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Fikru S, Tolossa K, Lindemann P, Bucar F, Asres K. Larvicidal, Ovicidal, and Repellent Activities of Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Briq Essential Oil against Anopheles arabiensis. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:1051086. [PMID: 38586242 PMCID: PMC10997417 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves of the endemic Ethiopian plant Leucas stachydiformis (Hochst. ex Benth.) Briq were investigated against Anopheles arabiensis, the dominant malaria vector species in Ethiopia with the objective of searching for a plant-based malaria vector control strategy from medicinal plants. The larvicidal effect was tested against the fourth instar An. arabiensis wild larvae whilst freshly laid ova of An. arabiensis were used to determine the ovicidal activity of the essential oil at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 400 ppm. Concentrations of 41.6-366.7 µg/cm2 were used to evaluate the repellent activity of the essential oil on 3-5 days old adult female An. arabiensis. The oil composition of L. stachydiformis was also analyzed using GC-MS. The study revealed that the oil possesses the highest larvicidal activity at 400 ppm and 200 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. LC50 values for the fourth larval instar after 24 h and 48 h of treatment were 43.4 ppm and 34.2 ppm, respectively. After 72 h of exposure, the oil displayed 100% ovicidal activity at 400 ppm with an IH50 value of 32.2 ppm. In the repellency test, at concentrations of 366.7, 133.3, and 41.6 µg/cm2, the oil gave a total percentage protection of 67.9 ± 4.2%, 37.2 ± 2.8%, and 32 ± 2.2%, respectively, for 4 h. The highest concentration (366.7 µg/cm2) gave 100% protection up to 90 min. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of 24 compounds representing 90.34% of the total oil with caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, and trans-caryophyllene constituting more than 50% of its components. Results of the present study suggest that the essential oil of L. stachydiformis has the potential to be used for the control of An. arabiensis mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Fikru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Tolossa
- Endod and Other Medicinal Plants Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology (ALIPB), Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Lindemann
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Franz Bucar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Patel K, Akbari D, Pandya RV, Trivedi J, Mevada V, Wanale SG, Patel R, Yadav VK, Tank JG, Sahoo DK, Patel A. Larvicidal proficiency of volatile compounds present in Commiphora wightii gum extract against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1220339. [PMID: 37711311 PMCID: PMC10499046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are the major cause of several vector-borne diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. Synthetic pesticides against these mosquitoes have certain limitations; hence, natural, eco-friendly, and safe larvicides obtained from plant resources are used to overcome these. In the present study, the larvicidal efficiency of Commiphora wightii against the fourth instar stage of the dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) was studied. The gum resin of C. wightii was collected using the borehole tapping method, and hexane extracts in different concentrations were prepared. The fourth-instar larvae were exposed to the extracts, and percent mortality, as well as LC20, LC50, and LC90, was calculated. Volatile compounds of the hexane gum extract were analyzed by Headspace GC/MS, and the sequence of the acetylcholine, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, and octopamine receptor subunit of A. aegypti was obtained. It was found that the hexane gum extract was toxic and lethal for larvae at different concentrations. Minimum mortality was observed at 164 µg mL-1 (10%/h), while maximum mortality was at 276 µg mL-1 (50%/h). The lethal concentrations LC20, LC50, and LC90 were 197.38 µg mL-1, 294.13 µg mL-1, and 540.15 µg mL-1, respectively. The GC/MS analysis confirmed the presence of diterpenes, monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohol, and sesquiterpenes in the gum samples, which are lethal for larvae due to their inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, GABA receptor, and octopamine receptor subunit. The use of commonly occurring plant gum for the control of mosquitoes was explored, and it was found that the gum of C. wightii had larvicidal activities and could be potentially insecticidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupal Patel
- Marine Biodiversity and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Divya Akbari
- University Grants Commission-Career Advancement Scheme (UGC-CAS) Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohan V. Pandya
- Department of Microbiology, Atmiya University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Trivedi
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Vishal Mevada
- DNA Division, Directorate of Forensic Science, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Shivraj Gangadhar Wanale
- School of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna G. Tank
