Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages as a unique approach to target tumor immunotherapy

The art of healing hearts: Mastering advanced RNA therapeutic techniques to shape the evolution of cardiovascular medicine in biomedical science

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and are associated with increasing financial health burden that requires research into novel therapeutic approaches. Since the early 2000s, the availability of next-generation sequencing techniques such as microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs have been proven as potential therapeutic targets for treating various CVDs. Therapeutics based on RNAs have become a viable option for addressing the intricate molecular pathways that underlie the pathophysiology of CVDs. We provide an in-depth analysis of the state of RNA therapies in the context of CVDs, emphasizing various approaches that target the various stages of the basic dogma of molecular biology to effect temporary or long-term changes. In this review, we summarize recent methodologies used to screen for novel coding and non-coding RNA candidates with diagnostic and treatment possibilities in cardiovascular diseases. These methods include single-cell sequencing techniques, functional RNA screening, and next-generation sequencing.Lastly, we highlighted the potential of using oligonucleotide-based chemical products such as modified RNA and RNA mimics/inhibitors for the treatment of CVDs. Moreover, there will be an increasing number of potential RNA diagnostic and therapeutic for CVDs that will progress to expand for years to come.

Nano guardians of the heart: A comprehensive investigation into the impact of silver nanoparticles on cardiovascular physiology

Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the leading cause of death at the moment. More effective treatments to combat CVDs are urgently required. Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened the door to new avenues for cardiovascular health treatment. Silver nanotechnology's inherent therapeutic powers and wide-ranging applications have made it the center of focus in recent years. This review aims to analyze the chemical, physical, and biological processes ofproducing AgNPs and determine their potential utility as theranostics. Despite significant advances, the precise mechanism by which AgNPs function in numerous biological systems remains a mystery. We hope that at the end of this review, you will better understand how AgNPs affect the cardiovascular system from the research done thus far. This endeavor thoroughly investigates the possible toxicological effects and risks associated with exposure to AgNPs. The findings shed light on novel applications of these versatile nanomaterials and point the way toward future research directions. Due to a shortage of relevant research, we will limit our attention to AgNPs as they pertain to CVDs. Future research can use this opportunity to investigate the many medical uses of AgNPs. Given their global prevalence, we fully endorse academics' efforts to prioritize nanotechnological techniques in pursuing risk factor targeting for cardiovascular diseases. The critical need for innovative solutions to this widespread health problem is underscored by the fact that this technique may help with the early diagnosis and treatment of CVDs.

Stimuli-Mediated Macrophage Switching, Unraveling the Dynamics at the Nanoplatforms-Macrophage Interface

Macrophages play an essential role in immunotherapy and tissue regeneration owing to their remarkable plasticity and diverse functions. Recent bioengineering developments have focused on using external physical stimuli such as electric and magnetic fields, temperature, and compressive stress, among others, on micro/nanostructures to induce macrophage polarization, thereby increasing their therapeutic potential. However, it is difficult to find a concise review of the interaction between physical stimuli, advanced micro/nanostructures, and macrophage polarization. This review examines the present research on physical stimuli-induced macrophage polarization on micro/nanoplatforms, emphasizing the synergistic role of fabricated structure and stimulation for advanced immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. A concise overview of the research advancements investigating the impact of physical stimuli, including electric fields, magnetic fields, compressive forces, fluid shear stress, photothermal stimuli, and multiple stimulations on the polarization of macrophages within complex engineered structures, is provided. The prospective implications of these strategies in regenerative medicine and immunotherapeutic approaches are highlighted. This review will aid in creating stimuli-responsive platforms for immunomodulation and tissue regeneration.

Immunotherapy and the ovarian cancer microenvironment: Exploring potential strategies for enhanced treatment efficacy

Despite progress in cancer immunotherapy, ovarian cancer (OC) prognosis continues to be disappointing. Recent studies have shed light on how not just tumour cells, but also the complex tumour microenvironment, contribute to this unfavourable outcome of OC immunotherapy. The complexities of the immune microenvironment categorize OC as a 'cold tumour'. Nonetheless, understanding the precise mechanisms through which the microenvironment influences the effectiveness of OC immunotherapy remains an ongoing scientific endeavour. This review primarily aims to dissect the inherent characteristics and behaviours of diverse cells within the immune microenvironment, along with an exploration into its reprogramming and metabolic changes. It is expected that these insights will elucidate the operational dynamics of the immune microenvironment in OC and lay a theoretical groundwork for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy in OC management.

