1
|
Ahmed S, Nemr WA, El-Shershaby A, Fouad EAM, Mahmoud MAEF, Liaqat F, Wijewardana V, Unger H. Gamma Irradiated Pasteurella multocida Vaccine induces strong humoral immunity and protects rabbits from disease. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10388-y. [PMID: 38709372 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is affecting a multitude of animals and severely affects livestock production. Existing vaccines are mostly chemically inactivated and do not lead to wide protection. Irradiated vaccines are enjoying a renaissance and the concept of "replication defficient but metabolically active" vaccines was recently evaluated in several vaccine trials. P. multocida was isolated from the nasal swab, blood, and lung swab samples from infected rabbits. Gamma irradiation of P. multocida for inhibition of replication was evaluated at an optimized irradiation dose of 10 Kgy established. Four groups of rabbits were (mock) vaccinated with a commercial P. multocida vaccine and three irradiated formulations as liquid, lyophilized formulations with added Trehalose and lyophilized-Trehalose with an "activation" culturing the irradiated bacteria for 24 in broth. Evaluation of humoral immune response by ELISA showed that all three irradiated vaccines produced an effective, protective, and continued IgG serum level after vaccination and bacterial challenge. The IFN-γ expression is maintained at a normal level, within each individual group however, the lyophilized trehalose irradiated vaccine showed peak mean of IFN-γ titer at one week after booster dose (day 21) which was statistically significant. Cumulatively, the results of this study show that gamma-irradiated P. multocida vaccines are safe and protect rabbits against disease. Moreover, Rabbits' immunization with the three irradiated formulations avoided adverse side effects as compared to commercial polyvalent vaccine, the body weight gain for the irradiated vaccine groups indicates less stress compared to the commercial polyvalent vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Waleed Abdelgaber Nemr
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Shershaby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehab Ali Mohamed Fouad
- Department of Zoonosis, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatima Liaqat
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO, IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO, IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO, IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schulze K, Weber U, Schuy C, Durante M, Guzmán CA. Influenza Virus Inactivated by Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation Stimulates Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:465. [PMID: 38675126 PMCID: PMC11054185 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the need for effective and rapid vaccine development methods. Conventional inactivated virus vaccines, together with new technologies like vector and mRNA vaccines, were the first to be rolled out. However, the traditional methods used for virus inactivation can affect surface-exposed antigen, thereby reducing vaccine efficacy. Gamma rays have been used in the past to inactivate viruses. We recently proposed that high-energy heavy ions may be more suitable as an inactivation method because they increase the damage ratio between the viral nucleic acid and surface proteins. Here, we demonstrate that irradiation of the influenza virus using heavy ion beams constitutes a suitable method to develop effective vaccines, since immunization of mice by the intranasal route with the inactivated virus resulted in the stimulation of strong antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
- Fachbereich Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Informatik, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (U.W.); (C.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos Alberto Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed S, El-Fatah Mahmoud MA, Nemr WA, Abdel-Rahman EH, El-Shershaby A, Fouad EA, Liaqat F, Wijewardana V. Detection of immune effects of the Mannheimia haemolytica gamma irradiated vaccine in sheep. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:245-257. [PMID: 37642819 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to gamma rays from cobalt 60 (Co60) can induce a complete inactivation of Mannheimia haemolytica. The inactivated bacterial pathogen is a potential vaccine candidate for immunization of ruminants such as sheep. The subcutaneous administration of irradiated vaccine in a two-dose regimen (4.0 × 109 colony forming unit (CFU) per dose) results in no mortality in any of the vaccinated sheep during immunization and after subsequent challenge of the live bacteria of the same strain of M. haemolytica. A significant rise in serum IgG titer, detected through ELISA, is observed after the passage of two weeks from the inoculation of the first dose whereas, the peak of the mean serum antibody titer occurred after two weeks of booster dose. The vaccination does not bring significant change to the IFN-γ levels in serum. The bacterial challenge of the vaccinated sheep does not induce a further seroconversion relative to serum antibody titer. In conclusion, the vaccinated sheep are protected by the elevated IgG titer and increased levels of IL-4 (Th-2 response) compared to the non-vaccinated sheep. Radiation technology can provide the opportunity for mass production of immunologically safe vaccines against animal and zoonotic diseases. Ethics Approval by the National Research Center Ethics Committee (Trial Registration Number (TRN) no 13,602,023, 13/5/2023) was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed Abdelgaber Nemr
