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Salminen A. Inhibitory immune checkpoints suppress the surveillance of senescent cells promoting their accumulation with aging and in age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2024; 25:749-773. [PMID: 38954358 PMCID: PMC11374851 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of pro-inflammatory senescent cells within tissues is a common hallmark of the aging process and many age-related diseases. This modification has been called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and observed in cultured cells and in cells isolated from aged tissues. Currently, there is a debate whether the accumulation of senescent cells within tissues should be attributed to increased generation of senescent cells or to a defect in their elimination from aging tissues. Emerging studies have revealed that senescent cells display an increased expression of several inhibitory immune checkpoint ligands, especially those of the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) ligand-1 (PD-L1) proteins. It is known that the PD-L1 ligands, especially those of cancer cells, target the PD-1 receptor of cytotoxic CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells disturbing their functions, e.g., evoking a decline in their cytotoxic activity and promoting their exhaustion and even apoptosis. An increase in the level of the PD-L1 protein in senescent cells was able to suppress their immune surveillance and inhibit their elimination by cytotoxic CD8+ T and NK cells. Senescent cells are known to express ligands for several inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors, i.e., PD-1, LILRB4, NKG2A, TIM-3, and SIRPα receptors. Here, I will briefly describe those pathways and examine whether these inhibitory checkpoints could be involved in the immune evasion of senescent cells with aging and age-related diseases. It seems plausible that an enhanced inhibitory checkpoint signaling can prevent the elimination of senescent cells from tissues and thus promote the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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2
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Noble JA. Fifty years of HLA-associated type 1 diabetes risk: history, current knowledge, and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1457213. [PMID: 39328411 PMCID: PMC11424550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1457213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years have elapsed since the association of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) was first reported. Since then, methods for identification of HLA have progressed from cell based to DNA based, and the number of recognized HLA variants has grown from a few to tens of thousands. Current genotyping methodology allows for exact identification of all HLA-encoding genes in an individual's genome, with statistical analysis methods evolving to digest the enormous amount of data that can be produced at an astonishing rate. The HLA region of the genome has been repeatedly shown to be the most important genetic risk factor for T1D, and the original reported associations have been replicated, refined, and expanded. Even with the remarkable progress through 50 years and over 5,000 reports, a comprehensive understanding of all effects of HLA on T1D remains elusive. This report represents a summary of the field as it evolved and as it stands now, enumerating many past and present challenges, and suggests possible paradigm shifts for moving forward with future studies in hopes of finally understanding all the ways in which HLA influences the pathophysiology of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle A. Noble
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute,
Oakland, CA, United States
- University of California San Francisco, Oakland,
CA, United States
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Rafiei A, Gualandi M, Yang CL, Woods R, Kumar A, Brunner K, Sigrist J, Ebersbach H, Coats S, Renner C, Marroquin Belaunzaran O. IOS-1002, a Stabilized HLA-B57 Open Format, Exerts Potent Anti-Tumor Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2902. [PMID: 39199672 PMCID: PMC11352577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
HLA-B27 and HLA-B57 are associated with autoimmunity and long-term viral control and protection against HIV and HCV infection; however, their role in cancer immunity remains unknown. HLA class I molecules interact with innate checkpoint receptors of the LILRA, LILRB and KIR families present in diverse sets of immune cells. Here, we demonstrate that an open format (peptide free conformation) and expression- and stability-optimized HLA-B57-B2m-IgG4_Fc fusion protein (IOS-1002) binds to human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 and B2 (LILRB1 and LILRB2) and to killer immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 (KIR3DL1). In addition, we show that the IgG4 Fc backbone is required for engagement to Fcγ receptors and potent activation of macrophage phagocytosis. IOS-1002 blocks the immunosuppressive ITIM and SHP1/2 phosphatase signaling cascade, reduces the expression of immunosuppressive M2-like polarization markers of macrophages and differentiation of monocytes to myeloid-derived suppressor cells, enhances tumor cell phagocytosis in vitro and potentiates activation of T and NK cells. Lastly, IOS-1002 demonstrates efficacy in an ex vivo patient-derived tumor sample tumoroid model. IOS-1002 is a first-in-class multi-target and multi-functional human-derived HLA molecule that activates anti-tumor immunity and is currently under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Woods
- ImmunOs Therapeutics AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - John Sigrist
- ImmunOs Therapeutics AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Steve Coats
- ImmunOs Therapeutics AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Renner