Journey into tomorrow: cardiovascular wellbeing transformed by nano-scale innovations

Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the vast majority of deaths and place enormous financial strains on healthcare systems. Gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and lipids are innovative nanomaterials promising in tackling CVDs. In the setting of CVDs, these nanomaterials actively impact cellular responses due to their distinctive properties, including surface energy and topographies. Opportunities to more precisely target CVDs have arisen due to recent developments in nanomaterial science, which have introduced fresh approaches. An in-depth familiarity with the illness and its targeted mechanisms is necessary to use nanomaterials in CVDs effectively. We support the academic community's efforts to prioritize Nano-technological techniques in addressing risk factors linked with cardiovascular diseases, acknowledging the far-reaching effects of these conditions. The significant impact of nanotechnology on the early detection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases highlights the critical need for novel approaches to this pressing health problem, which is affecting people worldwide.

Updated review on analysis of long non-coding RNAs as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancers

Despite advancements, prostate cancers (PCa) pose a significant global health challenge due to delayed diagnosis and therapeutic resistance. This review delves into the complex landscape of prostate cancer, with a focus on long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Also explores the influence of aberrant lncRNAs expression in progressive PCa stages, impacting traits like proliferation, invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The study elucidates how lncRNAs modulate crucial molecular effectors, including transcription factors and microRNAs, affecting signaling pathways such as androgen receptor signaling. Besides, this manuscript sheds light on novel concepts and mechanisms driving PCa progression through lncRNAs, providing a critical analysis of their impact on the disease's diverse characteristics. Besides, it discusses the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostics and therapeutic targets in PCa. Collectively, this work highlights state of art mechanistic comprehension and rigorous scientific approaches to advance our understanding of PCa and depict innovations in this evolving field of research.

Heartfelt living: Deciphering the link between lifestyle choices and cardiovascular vitality

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still leading to a significant number of deaths worldwide despite the remarkable advancements in medical technology and pharmacology. Managing patients with established CVDs is a challenge for healthcare providers as it requires reducing the chances of recurring cardiovascular events. On the other hand, changing one's way of life can also significantly impact this area, reducing the likelihood of cardiovascular disease and death through their unique advantages. Consequently, it is advisable for healthcare providers to regularly advise their patients with coronary issues to participate in organized physical exercise and improve their overall physical activity. Additionally, patients should adhere to a diet that promotes heart health, cease smoking, avoid exposure to secondhand smoke, and address any psychosocial stressors that may heighten the risk of cardiovascular problems. These lifestyle therapies, whether used alongside drug therapy or on their own in patients who may have difficulty tolerating medications, face financial barriers, or experience ineffectiveness, can substantially reduce cardiovascular mortality and the likelihood of recurring cardiac events. Despite the considerable advancements in creating interventions, it is still necessary to determine the optimal intensity, duration, and delivery method for these interventions. Furthermore, it is crucial to carry out further investigations incorporating extended monitoring and assessment of clinical outcomes to get a more comprehensive comprehension of the efficacy of these therapies. Presenting the findings within the framework of "lifestyle medicine," this review seeks to offer a thorough synopsis of the most recent scientific investigations into the potential of behavioral modifications to lower cardiovascular disease risk.

Beyond the silence: A comprehensive exploration of long non-coding RNAs as genetic whispers and their essential regulatory functions in cardiovascular disorders

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at several levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational. They have a length of more than 200 nucleotides and cannot code. Many human diseases have been linked to aberrant lncRNA expression, highlighting the need for a better knowledge of disease etiology to drive improvements in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic methods. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. LncRNAs play an essential role in the complex process of heart formation, and their abnormalities have been associated with several CVDs. This Review article looks at the roles and relationships of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in a wide range of CVDs, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, the review delves into the possible uses of lncRNAs in diagnostics, prognosis, and clinical treatments of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, it considers the field's future prospects while examining how lncRNAs might be altered and its clinical applications.