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Hussein Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Shershaby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehab Ali Fouad
- Department of Zoonosis, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatima Liaqat
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdelaziz K, Helmy YA, Yitbarek A, Hodgins DC, Sharafeldin TA, Selim MSH. Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38400118 PMCID: PMC10893217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing demand for poultry products and the current challenges facing the poultry industry, the application of biotechnology to enhance poultry production has gained growing significance. Biotechnology encompasses all forms of technology that can be harnessed to improve poultry health and production efficiency. Notably, biotechnology-based approaches have fueled rapid advances in biological research, including (a) genetic manipulation in poultry breeding to improve the growth and egg production traits and disease resistance, (b) rapid identification of infectious agents using DNA-based approaches, (c) inclusion of natural and synthetic feed additives to poultry diets to enhance their nutritional value and maximize feed utilization by birds, and (d) production of biological products such as vaccines and various types of immunostimulants to increase the defensive activity of the immune system against pathogenic infection. Indeed, managing both existing and newly emerging infectious diseases presents a challenge for poultry production. However, recent strides in vaccine technology are demonstrating significant promise for disease prevention and control. This review focuses on the evolving applications of biotechnology aimed at enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, stability, and delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University Poole Agricultural Center, Jersey Ln #129, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson University School of Health Research (CUSHR), Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Tamer A. Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
| | - Mohamed S. H. Selim
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Falsafi M, Delirezh N, Safarzadeh E, Talebi A, Heidari Z. Irradiated oocysts in combination with inulin adjuvant-induced potent immune responses against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:423-429. [PMID: 37667788 PMCID: PMC10475167 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2023.563143.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is the leading parasitic disease in poultry. One of the most critical Eimeria species, Eimeria tenella, lives inside the cecal epithelial cells and induces bloody coccidiosis. The present study evaluated the effect of radiation-attenuated E. tenella oocytes mixed with inulin adjuvant on broiler chicken. Initially, the effect of irradiation on oocyst attenuation was confirmed. Then, one-day-old broilers (n = 90) were divided into nine groups on seven days of age as follow: Group 1 (400 attenuated oocysts + 1.00 mg of adjuvant), group 2 (400 attenuated oocysts + 0.50 mg adjuvant), group 3 (200 attenuated oocysts + 1.00 mg of adjuvant), group 4 (200 attenuated oocysts + 0.50 mg adjuvant), group 5 (1.00 mg adjuvant), group 6 (400 attenuated oocysts), group 7 (commercial vaccine), group 8 (negative control) and group 9 (blank). On day 21, we performed a challenge with E. tenella oocytes and investigated oocyst output and average weekly weight throughout the study. At the end of the study, we evaluated macroscopic lesion, histology, cytokine level and leukogram status. The results showed a statistically significant difference among groups. Furthermore, the optimal dose was 400 irradiated oocysts and 1.00 mg of inulin. Moreover, an X-ray could reduce the virulence of E. tenella oocytes. Inulin alone or combined with attenuated oocysts showed an acceptable effect on evaluated parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Nowruz Delirezh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran;
| | - Alireza Talebi
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagheri S, Mitra T, Paudel S, Abdelhamid MK, Könnyü S, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Cattoli G, Lyrakis M, Hess C, Hess M, Liebhart D. Aerosol vaccination of chicken pullets with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli induces a local immunostimulatory effect. