental conditions. Native OMVs, naturally-released from bacteria, are produced at a level too low for vaccine manufacturing, requiring chemical treatment (detergent-extracted) or genetic manipulation, resulting in generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMAs). Over the years, the nature and properties of OMVs have made them a viable platform for vaccine development. There are a few licensed OMV vaccines mainly for the prevention of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). There are several candidates in clinical development against other gram-negative organisms from which the OMVs are derived, but also against heterologous targets in which the OMVs are used as carriers (e.g. coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The use of OMVs for targets other than those from which they are derived is a major advancement in OMV technology, improving its versatility by being able to deliver protein or polysaccharide antigens. Other advances include the range of genetic modifications that can be made to improve their safety, reduce reactogenicity, and increase immunogenicity and protective efficacy. However, significant challenges remain, such as identification of general tools for high-content surface expression of heterologous proteins on the OMV surface. Here, we outline the progress of OMV vaccines to date, particularly discussing licensed OMV-based vaccines and candidates in clinical development. Recent trends in preclinical research are described, mainly focused on genetic manipulation and chemical conjugation for the use of OMVs as carriers for heterologous protein and polysaccharide antigens. Remaining challenges with the use of OMVs and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Usman Nakakana
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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Khodak YA. Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins and Their Derivatives Used as Carriers for Conjugate Vaccines. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1248-1266. [PMID: 37770392 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Carrier proteins that provide an effective and long-term immune response to weak antigens has become a real breakthrough in the disease prevention, making it available to a wider range of patients and making it possible to obtain reliable vaccines against a variety of pathogens. Currently, research is continuing both to identify new peptides, proteins, and their complexes potentially suitable for use as carriers, and to develop new methods for isolation, purification, and conjugation of already known and well-established proteins. The use of recombinant proteins has a number of advantages over isolation from natural sources, such as simpler cultivation of the host organism, the possibility of modifying genetic constructs, use of numerous promoter variants, signal sequences, and other regulatory elements. This review is devoted to the methods of obtaining both traditional and new recombinant proteins and their derivatives already being used or potentially suitable for use as carrier proteins in conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Khodak
- Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Fan R, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang L, Liu B, Quan C. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum Cultivated in the Mimic Cancer Environment. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0039423. [PMID: 37341631 PMCID: PMC10434195 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00394-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been identified as an important pathogenic gut bacterium associated with colorectal cancer. Compared with the normal intestine, the pH value of the tumor microenvironment is weakly acidic. The metabolic changes of F. nucleatum in the tumor microenvironment, especially the protein composition of its outer membrane vesicles, remain unclear. Here, we systematically analyzed the effect of environmental pH on the proteome of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from F. nucleatum by tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling-high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 991 proteins were identified in acidic OMVs (aOMVs) and neutral OMVs (nOMVs), including known virulence proteins and putative virulence proteins. Finally, 306 upregulated proteins and 360 downregulated proteins were detected in aOMVs, and approximately 70% of the expression of OMV proteins was altered under acidic conditions. A total of 29 autotransporters were identified in F. nucleatum OMVs, and 13 autotransporters were upregulated in aOMVs. Interestingly, three upregulated autotransporters (D5REI9, D5RD69, and D5RBW2) show homology to the known virulence factor Fap2, suggesting that they may be involved in various pathogenic pathways such as the pathway for binding with colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, we found that more than 70% of MORN2 domain-containing proteins may have toxic effects on host cells. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses demonstrated that a number of proteins were significantly enriched in multiple pathways involving fatty acid synthesis and butyrate synthesis. Seven metabolic enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism pathways were identified in the proteomic data, of which 5 were upregulated and 2 were downregulated in aOMVs, while 14 metabolic enzymes involved in the butyric acid metabolic pathway were downregulated in aOMVs. In conclusion, we found a key difference in virulence proteins and pathways in the outer membrane vesicles of F. nucleatum between the tumor microenvironment pH and normal intestinal pH, which provides new clues for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. IMPORTANCE F. nucleatum is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that can be enriched in colorectal cancer tissues, affecting multiple stages of colorectal cancer development. OMVs have been demonstrated to play key roles in pathogenesis by delivering toxins and other virulence factors to host cells. By employing quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that the pH conditions could affect the protein expression of the outer membrane vesicles of F. nucleatum. Under acidic conditions, approximately 70% of the expression of proteins in OMVs was altered. Several virulence factors, such as type 5a secreted autotransporter (T5aSSs) and membrane occupation and recognition nexus (MORN) domain-containing proteins, were upregulated under acidic conditions. A large number of proteins showed significant enrichments in multiple pathways involving fatty acid synthesis and butyrate synthesis. Proteomics analysis of the outer membrane vesicles secreted by pathogenic bacteria in the acidic tumor microenvironment is of great significance for elucidating the pathogenicity mechanism and its application in vaccine and drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruochen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Baoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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6