- ImmunOs Therapeutics AG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Palvair J, Farhat I, Chaintreuil M, Dal Zuffo L, Messager L, Tinel C, Lamarthée B. The Potential Role of the Leucocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Kidney Transplant Rejection: A Mini Review. Transpl Int 2024; 37:12995. [PMID: 39010891 PMCID: PMC11247310 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) remains one of the main causes of long-term graft failure after kidney transplantation, despite the development of powerful immunosuppressive therapy. A detailed understanding of the complex interaction between recipient-derived immune cells and the allograft is therefore essential. Until recently, ABMR mechanisms were thought to be solely caused by adaptive immunity, namely, by anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibody. However recent reports support other and/or additive mechanisms, designating monocytes/macrophages as innate immune contributors of ABMR histological lesions. In particular, in mouse models of experimental allograft rejection, monocytes/macrophages are readily able to discriminate non-self via paired immunoglobulin receptors (PIRs) and thus accelerate rejection. The human orthologs of PIRs are leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs). Among those, LILRB3 has recently been reported as a potential binder of HLA class I molecules, shedding new light on LILRB3 potential as a myeloid mediator of allograft rejection. In this issue, we review the current data on the role of LILRB3 and discuss the potential mechanisms of its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanne Palvair
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
| | - Imane Farhat
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Chaintreuil
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Lennie Messager
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
| | - Claire Tinel
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Hirayasu K, Khor SS, Kawai Y, Shimada M, Omae Y, Hasegawa G, Hashikawa Y, Tanimoto H, Ohashi J, Hosomichi K, Tajima A, Nakamura H, Nakamura M, Tokunaga K, Hanayama R, Nagasaki M. Identification of the hybrid gene LILRB5-3 by long-read sequencing and implication of its novel signaling function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1398935. [PMID: 38807600 PMCID: PMC11130398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILRs) on human chromosome 19q13.4 encode 11 immunoglobulin superfamily receptors, exhibiting genetic diversity within and between human populations. Among the LILR genes, the genomic region surrounding LILRB3 and LILRA6 has yet to be fully characterized due to their significant sequence homology, which makes it difficult to differentiate between them. To examine the LILRB3 and LILRA6 genomic region, a tool named JoGo-LILR CN Caller, which can call copy number from short-read whole genome sequencing (srWGS) data, was applied to an extensive international srWGS dataset comprising 2,504 samples. During this process, a previously unreported loss of both LILRB3 and LILRA6 was detected in three samples. Using long-read sequencing of these samples, we have discovered a novel large deletion (33,692 bp) in the LILRB3 and LILRA6 genomic regions in the Japanese population. This deletion spanned three genes, LILRB3, LILRA6, and LILRB5, resulting in LILRB3 exons 12-13 being located immediately downstream of LILRB5 exons 1-12 with the loss of LILRA6, suggesting the potential expression of a hybrid gene between LILRB5 and LILRB3 (LILRB5-3). Transcription and subsequent translation of the LILRB5-3 hybrid gene were also verified. The hybrid junction was located within the intracellular domain, resulting in an LILRB5 extracellular domain fused to a partial LILRB3 intracellular domain with three immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs), suggesting that LILRB5-3 acquired a novel signaling function. Further application of the JoGo-LILR tool to srWGS samples suggested the presence of the LILRB5-3 hybrid gene in the CEU population. Our findings provide insight into the genetic and functional diversity of the LILR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouyuki Hirayasu
- Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seik-Soon Khor
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Hasegawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Hashikawa
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanimoto
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Laboratory of Computational Genomics, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan
- Headquarters of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) Research in NHO Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ), Clinical Research Center, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Genome Medical Science Project, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Xiang Z, Yin X, Wei L, Peng M, Zhu Q, Lu X, Guo J, Zhang J, Li X, Zou Y. LILRB4 Checkpoint for Immunotherapy: Structure, Mechanism and Disease Targets. Biomolecules 2024; 14:187. [PMID: 38397424 PMCID: PMC10887124 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
LILRB4, a myeloid inhibitory receptor belonging to the family of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs/LIRs), plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune tolerance. LILRB4 primarily mediates suppressive immune responses by transmitting inhibitory signals through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). This immune checkpoint molecule has gained considerable attention due to its potent regulatory functions. Its ability to induce effector T cell dysfunction and promote T suppressor cell differentiation has been demonstrated, indicating the therapeutic potential of LILRB4 for modulating excessive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases or the induction of transplant tolerance. Additionally, through intervening with LILRB4 molecules, immune system responsiveness can be adjusted, representing significant value in areas such as cancer treatment. Thus, LILRB4 has emerged as a key player in addressing autoimmune diseases, transplant tolerance induction, and other medical issues. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of LILRB4, encompassing its structure, expression, and ligand molecules as well as its role as a tolerance receptor. By exploring the involvement of LILRB4 in various diseases, its significance in disease progression is emphasized. Furthermore, we propose that the manipulation of LILRB4 represents a promising immunotherapeutic strategy and highlight its potential in disease prevention, treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yizhou Zou
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (Z.X.); (X.Y.); (L.W.); (M.P.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
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