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Bai YC, Perng WT, Huang JY, Liao PL, Wei JCC. Risk of uveitis in autoimmune diseases patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: A population-based retrospective cohort study. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15099. [PMID: 38450965 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uveitis is a common manifestation of various autoimmune diseases and can lead to severe visual impairment. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that is also used to treat autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HCQ use and the incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the development of uveitis in this study. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using a nationwide database to investigate the incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases who received HCQ treatment. We selected non-HCQ comparison cohort at a 1:1 ratio by propensity score matching on age, sex, index date, urbanization, income, comorbidities, and medications. The data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce selection bias. RESULTS Our study included 15 822 patients with autoimmune diseases. After 1:1 PSM, there were 4555 individuals in both the HCQ group (n = 4555) and the non-HCQ group (n = 4555). The multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used for the estimation of adjusted hazard ratios on uveitis. After PSM, the adjusted hazard ratio for the HCQ group was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58-0.95). These findings suggest that HCQ may play a protective role in reducing the risk of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus groups. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves also showed a significantly lower incidence of uveitis in the HCQ group (log-rank = 0.0229) after PSM. CONCLUSION HCQ use is associated with a lower incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Bai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wuu-Tsun Perng
- Department of Recreational Sport & Health Promotion, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Dainichi T, Iwata M, Kaku Y. Alopecia areata: What's new in the epidemiology, comorbidities, and pathogenesis? J Dermatol Sci 2023; 112:120-127. [PMID: 37833164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, acquired, and nonscarring type of hair loss that affects people of every generation and is intractable in severe and relapsing cases. Patients with AA, especially those with greater scalp involvement, have poor health-related quality-of-life scores. PURPOSE Following our previous review article in the April 2017 issue of the Journal of Dermatological Science, we aim to provide a pair of review articles on recent progress in multidisciplinary approaches to AA. MAIN FINDINGS We found more than 1800 publications on AA from July 2016 to December 2022. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focused on the latest information on the epidemiology, comorbidities, and pathogenesis of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Masashi Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yo Kaku
- Department of Dermatology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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3
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Zhong S, Lan L, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Wen Y. Association between genetically predicted rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia areata: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269640. [PMID: 38022630 PMCID: PMC10644376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although numerous observational studies have indicated a potential association between autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and alopecia areata (AA), the research reports lack a clear causal relationship. In this study, our objective is to utilize the Mendelian randomization (MR) design to examine the potential causal association between RA and AA. Methods To investigate the causal relationship between RA and AA, we utilized large-scale gene aggregation data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including RA (n=58,284) and AA (n=361,822) based on previous observational studies. In our analysis, we mainly employed the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method of the random effects model, supplemented by the weighted median (WM) method and the MR Egger method. Results The findings from the IVW methods revealed a significant association between genetically predicted RA and an increased likelihood of AA, as evidenced by an odds ratio of 1.21 (95%CI = 1.11-1.32; P < 0.001. Both the WM method and MR-Egger regression consistently showed significant directional outcomes (Both P < 0.05), indicating a robust association between RA and AA. Additionally, both the funnel plot and the MR-Egger intercepts provided evidence of the absence of directional pleiotropy, suggesting that the observed association is not influenced by other common genetic factors. Conclusions The results of the study suggest a possible link between genetically predicted RA and AA. This finding highlights the importance for individuals diagnosed with RA to remain vigilant and aware of the potential development of AA. Regular monitoring and early detection can be crucial in managing and addressing this potential complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Liting Lan
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, Longgang Maternity and Child Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
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Rodríguez-Tamez G, Herz-Ruelas ME, Gómez-Flores M, Ocampo-Candiani J, Chavez-Alvarez S. Hair Disorders in Autoimmune Diseases. Skin Appendage Disord 2023; 9:84-93. [PMID: 36937160 PMCID: PMC10015649 DOI: 10.1159/000527933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common feature in several autoimmune diseases. With a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, it may manifest with a scarring or non-scarring nature, in a diffuse, patchy, or localized pattern. We as dermatologists have the opportunity of assessing patients with hair loss who may have an underlying undiagnosed autoimmune disorder. This review aimed to describe the main clinical, trichoscopic, and histopathological features of hair disorders associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Chavez-Alvarez
