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Park JM, Choi SH, Lee ES, Gum SI, Hong S, Kim DS, Han MH, Lee SH, Oh JW. High-Speed Clearing and High-Resolution Staining for Analysis of Various Markers for Neurons and Vessels. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024:10.1007/s13770-024-00658-w. [PMID: 38955906 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue clearing enables deep imaging in various tissues by increasing the transparency of tissues, but there were limitations of immunostaining of the large-volume tissues such as the whole brain. METHODS Here, we cleared and immune-stained whole mouse brain tissues using a novel clearing technique termed high-speed clearing and high-resolution staining (HCHS). We observed neural structures within the cleared brains using both a confocal microscope and a light-sheet fluorescence microscope (LSFM). The reconstructed 3D images were analyzed using a computational reconstruction algorithm. RESULTS Various neural structures were well observed in three-dimensional (3D) images of the cleared brains from Gad-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice and Thy 1-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mice. The intrinsic fluorescence signals of both transgenic mice were preserved after HCHS. In addition, large-scale 3D imaging of brains, immune-stained by the HCHS method using a mild detergent-based solution, allowed for the global topological analysis of several neuronal markers such as c-Fos, neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (Map2), Tuj1, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in various anatomical regions in the whole mouse brain tissues. Finally, through comparisons with various existing tissue clearing methodologies such as CUBIC, Visikol, and 3DISCO, it was confirmed that the HCHS methodology results in relatively less tissue deformation and higher fluorescence retention. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the development of 3D imaging based on novel tissue-clearing techniques (HCHS) will enable detailed spatial analysis of neural and vascular networks present within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seock Hwan Choi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Shil Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungkuk Hong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Binaree, Inc., Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Hoon Han
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Won Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Huang C, Wang S, Deng J, Gu X, Guo S, Yin X. A "messenger zone hypothesis" based on the visual three-dimensional spatial distribution of motoneurons innervating deep limb muscles. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1559-1567. [PMID: 38051900 PMCID: PMC10883482 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202407000-00036/figure1/v/2023-11-20T171125Z/r/image-tiff
Coordinated contraction of skeletal muscles relies on selective connections between the muscles and multiple classes of the spinal motoneurons. However, current research on the spatial location of the spinal motoneurons innervating different muscles is limited. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution and relative position of different motoneurons that control the deep muscles of the mouse hindlimbs, which were innervated by the obturator nerve, femoral nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, and tibial nerve. Locations were visualized by combining a multiplex retrograde tracking technique compatible with three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (3DISCO) and 3-D imaging technology based on lightsheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). Additionally, we propose the hypothesis that “messenger zones” exist as interlaced areas between the motoneuron pools that dominate the synergistic or antagonist muscle groups. We hypothesize that these interlaced neurons may participate in muscle coordination as messenger neurons. Analysis revealed the precise mutual positional relationships among the many motoneurons that innervate different deep muscles of the mouse. Not only do these findings update and supplement our knowledge regarding the overall spatial layout of spinal motoneurons that control mouse limb muscles, but they also provide insights into the mechanisms through which muscle activity is coordinated and the architecture of motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wang
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Deng
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhang Guo
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- MoE Key Laboratory for Trauma Treatment and Nerve Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Musiał K. Update on Innate Immunity in Acute Kidney Injury—Lessons Taken from COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012514. [PMID: 36293370 PMCID: PMC9604105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The serious clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually accompanied by acute kidney injury (AKI), worsening prognosis and increasing mortality. AKI in COVID-19 is above all a consequence of systemic dysregulations leading to inflammation, thrombosis, vascular endothelial damage and necrosis. All these processes rely on the interactions between innate immunity elements, including circulating blood cells, resident renal cells, their cytokine products, complement systems, coagulation cascades and contact systems. Numerous simultaneous pathways of innate immunity should secure an effective host defense. Since they all form a network of cross-linked auto-amplification loops, uncontrolled activation is possible. When the actions of selected pathways amplify, cascade activation evades control and the propagation of inflammation and necrosis worsens, accompanied by complement overactivity and immunothrombosis. The systemic activation of innate immunity reaches the kidney, where the damage affecting single tubular cells spreads through tissue collateral damage and triggers AKI. This review is an attempt to synthetize the connections between innate immunity components engaged in COVID-19-related AKI and to summarize the knowledge on the pathophysiological background of processes responsible for renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Musiał
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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