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Reider IE, Lin E, Krouse TE, Parekh NJ, Nelson AM, Norbury CC. γδ T Cells Mediate a Requisite Portion of a Wound Healing Response Triggered by Cutaneous Poxvirus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:425. [PMID: 38543790 PMCID: PMC10975054 DOI: 10.3390/v16030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection at barrier sites, e.g., skin, activates local immune defenses that limit pathogen spread, while preserving tissue integrity. Phenotypically distinct γδ T cell populations reside in skin, where they shape immunity to cutaneous infection prior to onset of an adaptive immune response by conventional αβ CD4+ (TCD4+) and CD8+ (TCD8+) T cells. To examine the mechanisms used by γδ T cells to control cutaneous virus replication and tissue pathology, we examined γδ T cells after infection with vaccinia virus (VACV). Resident γδ T cells expanded and combined with recruited γδ T cells to control pathology after VACV infection. However, γδ T cells did not play a role in control of local virus replication or blockade of systemic virus spread. We identified a unique wound healing signature that has features common to, but also features that antagonize, the sterile cutaneous wound healing response. Tissue repair generally occurs after clearance of a pathogen, but viral wound healing started prior to the peak of virus replication in the skin. γδ T cells contributed to wound healing through induction of multiple cytokines/growth factors required for efficient wound closure. Therefore, γδ T cells modulate the wound healing response following cutaneous virus infection, maintaining skin barrier function to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E. Reider
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Tracy E. Krouse
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nikhil J. Parekh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Amanda M. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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2
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Lujan RA, Pei L, Shannon JP, Dábilla N, Dolan PT, Hickman HD. Widespread and dynamic expression of granzyme C by skin-resident antiviral T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236595. [PMID: 37809077 PMCID: PMC10552530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After recognition of cognate antigen (Ag), effector CD8+ T cells secrete serine proteases called granzymes in conjunction with perforin, allowing granzymes to enter and kill target cells. While the roles for some granzymes during antiviral immune responses are well characterized, the function of others, such as granzyme C and its human ortholog granzyme H, is still unclear. Granzyme C is constitutively expressed by mature, cytolytic innate lymphoid 1 cells (ILC1s). Whether other antiviral effector cells also produce granzyme C and whether it is continually expressed or responsive to the environment is unknown. To explore this, we analyzed granzyme C expression in different murine skin-resident antiviral lymphocytes. At steady-state, dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) expressed granzyme C while dermal γδ T cells did not. CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) generated in response to cutaneous viral infection with the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) also expressed granzyme C. Both DETCs and virus-specific CD8+ TRM upregulated granzyme C upon local VACV infection. Continual Ag exposure was not required for maintained TRM expression of granzyme C, although re-encounter with cognate Ag boosted expression. Additionally, IL-15 treatment increased granzyme C expression in both DETCs and TRM. Together, our data demonstrate that granzyme C is widely expressed by antiviral T cells in the skin and that expression is responsive to both environmental stimuli and TCR engagement. These data suggest that granzyme C may have functions other than killing in tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A. Lujan
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John P. Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nathânia Dábilla
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick T. Dolan
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Sanz M, Weideman AMK, Ward AR, Clohosey ML, Garcia-Recio S, Selitsky SR, Mann BT, Iannone MA, Whitworth CP, Chitrakar A, Garrido C, Kirchherr J, Coffey AR, Tsai YH, Samir S, Xu Y, Copertino D, Bosque A, Jones BR, Parker JS, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N, Soriano-Sarabia N. Aminobisphosphonates reactivate the latent reservoir in people living with HIV-1. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219250. [PMID: 37744358 PMCID: PMC10516574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the existence of cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1 that persist during therapy. Current research efforts to cure HIV-1 infection include "shock and kill" strategies to disrupt latency using small molecules or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce expression of HIV-1 enabling cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate infected cells. The modest success of current LRAs urges the field to identify novel drugs with increased clinical efficacy. Aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) that include pamidronate, zoledronate, or alendronate, are the first-line treatment of bone-related diseases including osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Here, we show the use of N-BPs as a novel class of LRA: we found in ex vivo assays using primary cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 that N-BPs induce HIV-1 from latency to levels that are comparable to the T cell activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA). RNA sequencing and mechanistic data suggested that reactivation may occur through activation of the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. Stored samples from a prior clinical trial aimed at analyzing the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density, provided further evidence of alendronate-mediated latency reversal and activation of immune effector cells. Decay of the reservoir measured by IPDA was however not detected. Our results demonstrate the novel use of N-BPs to reverse HIV-1 latency while inducing immune effector functions. This preliminary evidence merits further investigation in a controlled clinical setting possibly in combination with therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ann Marie K. Weideman
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marie Anne Iannone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Chloe P. Whitworth
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yi- Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dennis Copertino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brad R. Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Biostatistics Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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4
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Qudus MS, Cui X, Tian M, Afaq U, Sajid M, Qureshi S, Liu S, Ma J, Wang G, Faraz M, Sadia H, Wu K, Zhu C. The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1196699. [PMID: 37533932 PMCID: PMC10391643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1196699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox's advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic's reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - June Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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5
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Insight into the Crosstalk between Photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051532. [PMID: 36900322 PMCID: PMC10000400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the world's second most frequent malignancy and the leading cause of mortality among women. All in situ or invasive breast cancer derives from terminal tubulobular units; when the tumor is present only in the ducts or lobules in situ, it is called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)/lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). The biggest risk factors are age, mutations in breast cancer genes 1 or 2 (BRCA1 or BRCA2), and dense breast tissue. Current treatments are associated with various side effects, recurrence, and poor quality of life. The critical role of the immune system in breast cancer progression/regression should always be considered. Several immunotherapy techniques for BC have been studied, including tumor-targeted antibodies (bispecific antibodies), adoptive T cell therapy, vaccinations, and immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-PD-1 antibodies. In the last decade, significant breakthroughs have been made in breast cancer immunotherapy. This advancement was principally prompted by cancer cells' escape of immune regulation and the tumor's subsequent resistance to traditional therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown potential as a cancer treatment. It is less intrusive, more focused, and less damaging to normal cells and tissues. It entails the employment of a photosensitizer (PS) and a specific wavelength of light to create reactive oxygen species. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that PDT combined with immunotherapy improves the effect of tumor drugs and reduces tumor immune escape, improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Therefore, we objectively evaluate strategies for their limitations and benefits, which are critical to improving outcomes for breast cancer patients. In conclusion, we offer many avenues for further study on tailored immunotherapy, such as oxygen-enhanced PDT and nanoparticles.