- Dermatology Department, Facultad de Medicina, “Dr. José E. González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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Shirazi F, Shakoei S, Nasimi M, Saffarian Z, Abedini R. The Relationship Between ABO and Rh Blood Groups with Alopecia Areata. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1301a60. [PMID: 36892374 PMCID: PMC9946075 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1301a60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alopecia areata (AA) is a common non-scaring hair loss disease. Genetic susceptibility and environmental factors can develop the disease. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between AA and ABO and Rh blood groups. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 200 patients with AA and 200 healthy controls (HCs) between March 2021 and September 2021. RESULTS The prevalence of blood groups O, A, B, and AB in patients with AA was 30%, 30.5%, 10.5%, and 29%, respectively. A significant difference was detected between the two groups in the frequency of the ABO and ABO*Rh blood groups (p-value < 0.05). Compared to the HCs, the prevalence of the AB and AB+ blood group was higher in AA patients. No significant relationship was detected between sex, BMI, duration of disease, age at onset, severity of alopecia tool (SALT) score, hair loss pattern, and nail involvement with ABO and Rh blood groups (p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the highest difference was related to the AB+ blood group, so compared to HCs, the AB+ blood group frequency was higher in patients with AA. However, more studies with larger sample sizes on different ethnicities should be performed to verify the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Shirazi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoura Shakoei
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasimi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saffarian
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Robabeh Abedini
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Lo CH, Wang YH, Tsai CF, Chan KC, Li LC, Lo TH, Su CH, Wei JCC. Correspondence on ' Festina lente: hydroxychloroquine, COVID-19 and the role of the rheumatologist' by Graef et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:e163. [PMID: 32769154 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien Hsien Lo
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Feng Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei Chuan Chan
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li Ching Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, DaChien General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tse Hsien Lo
- Department of Internal Medicine, DaChien General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun Hung Su
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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7
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Alomaish AR, Gosadi IM, Dallak FH, Darraj AI, Jaafari SM, Alshamakhy AE, Mleeh NT. Quality of Life and the Presence of Depression Among Adults with Hair Loss in the South of Saudi Arabia. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1989-1996. [PMID: 35957760 PMCID: PMC9359494 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s375247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to measure quality of life and the presence of depression among adults suffering from perceived hair loss. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design that targeted adult subjects with perceived hair loss in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected during interviews in selected primary healthcare centers. Data pertaining to the demography, quality of life, and presence of depression in participants were collected. Quality of life was assessed via a modified Arabic version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The presence of depression was assessed via Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A chi-squared test was used to detect statistically significant differences between the levels of quality of life and depression and the measured demographic characteristics. Results A total of 483 subjects reported having hair loss. The median age of the sample was 30 years. The majority of the respondents were female (74.5%) and had university-level education (71.4%). Only 169 (35%) reported seeking medical advice concerning their hair loss. The effect of hair loss on quality of life score varied between 2 and 29, with a median score of 6. The median depression level was 6, and the level varied between 0 and 27. Gender, education level, seeking medical care due to hair loss, and worsening of hair loss seem to have an impact on quality of life and depression levels (p values < 0.05). Conclusion Nearly half of the sample experienced a more than moderate impact on their quality of life induced by their perceived hair loss. Additionally, more than half of the sample exhibited moderate or stronger levels of depression. Encouraging subjects with perceived hair loss to seek medical advice concerning their hair loss may result in early identification, appropriate diagnosis, and the use of curative measures, may consequently improving patients’ quality of life and preventing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Ibrahim M Gosadi, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2349, Jazan, 82621, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966562137711, Email
| | | | | | | | - Arar E Alshamakhy
- Department of Dermatology, at Prince Muhammad Bin Nassir Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf T Mleeh
