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Wei J, Guo F, Song Y, Feng T, Wang Y, Xu K, Song J, Kaysar E, Abdukayyum R, Lin F, Li K, Li B, Qian Z, Wang X, Wang H, Xu T. Analysis of the components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen (Mtb-HAg) and its regulation of γδ T-cell function. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:70. [PMID: 38741147 PMCID: PMC11089708 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-resistant antigen (Mtb-HAg) is a peptide antigen released from the mycobacterial cytoplasm into the supernatant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) attenuated H37Ra strain after autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min. Mtb-HAg can specifically induce γδ T-cell proliferation in vitro. However, the exact composition of Mtb-HAg and the protein antigens that are responsible for its function are currently unknown. METHODS Mtb-HAg extracted from the Mtb H37Ra strain was subjected to LC‒MS mass spectrometry. Twelve of the identified protein fractions were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli by genetic engineering technology using pET-28a as a plasmid and purified by Ni-NTA agarose resin to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from different healthy individuals. The proliferation of γδ T cells and major γδ T-cell subset types as well as the production of TNF-α and IFN-γ were determined by flow cytometry. Their proliferating γδ T cells were isolated and purified using MACS separation columns, and Mtb H37Ra-infected THP-1 was co-cultured with isolated and purified γδ T cells to quantify Mycobacterium viability by counting CFUs. RESULTS In this study, Mtb-HAg from the attenuated Mtb H37Ra strain was analysed by LC‒MS mass spectrometry, and a total of 564 proteins were identified. Analysis of the identified protein fractions revealed that the major protein components included heat shock proteins and Mtb-specific antigenic proteins. Recombinant expression of 10 of these proteins in by Escherichia coli genetic engineering technology was used to successfully stimulate PBMCs from different healthy individuals, but 2 of the proteins, EsxJ and EsxA, were not expressed. Flow cytometry results showed that, compared with the IL-2 control, HspX, GroEL1, and GroES specifically induced γδ T-cell expansion, with Vγ2δ2 T cells as the main subset, and the secretion of the antimicrobial cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. In contrast, HtpG, DnaK, GroEL2, HbhA, Mpt63, EsxB, and EsxN were unable to promote γδ T-cell proliferation and the secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ. None of the above recombinant proteins were able to induce the secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ by αβ T cells. In addition, TNF-α, IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells inhibit the growth of intracellular Mtb. CONCLUSION Activated γδ T cells induced by Mtb-HAg components HspX, GroES, GroEL1 to produce TNF-α, IFN-γ modulate macrophages to inhibit intracellular Mtb growth. These data lay the foundation for subsequent studies on the mechanism by which Mtb-HAg induces γδ T-cell proliferation in vitro, as well as the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines and rapid diagnostic reagents.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Fangzheng Guo
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yamin Song
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Tong Feng
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Jianhan Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Eldana Kaysar
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hotan Characteristic Chinese Traditional Medicine Research, College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan, 848099, China
| | - Reyima Abdukayyum
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hotan Characteristic Chinese Traditional Medicine Research, College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan, 848099, China
| | - Feiyang Lin
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Baiqing Li
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Zhongqing Qian
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hotan Characteristic Chinese Traditional Medicine Research, College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan, 848099, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Experimental Center, Laboratory Medicine College, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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Ilesanmi A, Odeniran OM, Tatsipie L, Osam Duodu E, Ankrah PK. The Role of Proline-Proline-Glutamic Acid (PPE) Proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Cureus 2024; 16:e51955. [PMID: 38333477 PMCID: PMC10852204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has remained a global health challenge. Central to this issue are the proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) proteins, which play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and persistence of MTB. This article explores the molecular mechanisms of PPE proteins and their roles in facilitating MTB's evasion of the host's immune system while enhancing virulence and transmission. Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of PPE proteins, this review provides a detailed analysis of antigenic variation, a crucial mechanism allowing MTB to elude immune detection. It also probes the genetic diversity of these PPE proteins and their complex interactions with host immunity, offering insights into the challenges they pose for therapeutic development. This review delves into the potential of targeting PPE proteins in novel therapeutic strategies, discussing the prospects of drug and vaccine development. The evidence reviewed in this article underscores the pressing need for innovative approaches to combat TB, especially in the face of increasing drug resistance. Ultimately, this review article highlights the untapped potential of PPE proteins in revolutionizing TB treatment, paving the way for breakthroughs in drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola Ilesanmi
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | | | - Lenora Tatsipie
- Drug Development, Pharmaceutical Product Development, Wilmington, USA
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