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Burns K, Dorfmueller HC, Wren BW, Mawas F, Shaw HA. Progress towards a glycoconjugate vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:48. [PMID: 36977677 PMCID: PMC10043865 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) is a defining feature of Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) or Streptococcus pyogenes. It is a conserved and simple polysaccharide, comprising a rhamnose backbone and GlcNAc side chains, further decorated with glycerol phosphate on approximately 40% GlcNAc residues. Its conservation, surface exposure and antigenicity have made it an interesting focus on Strep A vaccine design. Glycoconjugates containing this conserved carbohydrate should be a key approach towards the successful mission to build a universal Strep A vaccine candidate. In this review, a brief introduction to GAC, the main carbohydrate component of Strep A bacteria, and a variety of published carrier proteins and conjugation technologies are discussed. Components and technologies should be chosen carefully for building affordable Strep A vaccine candidates, particularly for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Towards this, novel technologies are discussed, such as the prospective use of bioconjugation with PglB for rhamnose polymer conjugation and generalised modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), particularly as low-cost solutions to vaccine production. Rational design of "double-hit" conjugates encompassing species specific glycan and protein components would be beneficial and production of a conserved vaccine to target Strep A colonisation without invoking an autoimmune response would be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Burns
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Dow Street, Dundee, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatme Mawas
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Helen A Shaw
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK.
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7
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Mba IE, Sharndama HC, Anyaegbunam ZKG, Anekpo CC, Amadi BC, Morumda D, Doowuese Y, Ihezuo UJ, Chukwukelu JU, Okeke OP. Vaccine development for bacterial pathogens: Advances, challenges and prospects. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:275-299. [PMID: 36861882 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent and use of antimicrobials have played a key role in treating potentially life-threatening infectious diseases, improving health, and saving the lives of millions of people worldwide. However, the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens has been a significant health challenge that has compromised the ability to prevent and treat a wide range of infectious diseases that were once treatable. Vaccines offer potential as a promising alternative to fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infectious diseases. Vaccine technologies include reverse vaccinology, structural biology methods, nucleic acid (DNA and mRNA) vaccines, generalised modules for membrane antigens, bioconjugates/glycoconjugates, nanomaterials and several other emerging technological advances that are offering a potential breakthrough in the development of efficient vaccines against pathogens. This review covers the opportunities and advancements in vaccine discovery and development targeting bacterial pathogens. We reflect on the impact of the already-developed vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens and the potential of those currently under different stages of preclinical and clinical trials. More importantly, we critically and comprehensively analyse the challenges while highlighting the key indices for future vaccine prospects. Finally, the issues and concerns of AMR for low-income countries (sub-Saharan Africa) and the challenges with vaccine integration, discovery and development in this region are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Elibe Mba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Zikora Kizito Glory Anyaegbunam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicine-Excipient Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Chinedu Anekpo
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ben Chibuzo Amadi
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daji Morumda
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Taraba, Nigeria
| | - Yandev Doowuese
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Nigeria
| | - Uchechi Justina Ihezuo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicine-Excipient Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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8
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van der Put RM, Metz B, Pieters RJ. Carriers and Antigens: New Developments in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020219. [PMID: 36851097 PMCID: PMC9962112 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have proven their worth in the protection and prevention of infectious diseases. The introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is the prime example, followed by other glycoconjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines consist of two components: the carrier protein and the carbohydrate antigen. Current carrier proteins are tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, CRM197, Haemophilus protein D and the outer membrane protein complex of serogroup B meningococcus. Carbohydrate antigens have been produced mainly by extraction and purification from the original host. However, current efforts show great advances in the development of synthetically produced oligosaccharides and bioconjugation. This review evaluates the advances of glycoconjugate vaccines in the last five years. We focus on developments regarding both new carriers and antigens. Innovative developments regarding carriers are outer membrane vesicles, glycoengineered proteins, new carrier proteins, virus-like particles, protein nanocages and peptides. With regard to conjugated antigens, we describe recent developments in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and ESKAPE pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M.F. van der Put
