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Al‐Madhagi H, Kanawati A, Tahan Z. Design of multi-epitope chimeric vaccine against Monkeypox virus and SARS-CoV-2: A vaccinomics perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18452. [PMID: 38801408 PMCID: PMC11129729 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The current era we experience is full with pandemic infectious agents that no longer threatens the major local source but the whole globe. Almost the most emerging infectious agents are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2), followed by monkeypox virus (MPXV). Since no approved antiviral drugs nor licensed active vaccines are yet available, we aimed to utilize immunoinformatics approach to design chimeric vaccine against the two mentioned viruses. This is the first study to deal with design divalent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. ORF8, E and M proteins from Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and gp182 from MPXV were used as the protein precursor from which multi-epitopes (inducing B-cell, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and interferon-ɣ) chimeric vaccine was contrived. The structure of the vaccine construct was predicted, validated, and docked to toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). Moreover, its sequence was also used to examine the immune simulation profile and was then inserted into the pET-28a plasmid for in silico cloning. The vaccine construct was probable antigen (0.543) and safe (non-allergen) with strong binding energy to TLR-2 (-1169.8 kcal/mol) and found to have significant immune simulation profile. In conclusion, the designed chimeric vaccine was potent and safe against SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV, which deserves further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Al‐Madhagi
- Biochemical Technology Program, Faculty of Applied SciencesDhamar UniversityDhamarYemen
| | - Adeela Kanawati
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of AleppoAleppoSyria
| | - Zaher Tahan
- Division of Microbiology, Biology DepartmentUniversity of AleppoAleppoSyria
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van Schaik EJ, Fratzke AP, Gregory AE, Dumaine JE, Samuel JE. Vaccine development: obligate intracellular bacteria new tools, old pathogens: the current state of vaccines against obligate intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1282183. [PMID: 38567021 PMCID: PMC10985213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1282183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria have remained those for which effective vaccines are unavailable, mostly because protection does not solely rely on an antibody response. Effective antibody-based vaccines, however, have been developed against extracellular bacteria pathogens or toxins. Additionally, obligate intracellular bacteria have evolved many mechanisms to subvert the immune response, making vaccine development complex. Much of what we know about protective immunity for these pathogens has been determined using infection-resolved cases and animal models that mimic disease. These studies have laid the groundwork for antigen discovery, which, combined with recent advances in vaccinology, should allow for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines. Successful vaccines against obligate intracellular bacteria should elicit potent T cell memory responses, in addition to humoral responses. Furthermore, they ought to be designed to specifically induce strong cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses for protective immunity. This review will describe what we know about the potentially protective immune responses to this group of bacteria. Additionally, we will argue that the novel delivery platforms used during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic should be excellent candidates to produce protective immunity once antigens are discovered. We will then look more specifically into the vaccine development for Rickettsiaceae, Coxiella burnetti, and Anaplasmataceae from infancy until today. We have not included Chlamydia trachomatis in this review because of the many vaccine related reviews that have been written in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J van Schaik
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - A P Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Charles River Laboratories, Reno, NV, United States
| | - A E Gregory
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Dumaine
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - J E Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, TX, United States
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Obaldía N, Da Silva Filho JL, Núñez M, Glass KA, Oulton T, Achcar F, Wirjanata G, Duraisingh M, Felgner P, Tetteh KK, Bozdech Z, Otto TD, Marti M. Sterile protection against P. vivax malaria by repeated blood stage infection in the Aotus monkey model. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302524. [PMID: 38158220 PMCID: PMC10756917 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains a major global public health challenge, and no vaccine is approved for use in humans. Here, we assessed whether P. vivax strain-transcendent immunity can be achieved by repeated infection in Aotus monkeys. Sterile immunity was achieved after two homologous infections, whereas subsequent heterologous challenge provided only partial protection. IgG levels based on P. vivax lysate ELISA and protein microarray increased with repeated infections and correlated with the level of homologous protection. Parasite transcriptional profiles provided no evidence of major antigenic switching upon homologous or heterologous challenge. However, we observed significant sequence diversity and transcriptional differences in the P. vivax core gene repertoire between the two strains used in the study, suggesting that partial protection upon heterologous challenge is due to molecular differences between strains rather than immune evasion by antigenic switching. Our study demonstrates that sterile immunity against P. vivax can be achieved by repeated homologous blood stage infection in Aotus monkeys, thus providing a benchmark to test the efficacy of candidate blood stage P. vivax malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicanor Obaldía
- Departamento de Investigaciones en Parasitologia, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joao Luiz Da Silva Filho
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlon Núñez
- Departamento de Investigaciones en Parasitologia, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Republic of Panamá
| | - Katherine A Glass
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tate Oulton
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona Achcar
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoj Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Felgner
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Ka Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas D Otto
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthias Marti
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- https://ror.org/02crff812 Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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