- University Grants Commission-Career Advancement Scheme (UGC-CAS) Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
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Rants'o TA, Koekemoer LL, van Zyl RL. Bioactivity of select essential oil constituents against life stages of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 2023:108569. [PMID: 37330107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is transmitted by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, and An. arabiensis is a main malaria vector in arid African countries. Like other anophelines, its life cycle comprises of three aquatic stages; egg, larva, and pupa, followed by a free flying adult stage. Current vector control interventions using synthetic insecticides target these stages using adulticides or less commonly, larvicides. With escalating insecticide resistance against almost all conventional insecticides, identification of agents that simultaneously act at multiple stages of Anopheles life cycle presents a cost-effective opportunity. A further cost-effective approach would be the discovery of such insecticides from natural origin. Interestingly, essential oils present as potential sources of cost-effective and eco-friendly bioinsecticides. This study aimed to identify essential oil constituents (EOCs) with potential toxic effects against multiple stages of An. arabiensis life cycle. Five EOCs were assessed for inhibition of Anopheles egg hatching and ability to kill larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes of An. arabiensis species. One of these EOCs, namely methyleugenol, exhibited potent Anopheles egg hatchability inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.51 ± 0.03 μM compared to propoxur (IC50: 5.13 ± 0.62 μM). Structure-activity relationship study revealed that methyleugenol and propoxur share a 1,2-dimethoxybenze moiety that may be responsible for the observed egg-hatchability inhibition. On the other hand, all five EOCs exhibited potent larvicidal activity with LC50 values less than 5 μM, with four of them; cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, (-)-α-bisabolol, and farnesol, also possessing potent pupicidal effects (LC50 < 5 μM). Finally, all EOCs showed only moderate lethality against adult mosquitoes. This study reports for the first time, methyleugenol, (-)-α-bisabolol and farnesol as potent bioinsecticides against early life stages of An. arabiensis. This synchronized activity against Anopheles aquatic stages shows a prospect to integrate EOCs into existing adulticide-based vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankhoe A Rants'o
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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John R, Sabu KR, Manilal A. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils from Hyptis capitata Jacq. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:195-204. [PMID: 35721323 PMCID: PMC9205432 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s355280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality and morbidity associated with vector-borne diseases, particularly those caused by mosquitoes, are increasing and new means of controlling them, including bio-larvicides, are needed. Malaria is a serious threat in many countries of Africa and Asia, and eco-friendly vector preventing measures are very much essential. Plant-derived larvicides are of great importance in this context. Hyptis capitata is an aromatic medicinal plant which is widely distributed in tropical countries. The aim of the present study is to examine the chemical composition, antioxidant and mosquito larvicidal effects of essential oils of this plant, extracted by hydro-distillation. Methods Chemical compositions of essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was tested by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the mosquito larvicidal activity was checked against the fourth instar larvae of the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi. Fingerlings of Oreochromis mossambicus were used as a bio-model for toxicity studies. Results A total of 48 constituents, inclusive of 44 (94.67%) from inflorescence and 19 (97.09%) from leaf oil were identified; δ-cadinene (14.68%) and linalool (6.99%) were the major constituents of the inflorescence oil, while leaf oil contained 1-octen-3-ol (34.08%), methyl linoleate (17.2%), and germacrene D (11.16%). Antioxidant analysis showed an effective concentration (EC50) value of 22.76 μg/mL for leaf oil and 26.18 μg/mL for the inflorescence oil, corresponding to 17.57 μg/mL of ascorbic acid. Both oils showed a respectable larvicidal effect and the lethal concentrations (LC50) are 39.08 μg/mL and 33.19 μg/mL for the inflorescence and leaf oil, respectively. Notably, both the inflorescence and leaf oils are not very toxic to fish with respect to the concentrations tested. Conclusion This study showed that the essential oils extracted from the leaves and inflorescences of H. capitata are effective antioxidants and can act as inexpensive mosquito larvicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy John
- Department of Botany, St Stephen's College, Pathanapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Aseer Manilal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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