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sorieul C, Dolce M, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines against antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1055-1078. [PMID: 37902243 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is responsible for the death of millions worldwide and stands as a major threat to our healthcare systems, which are heavily reliant on antibiotics to fight bacterial infections. The development of vaccines against the main pathogens involved is urgently required as prevention remains essential against the rise of AMR. AREAS COVERED A systematic research review was conducted on MEDLINE database focusing on the six AMR pathogens defined as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli), which are considered critical or high priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis was intersecated with the terms carbohydrate, glycoconjugate, bioconjugate, glyconanoparticle, and multiple presenting antigen system vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in preventing meningitis and pneumoniae, and there are high expectations that they will play a key role in fighting AMR. We herein discuss the recent technological, preclinical, and clinical advances, as well as the challenges associated with the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against leading AMR bacteria, with focus on the ESKAPE pathogens. The need of innovative clinical and regulatory approaches to tackle these targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sorieul
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Dolce
- GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Piccioli D, Alfini R, Monaci V, Arato V, Carducci M, Aruta MG, Rossi O, Necchi F, Anemona A, Bartolini E, Micoli F. Antigen presentation by Follicular Dendritic cells to cognate B cells is pivotal for Generalised Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) immunogenicity. Vaccine 2022; 40:6305-6314. [PMID: 36137901 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
GMMA has been proposed as a potent technology platform for the design of safe, effective and affordable vaccines. As GMMA are vesicles blebbing out of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, they contain lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and peptidoglycans that stimulate immune cells via Toll-like Receptors 4 (TLR4) or TLR2. Being basically nanoparticles, GMMA can be efficiently captured by Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC) for antigen presentation to cognate B cells. GMMA have shown to be highly immunogenic in preclinical and clinical studies and the engagement of TLR4 and TLR2 or antigen presentation by FDC may have a prominent role in GMMA immunogenicity, which is well worth investigating. By using GMMA derived from Shigella sonnei and Salmonella Typhimurium, we show for the first time that the antigen presentation by FDC to cognate B cells plays a major role in the induction of an effective humoral immune response upon immunization with GMMA by using both models. The engagement of TLR4 is critical to elicit an optimal antibody production, but its effect on antibody functionality is dependent on GMMA type and is dispensable when immunizing with Alum adjuvant, whereas TLR2 does not have any role for GMMA immunogenicity. Our findings represent a substantial advancement of the knowledge on GMMA mode of action and shed a light on novel perspectives for the design of safer and more effective GMMA-based vaccines. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The study demonstrated that the antigen presentation by FDC to cognate B cells plays a major role for GMMA immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Vanessa Arato
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccine Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
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11
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Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Impact and Control of Sugar Size in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196432. [PMID: 36234967 PMCID: PMC9572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have contributed enormously to reducing and controlling encapsulated bacterial infections for over thirty years. Glycoconjugate vaccines are based on a carbohydrate antigen that is covalently linked to a carrier protein; this is necessary to cause T cell responses for optimal immunogenicity, and to protect young children. Many interdependent parameters affect the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines, including the size of the saccharide antigen. Here, we examine and discuss the impact of glycan chain length on the efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccines and report the methods employed to size polysaccharide antigens, while highlighting the underlying reaction mechanisms. A better understanding of the impact of key parameters on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates is critical to developing a new generation of highly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Calman Alexander MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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12