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Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030363. [PMID: 36986285 PMCID: PMC10052541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections.
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7
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Sanz M, Weideman AMK, Ward AR, Clohosey ML, Garcia-Recio S, Selitsky SR, Mann BT, Iannone MA, Whitworth CP, Chitrakar A, Garrido C, Kirchherr J, Coffey AR, Tsai YH, Samir S, Xu Y, Copertino D, Bosque A, Jones BR, Parker JS, Hudgens MG, Goonetilleke N, Soriano-Sarabia N. Aminobisphosphonates reactivate the latent reservoir in people living with HIV-1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527421. [PMID: 36798291 PMCID: PMC9934553 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative due to the existence of cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1 that persist during therapy. Current research efforts to cure HIV-1 infection include "shock and kill" strategies to disrupt latency using small molecules or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to induce expression of HIV-1 enabling cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate infected cells. The modest success of current LRAs urges the field to identify novel drugs with increased clinical efficacy. Aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) that include pamidronate, zoledronate, or alendronate, are the first-line treatment of bone-related diseases including osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Here, we show the use of N-BPs as a novel class of LRA: we found in ex vivo assays using primary cells from ART-suppressed people living with HIV-1 that N-BPs induce HIV-1 from latency to levels that are comparable to the T cell activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA). RNA sequencing and mechanistic data suggested that reactivation may occur through activation of the activator protein 1 signaling pathway. Stored samples from a prior clinical trial aimed at analyzing the effect of alendronate on bone mineral density, provided further evidence of alendronate-mediated latency reversal and activation of immune effector cells. Decay of the reservoir measured by IPDA was however not detected. Our results demonstrate the novel use of N-BPs to reverse HIV-1 latency while inducing immune effector functions. This preliminary evidence merits further investigation in a controlled clinical setting possibly in combination with therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ann Marie K. Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marie Anne Iannone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chloe P. Whitworth
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisha R. Coffey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shahryar Samir
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Copertino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Brad R. Jones
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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8
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
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9
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Lum FM, Torres-Ruesta A, Tay MZ, Lin RTP, Lye DC, Rénia L, Ng LFP. Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:597-613. [PMID: 36064780 PMCID: PMC9443635 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which causes disease in humans, has for many years been restricted to the African continent, with only a handful of sporadic cases in other parts of the world. However, unprecedented outbreaks of monkeypox in non-endemic regions have recently taken the world by surprise. In less than 4 months, the number of detected MPXV infections has soared to more than 48,000 cases, recording a total of 13 deaths. In this Review, we discuss the clinical, epidemiological and immunological features of MPXV infections. We also highlight important research questions and new opportunities to tackle the ongoing monkeypox outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fok-Moon Lum
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Z Tay
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond T P Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David C Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Larsen SE, Williams BD, Rais M, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. It Takes a Village: The Multifaceted Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840225. [PMID: 35359957 PMCID: PMC8960931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite co-evolving with humans for centuries and being intensely studied for decades, the immune correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have yet to be fully defined. This lapse in understanding is a major lag in the pipeline for evaluating and advancing efficacious vaccine candidates. While CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) pro-inflammatory responses have a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, the historically narrow focus on this cell population may have eclipsed the characterization of other requisite arms of the immune system. Over the last decade, the tuberculosis (TB) research community has intentionally and intensely increased the breadth of investigation of other immune players. Here, we review mechanistic preclinical studies as well as clinical anecdotes that suggest the degree to which different cell types, such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γ δ T cells, and B cells, influence infection or disease prevention. Additionally, we categorically outline the observed role each major cell type plays in vaccine-induced immunity, including Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Novel vaccine candidates advancing through either the preclinical or clinical pipeline leverage different platforms (e.g., protein + adjuvant, vector-based, nucleic acid-based) to purposefully elicit complex immune responses, and we review those design rationales and results to date. The better we as a community understand the essential composition, magnitude, timing, and trafficking of immune responses against Mtb, the closer we are to reducing the severe disease burden and toll on human health inflicted by TB globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany D. Williams
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maham Rais
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Susan L. Baldwin,
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