Beyond the beat: A pioneering investigation into exercise modalities for alleviating diabetic cardiomyopathy and enhancing cardiac health

Patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease or those at high risk for developing the condition are often offered exercise as a form of therapy. Patients with cancer who are at an increased risk for cardiovascular issues are increasingly encouraged to participate in exercise-based, interdisciplinary programs due to the positive correlation between these interventions and clinical outcomes following myocardial infarction. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is a cardiac disorder that arises due to disruptions in the homeostasis of individuals with diabetes. One of the primary reasons for mortality in individuals with diabetes is the presence of cardiac structural damage and functional abnormalities, which are the primary pathological features of DC. The aetiology of dilated cardiomyopathy is multifaceted and encompasses a range of processes, including metabolic abnormalities, impaired mitochondrial function, dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis, excessive cardiomyocyte death, and fibrosis. In recent years, many empirical investigations have demonstrated that exercise training substantially impacts the prevention and management of diabetes. Exercise has been found to positively impact the recovery of diabetes and improve several metabolic problem characteristics associated with DC. One potential benefit of exercise is its ability to increase systolic activity, which can enhance cardiometabolic and facilitate the repair of structural damage to the heart caused by DC, leading to a direct improvement in cardiac health. In contrast, exercise has the potential to indirectly mitigate the pathological progression of DC through its ability to decrease circulating levels of sugar and fat while concurrently enhancing insulin sensitivity. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism via exercise facilitates the restoration of DC disease must be understood. Our goal in this review was to provide helpful information and clues for developing new therapeutic techniques for motion alleviation DC by examining the molecular mechanisms involved.

A Bacterial and Ganglioside-based Nanoparticle Initiates Reprogramming of Macrophages and Promotes Antitumor Phenotypes

Macrophages represent the most abundant immune component of the tumor microenvironment and often exhibit protumorigenic (M2-like) phenotypes that contribute to disease progression. Despite their generally accepted protumorigenic role, macrophages can also display tumoricidal (or M1-like) behavior, revealing that macrophages can be functionally reprogrammed, depending on the cues received within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, such plasticity may be achieved by pharmacologic or biologic interventions. To that end, we previously demonstrated that a novel immunomodulator termed the "very small size particle" (VSSP) facilitates maturation of dendritic cells and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to APCs with reduced suppressive activity in cancer models. VSSP was further shown to act in the bone marrow to drive the differentiation of progenitors toward monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells during emergency myelopoiesis. However, the underlying mechanisms for VSSP-driven alterations in myeloid differentiation and function remained unclear. In this study, in mouse models, we focused on macrophages and tested the hypothesis that VSSP drives macrophages toward M1-like functional states via IRF8- and PU.1-dependent mechanisms. We further hypothesized that such VSSP-mediated actions would be accompanied by enhanced antitumor responses. Overall, we showed that (1) VSSP drives naive or M2-derived macrophages to M1-like states, (2) the M1-like state induced by VSSP occurs via IRF8- and PU.1-dependent mechanisms, and (3) single-agent VSSP induces an antitumor response that is accompanied by alterations in the intratumoral myeloid compartment. These results provide a deeper mechanistic underpinning of VSSP and strengthen its use to drive M1-like responses in host defense, including cancer.

Tumor-associated macrophages as a potential therapeutic target in thyroid cancers

Macrophages are important precursor cell types of the innate immune system and bridge adaptive immune responses through the antigen presentation system. Meanwhile, macrophages constitute substantial portion of the stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) (referred to as tumor-associated macrophages, or TAMs) and exhibit conflicting roles in the development, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer (TC). Moreover, TAMs play a crucial role to the behavior of TC due to their high degree of infiltration and prognostic relevance. Generally, TAMs can be divided into two subgroups; M1-like TAMs are capable of directly kill tumor cells, and recruiting and activating other immune cells in the early stages of cancer. However, due to changes in the TME, M2-like TAMs gradually increase and promote tumor progression. This review aims to discuss the impact of TAMs on TC, including their role in tumor promotion, gene mutation, and other factors related to the polarization of TAMs. Finally, we will explore the M2-like TAM-centered therapeutic strategies, including chemotherapy, clinical trials, and combinatorial immunotherapy.

Unraveling the enigma of tumor-associated macrophages: challenges, innovations, and the path to therapeutic breakthroughs

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are integral to the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing cancer progression significantly. Attracted by cancer cell signals, TAMs exhibit unparalleled adaptability, aligning with the dynamic tumor milieu. Their roles span from promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis to modulating metastasis. While substantial research has explored the fundamentals of TAMs, comprehending their adaptive behavior, and leveraging it for novel treatments remains challenging. This review delves into TAM polarization, metabolic shifts, and the complex orchestration of cytokines and chemokines determining their functions. We highlight the complexities of TAM-targeted research focusing on their adaptability and potential variability in therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, we discuss the synergy of integrating TAM-focused strategies with established cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Emphasis is laid on pioneering methods like TAM reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy and the adoption of single-cell technologies for precision intervention. This synthesis seeks to shed light on TAMs' multifaceted roles in cancer, pinpointing prospective pathways for transformative research and enhancing therapeutic modalities in oncology.