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Alfini R, Brunelli B, Bartolini E, Carducci M, Luzzi E, Ferlicca F, Buccato S, Galli B, Lo Surdo P, Scarselli M, Romagnoli G, Cartocci E, Maione D, Savino S, Necchi F, Delany I, Micoli F. Investigating the Role of Antigen Orientation on the Immune Response Elicited by Neisseria meningitidis Factor H Binding Protein on GMMA. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081182. [PMID: 35893831 PMCID: PMC9331691 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GMMA are outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from Gram-negative bacteria genetically modified to enhance OMVs formation that have been shown to be optimal systems to enhance immunogenicity of protein antigens. Here, we selected Neisseria meningitidis factor H binding protein (fHbp) and used the conjugation chemistry as a tool to alter antigen orientation on GMMA. Indeed, fHbp was randomly linked to GMMA or selectively attached via the N-terminus to mimic native presentation of the protein on the bacterial surface. Interestingly, protein and peptide array analyses confirmed that antibodies induced by the selective and the random conjugates showed a pattern very similar to fHbp natively expressed on bacterial surfaces or to the recombinant protein mixed with GMMA, respectively. However, the two conjugates elicited antibodies with similar serum bactericidal activity against meningococcal strains, superior to the protein alone or physically mixed with GMMA. Presentation of fHbp on GMMA strongly enhances the functional immune response elicited by the protein but its orientation on the bacterial surface does not have an impact. This study demonstrates the flexibility of the GMMA platform as a display and delivery system for enhancing antigen immunogenicity and further supports the use of such promising technology for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Brunella Brunelli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Erika Bartolini
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Enrico Luzzi
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Francesca Ferlicca
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Scilla Buccato
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Barbara Galli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Paola Lo Surdo
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Maria Scarselli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Giacomo Romagnoli
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Elena Cartocci
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Domenico Maione
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Silvana Savino
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Isabel Delany
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.B.); (E.B.); (E.L.); (F.F.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (P.L.S.); (M.S.); (G.R.); (E.C.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (I.D.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Palmieri E, Kis Z, Ozanne J, Di Benedetto R, Ricchetti B, Massai L, Carducci M, Oldrini D, Gasperini G, Aruta MG, Rossi O, Kontoravdi C, Shah N, Mawas F, Micoli F. GMMA as an Alternative Carrier for a Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071034. [PMID: 35891202 PMCID: PMC9324507 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes about 500,000 annual deaths globally, and no vaccines are currently available. The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC), conserved across all GAS serotypes, conjugated to an appropriate carrier protein, represents a promising vaccine candidate. Here, we explored the possibility to use Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) as an alternative carrier system for GAC, exploiting their intrinsic adjuvant properties. Immunogenicity of GAC-GMMA conjugate was evaluated in different animal species in comparison to GAC-CRM197; and the two conjugates were also compared from a techno-economic point of view. GMMA proved to be a good alternative carrier for GAC, resulting in a higher immune response compared to CRM197 in different mice strains, as verified by ELISA and FACS analyses. Differently from CRM197, GMMA induced significant levels of anti-GAC IgG titers in mice also in the absence of Alhydrogel. In rabbits, a difference in the immune response could not be appreciated; however, antibodies from GAC-GMMA-immunized animals showed higher affinity toward purified GAC antigen compared to those elicited by GAC-CRM197. In addition, the GAC-GMMA production process proved to be more cost-effective, making this conjugate particularly attractive for low- and middle-income countries, where this pathogen has a huge burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Zoltán Kis
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - James Ozanne
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; (J.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Beatrice Ricchetti
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nilay Shah
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (Z.K.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Fatme Mawas
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK; (J.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (B.R.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (D.O.); (G.G.); (M.G.A.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-539087
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14
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Di Benedetto R, Alfini R, Carducci M, Aruta MG, Lanzilao L, Acquaviva A, Palmieri E, Giannelli C, Necchi F, Saul A, Micoli F. Novel Simple Conjugation Chemistries for Decoration of GMMA with Heterologous Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910180. [PMID: 34638530 PMCID: PMC8508390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) constitute a promising platform for the development of efficient vaccines. OMV can be decorated with heterologous antigens (proteins or polysaccharides), becoming attractive novel carriers for the development of multicomponent vaccines. Chemical conjugation represents a tool for linking antigens, also from phylogenetically distant pathogens, to OMV. Here we develop two simple and widely applicable conjugation chemistries targeting proteins or lipopolysaccharides on the surface of Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), OMV spontaneously released from Gram-negative bacteria mutated to increase vesicle yield and reduce potential reactogenicity. A Design of Experiment approach was used to identify optimal conditions for GMMA activation before conjugation, resulting in consistent processes and ensuring conjugation efficiency. Conjugates produced by both chemistries induced strong humoral response against the heterologous antigen and GMMA. Additionally, the use of the two orthogonal chemistries allowed to control the linkage of two different antigens on the same GMMA particle. This work supports the further advancement of this novel platform with great potential for the design of effective vaccines.
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