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Nguyen VT, Collier TC, Seok S, Wang X, Mburu MM, Simubali L, Gebhardt ME, Norris DE, Lee Y. The first genome sequence of Anopheles squamous from Macha, Zambia. F1000Res 2023; 12:330. [PMID: 37842340 PMCID: PMC10568211 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130734.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to minimize the impacts of malaria and reduce the number of primary vectors, malaria has yet to be eliminated in Zambia. Understudied vector species may perpetuate malaria transmission in pre-elimination settings. Anopheles squamosus is one of the most abundantly caught mosquito species in southern Zambia and has previously been found with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, a causal agent of human malaria. This species may be a critical vector of malaria transmission, however, there is a lack of genetic information available for An. squamosus. We report the first genome data and the first complete mitogenome (Mt) sequence of An. squamosus. The sequence was extracted from one individual mosquito from the Chidakwa area in Macha, Zambia. The raw reads were obtained using Illumina Novaseq 6000 and assembled through NOVOplasty alignment with related species. The length of the An. squamosus Mt was 15,351 bp, with 77.9 % AT content. The closest match to the whole mitochondrial genome in the phylogenetic tree is the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Its genome data is available through National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequencing Reads Archive (SRA) with accession number SRR22114392. The mitochondrial genome was deposited in NCBI GenBank with the accession number OP776919. The ITS2 containing contig sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession number OQ241725. Mitogenome annotation and a phylogenetic tree with related Anopheles mosquito species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T. Nguyen
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32962, USA
| | | | - Sangwoo Seok
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32962, USA
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32962, USA
| | | | | | - Mary E. Gebhardt
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Douglas E. Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32962, USA
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Gebhardt ME, Krizek RS, Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL, Dahan-Moss Y, Mbewe D, Lupiya JS, Muleba M, Stevenson JC, Moss WJ, Norris DE. Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia. Malar J 2022; 21:211. [PMID: 35780113 PMCID: PMC9250713 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nchelenge District in northern Zambia suffers from holoendemic malaria transmission despite a decade of yearly indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated net (ITN) distributions. One hypothesis for this lack of impact is that some vectors in the area may forage in the early evening or outdoors. Anopheles gibbinsi specimens were identified in early evening mosquito collections performed in this study area, and further insight was gleaned into this taxon, including characterizing its genetic identity, feeding preferences, and potential role as a malaria vector. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected in July and August 2019 by CDC light traps in Nchelenge District in indoor sitting rooms, outdoor gathering spaces, and animal pens from 16:00-22:00. Host detection by PCR, COI and ITS2 PCR, and circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA were performed on all samples morphologically identified as An. gibbinsi, and a subset of specimens were selected for COI and ITS2 sequencing. To determine risk factors for increased abundance of An. gibbinsi, a negative binomial generalized linear mixed-effects model was performed with household-level variables of interest. RESULTS Comparison of COI and ITS2 An. gibbinsi reference sequences to the NCBI database revealed > 99% identity to "Anopheles sp. 6" from Kenya. More than 97% of specimens were morphologically and molecularly consistent with An. gibbinsi. Specimens were primarily collected in animal pen traps (59.2%), followed by traps outdoors near where humans gather (24.3%), and traps set indoors (16.5%). Host DNA detection revealed a high propensity for goats, but 5% of specimens with detected host DNA had fed on humans. No specimens were positive for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Animal pens and inland households > 3 km from Lake Mweru were both associated with increased An. gibbinsi abundance. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of An. gibbinsi in Nchelenge District, Zambia. This study provided a species identity for unknown "An. sp. 6" in the NCBI database, which has been implicated in malaria transmission in Kenya. Composite data suggest that this species is largely zoophilic and exophilic, but comes into contact with humans and the malaria parasites they carry. This species should continue to be monitored in Zambia and neighbouring countries as a potential malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gebhardt
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rachel S Krizek
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and the Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, Vector Control Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Mbewe
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - William J Moss
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas E Norris
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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