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185232. [PMID: 37261344 PMCID: PMC10227613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression of cytokines and cellular changes in chickens following vaccination with irradiated avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and/or challenge. Four groups of 11-week-old pullets, each consisting of 16 birds were kept separately in isolators before they were sham inoculated (N), challenged only (C), vaccinated (V) or vaccinated and challenged (V+C). Vaccination was performed using irradiated APEC applied via aerosol. For challenge, the homologous strain was administered intratracheally. Birds were sacrificed on 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post challenge (dpc) to examine lesions, organ to body weight ratios and bacterial colonization. Lung and spleen were sampled for investigating gene expression of cytokines mediating inflammation by RT-qPCR and changes in the phenotype of subsets of mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. After re-stimulation of immune cells by co-cultivation with the pathogen, APEC-specific IFN-γ producing cells were determined. Challenged only birds showed more severe pathological and histopathological lesions, a higher probability of bacterial re-isolation and higher organ to body weight ratios compared to vaccinated and challenged birds. In the lung, an upregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 following vaccination and/or challenge at 3 dpc was observed, whereas in the spleen IL-1β was elevated. Changes were observed in macrophages and TCR-γδ+ cells within 7 dpc in spleen and lung of challenged birds. Furthermore, an increase of CD4+ cells in spleen and a rise of Bu-1+ cells in lung were present in vaccinated and challenged birds at 3 dpc. APEC re-stimulated lung and spleen mononuclear cells from only challenged pullets showed a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD8α+ and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells. Vaccinated and challenged chickens responded with a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD8α+ T cells in the lung and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells in the spleen. Re-stimulation of lung mononuclear cells from vaccinated birds resulted in a significant increase of both IFN-γ+CD8α+ and IFN-γ+TCR-γδ+ cells. In conclusion, vaccination with irradiated APEC caused enhanced pro-inflammatory response as well as the production of APEC-specific IFN-γ-producing γδ and CD8α T cells, which underlines the immunostimulatory effect of the vaccine in the lung. Hence, our study provides insights into the underlying immune mechanisms that account for the defense against APEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bagheri
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Kamal Abdelhamid
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Könnyü
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Manolis Lyrakis
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aerosol delivered irradiated Escherichia coli confers serotype-independent protection and prevents colibacillosis in young chickens. Vaccine 2023; 41:1342-1353. [PMID: 36642629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli causes colibacillosis in chickens, which has severe economic and public health consequences. For the first time, we investigated the efficacy of gamma-irradiated E. coli to prevent colibacillosis in chickens considering different strains and application routes. Electron microscopy, alamarBlue assay and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of- flight mass spectrometry showed that the cellular structure, metabolic activity and protein profiles of irradiated and non-treated E. coli PA14/17480/5-ovary (serotype O1:K1) were similar. Subsequently, three animal trials were performed using the irradiated E. coli and clinical signs, pathological lesions and bacterial colonization in systemic organs were assessed. In the first animal trial, the irradiated E. coli PA14/17480/5-ovary administered at 7 and 21 days of age via aerosol and oculonasal routes, respectively, prevented the occurrence of lesions and systemic bacterial spread after homologous challenge, as efficient as live infection or formalin-killed cells. In the second trial, a single aerosol application of the same irradiated strain in one-day old chickens was efficacious against challenges with a homologous or a heterologous strain (undefined serotype). The aerosol application elicited better protection as compared to oculonasal route. Finally, in the third trial, efficacy against E. coli PA15/19103-3 (serotype O78:K80) was shown. Additionally, previous results of homologous protection were reconfirmed. The irradiated PA15/19103-3 strain, which also showed lower metabolic activity, was less preferred even for the homologous protection, underlining the importance of the vaccine strain. In all the trials, the irradiated E. coli did not provoke antibody response indicating the importance of innate or cell mediated immunity for protection. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study showed that the non-adjuvanted single aerosol application of irradiated "killed but metabolically active" E. coli provided promising results to prevent colibacillosis in chickens at an early stage of life. The findings open new avenues for vaccine production with E. coli in chickens using irradiation technology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Motamedi Sedeh F, Khalili I, Wijewardana V, Unger H, Shawrang P, Behgar M, Moosavi SM, Arbabi A, Hosseini SM. Improved Whole Gamma Irradiated Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 Virus Vaccine Using Trehalose and Optimization of Vaccination Regime on Broiler Chicken. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:907369. [PMID: 35903140 PMCID: PMC9315219 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.907369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma (γ)-radiation can target viral genome replication and preserve viral structural proteins compared to formalin inactivation. Thus, a stronger immunity could be induced after the inoculation of the irradiated virus. In this study, γ-irradiated low-pathogenic avian influenza virus-H9N2 (LPAIV-H9N2) was used to immunize the broiler chicken in two formulations, including γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 with 20% Trehalose intranasally (IVT.IN) or γ-irradiated LPAIV-H9N2 plus Montanide oil adjuvant ISA70 subcutaneously (IV+ISA.SC) in comparison with formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 vaccine intranasally (FV.IN) or formalin-inactivated LPAIV-H9N2 plus ISA70 subcutaneously (FV+ISA.SC). Two vaccination regimes were employed; the first one was primed on day 1 and boosted on day 15 (early regime), and the second one was primed on day 11 and boosted on day 25 (late regime). A challenge test was performed with a live homologous subtype virus. Virus shedding was monitored by quantifying the viral load via RT-qPCR on tracheal and cloacal swabs. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titration and stimulation index (SI) of the splenic lymphocyte proliferation were measured, respectively, by HI test and Cell Proliferation assay. Cytokine assay was conducted by the RT-qPCR on antigen-stimulated spleen cells. The results of the HI test showed significant increases in antibody titer in all vaccinated groups, but it was more evident in the IVT late vaccination regime, reaching 5.33 log2. The proliferation of stimulated spleen lymphocytes was upregulated more in the IVT.IN vaccine compared to other vaccines. The mRNA transcription levels of T-helper type 1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) were upregulated in all vaccinated groups at the late regime. Moreover, IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine was upregulated as well. However, upregulation was more noticeable in the early vaccination than the late vaccination (p< 0.05). After the challenge, the monitoring of virus shedding for the H9 gene represented an extremely low viral load. The body weight loss was not significant (p > 0.05) among the vaccinated groups. In addition, the viral load of <100.5 TCID50/ml in the vaccinated chicken indicated the protective response for all the vaccines. Accordingly, the IVT vaccine is a good candidate for the immunization of broiler chicken via the intranasal route at late regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
- *Correspondence: Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh ;
| | - Iraj Khalili
- Quality Control Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Parvin Shawrang
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Behgar
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed Morteza Moosavi
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Arash Arbabi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Porfiri L, Burtscher J, Kangethe RT, Verhovsek D, Cattoli G, Domig KJ, Wijewardana V. Irradiated Non-replicative Lactic Acid Bacteria Preserve Metabolic Activity While Exhibiting Diverse Immune Modulation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859124. [PMID: 35664846 PMCID: PMC9158532 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, safety concerns regarding the administration of probiotics led to an increased interest in developing inactivated probiotics, also called “paraprobiotics”. Gamma irradiation represents a promising tool that can be used to produce safe paraprobiotics by inhibiting replication while preserving the structure, the metabolic activity, and the immunogenicity of bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the ability of four strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB: Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) in preserving the metabolic activity and the immune modulation of swine porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, after gamma irradiation or heat inactivation. Our results show that all four strains retained the metabolic activity following gamma irradiation but not after heat inactivation. In terms of immune-modulatory capacity, irradiated L. acidophilus and Lc. paracasei were able to maintain an overall gene expression pattern similar to their live state, as heat inactivation did with Lc. casei. Moreover, we show that the two inactivation methods applied to the same strain can induce an opposed expression of key genes involved in pro-inflammatory response (e.g., IFNα and interleukin-6 for Lc. casei), whereas gamma irradiation of L. acidophilus and Lc. paracasei was able to induce a downregulation of the anti-inflammatory TGFβ. Taken together, our data show that immune modulation can be impacted not only by different inactivation methods but also by the strain of LAB selected. This study highlights that gamma irradiation harbors the potential to produce safe non-replicative metabolically active LAB and identifies immunomodulatory capacities that may be applied as vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Porfiri
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard T. Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Verhovsek
- VetFarm Medau, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Berndorf, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Viskam Wijewardana
| |
Collapse
|