Nanocarrier-based targeting of metabolic pathways for endometrial cancer: Status and future perspectives

Cancer is the second-most lethal global disease, as per health reports, and is responsible for around 70% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries. Endometrial cancer is one of the emerging malignancies and has been predicted as a public health challenge for the future. Insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus are the key metabolic factors that promote risks for the development of endometrial cancer. Various signaling pathways and associated genes are involved in the genesis of endometrial cancer, and any mutation or deletion in such related factors leads to the induction of endometrial cancer. The conventional way of drug delivery has been used for ages but is associated with poor management of cancer due to non-targeting of the endometrial cancer cells, low efficacy of the therapy, and toxicity issues as well. In this context, nanocarrier-based therapy for the management of endometrial cancer is an effective alternate choice that overcomes the problems associated with conventional therapy. In this review article, we highlighted the nanocarrier-based targeting of endometrial cancer, with a special focus on targeting various metabolic signaling pathways. Furthermore, the future perspectives of nanocarrier-based targeting of metabolic pathways in endometrial cancer were also underpinned. It is concluded that targeting metabolic signaling pathways in endometrial cancer via nanocarrier scaffolds is the future of pharmaceutical design for the significant management and treatment of endometrial cancer.

Tumor-associated macrophages: Potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers in cancer

Macrophages are plastic and functionally diverse, present in all tissues, and play a key role in organisms from development, homeostasis and repair, to immune responses to pathogens. They are central to many disease states and have emerged as important therapeutic targets for many diseases. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are key factors influencing cancer progression, metastasis and tumor recurrence. TAMs can be derived from different sources and exert different pro- or anti-tumor effects based on the type, stage and immune composition of the tumor. TAMs are highly heterogeneous and diverse, and have multiple functional phenotypes. There is still a great deal of controversy regarding the relationship between TAMs and prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of common markers of TAMs as well as explore the prognostic role of TAMs in different cancers including lung, breast, gastric, colorectal, esophageal and ovarian cancers.

High infiltration of CD209+ dendritic cells and CD163+ macrophages in the peritumor area of prostate cancer is predictive of late adverse outcomes

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) shows considerable variation in clinical outcomes between individuals with similar diseases. The initial host-tumor interaction as assessed by detailed analysis of tumor infiltrating immune cells within the primary tumor may dictate tumor evolution and late clinical outcomes. In this study, we assessed the association between clinical outcomes and dendritic cell (DC) or macrophage (MΦ) tumor infiltration as well as with expression of genes related to their functions.

Methods

Infiltration and localization of immature DC, mature DC, total MΦ and M2-type MΦ was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 99 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with 15.5 years median clinical follow-up using antibodies against CD209, CD83, CD68 and CD163, respectively. The density of positive cells for each marker in various tumor areas was determined. In addition, expression of immune genes associated with DC and MΦ was tested in a series of 50 radical prostatectomy specimens by Taqman Low-Density Array with similarly long follow-up. Gene expression was classified as low and high after unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Numbers and ratio of positive cells and levels of gene expression were correlated with endpoints such as biochemical recurrence (BCR), need for definitive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or lethal PCa using Cox regression analyses and/or Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results

Positive immune cells were observed in tumor, tumor margin, and normal-like adjacent epithelium areas. CD209⁺ and CD163⁺ cells were more abundant at the tumor margin. Higher CD209⁺/CD83⁺ cell density ratio at the tumor margin was associated with higher risk of ADT and lethal PCa while higher density of CD163⁺ cells in the normal-like adjacent epithelium was associated with a higher risk of lethal PCa. A combination of 5 genes expressed at high levels correlated with a shorter survival without ADT and lethal PCa. Among these five genes, expression of IL12A and CD163 was correlated to each other and was associated with shorter survival without BCR and ADT/lethal PCa, respectively.

Conclusion

A higher level of infiltration of CD209⁺ immature DC and CD163⁺ M2-type MΦ in the peritumor area was associated with late adverse clinical outcomes.