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hsieh JP, Lee YH, Wun BJ, Wang YH, Tsou HK, Wei JCC. No increased risk of alopecia in ankylosing spondylitis patients: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 25:937-944. [PMID: 35880581 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and alopecia. METHODS In this cohort study, data from over 1 000 000 patients in the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database were extracted. We selected newly diagnosed (outpatient department visit three or more times or admission at least once) patients with AS (ICD-9-CM = 720.0) from 2000 to 2012. For the non-AS comparison group, patients never diagnosed with AS were chosen from 1999 to 2013. In all, 3640 AS patients and 14 560 non-AS controls were selected. Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to present the results. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) in the Cox proportional hazard model was adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atopic dermatitis, and mental disorder. RESULTS No increased risk of alopecia in AS patients was shown in the Cox proportional hazard model (crude HR 1.16, P = 0.595; adjusted HR 1.16, P = 0.599). Negative results are found as well in subgroup analysis of different age, sex (age 20-40 y: HR 1.03, P = 0.925; Age ≥40 y: HR 1.49, P = 0.406; Female: HR 1.17, P = 0.759; Male: HR 1.15, P = 0.667), and phenotypes of alopecia (androgenetic alopecia: HR 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-2.41; alopecia areata: HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.37-2.62). A significant positive correlation is found between atopic dermatitis and alopecia (adjusted HR 8.05, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION In this population-based cohort study, we found no association of risk of alopecia and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Peijer Hsieh
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yung-Heng Lee
- Department of Senior Services Industry Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan ROC.,Department of Recreation and Sport Management, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC.,Department of Orthopedics, Cishan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Bo-Jyun Wun
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hsi-Kai Tsou
- Functional Neurosurgery Division, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.,Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC.,College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
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Alomaish AR, Gosadi IM, Dallak FH, Durayb AA, Dallak AH, Hakami JA, Hakami AM, Alshamakhy AE, Mleeh NT. Prevalence of alopecia and its contributing factors among primary healthcare attendees in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3851-3856. [PMID: 34934691 PMCID: PMC8653465 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1070_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia is a common health condition that can be associated with social and psychological consequences. Aims This study aims to estimate the prevalence of hair loss and its associated risk factors among primary healthcare center (PHC) attendees in the Jazan region. Methods This investigation was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Jazan region of southwest Saudi Arabia. A total of 23 PHCs were randomly selected from five governorates in the region. Data were collected via interviewing PHCs attendees and were asked about their demographic characteristics, presence of hair loss, and among attendees who confirmed having hair loss, they were further asked about associated clinical features, healthcare-seeking behavior, and factors that might contribute to the development of their condition. Results A total of 729 participants consented to be involved in this study. The number of respondents who reported having hair loss was 483, representing 66.3% of the whole sample. Gender appears to have the highest level of variability, with the majority of participants reporting hair loss being female (P < 0.001). The most frequently reported type of hair loss was telogen effluvium, followed by androgenic alopecia. A total of 185 respondents reported taking medications to treat their hair loss, of whom 108 (58.3%) did not seek any medical advice to identify the cause of their condition. Limitations The main weakness of this investigation is related to relying on a reported presence of hair loss without having it confirmed with a clinical diagnosis. Conclusion A minority of participants who reported suffering from hair loss were further evaluated by healthcare professionals to learn the cause of their hair loss. This may indicate the presence of poor hair care and the probability of a higher risk of hair loss requiring the development of suitable preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amjad A Durayb
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Dallak
- Intensive Care Unit, Aseer Central Hospital, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ayman M Hakami
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arar E Alshamakhy
- Department of Dermatology, Prince Muhammad Bin Nassir Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf T Mleeh
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Lo CH, Wei JCC, Wang YH, Tsai CF, Chan KC, Li LC, Lo TH, Su CH. Hydroxychloroquine Does Not Increase the Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmia in Common Rheumatic Diseases: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631869. [PMID: 33868251 PMCID: PMC8050346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is widely used to treat rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Cardiac arrhythmia has been concerned as important safety issue for HCQ. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hydroxychloroquine increases new-onset arrhythmia among patients with RA, SLE or SS. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that conducted from the longitudinal health insurance database of Taiwan. Patients with newly diagnosed RA, SLE or SS with age ≥20 years old were selected from 2000 to 2012. Patients who received HCQ and without HCQ treatment groups were matched by propensity score to minimize the effect of selection bias and confounders. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the risk of arrhythmia between the two groups after controlling for related variables. Results A total of 15892 patients were selected to participate and finally 3575 patients were enrolled in each group after matching. There was no different risk of all arrhythmia in patients using HCQ than without HCQ (adjusted hazards ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.61-1.07) and ventricular arrhythmia as well. The incidence of arrhythmia did not increase when HCQ co-administrated with macrolides. The arrhythmia risk was also not different regardless of daily HCQ dose <400mg or ≥400mg or follow-up duration of ≦4 months or >4 months. Conclusion The administration of HCQ did not increase the risk of all cardiac arrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmia regardless of different duration of treatment (≦4 months or >4 months) or cumulative dose (<400mg or ≥400mg) in patients with common autoimmune diseases such as RA, SLE and SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsien Lo
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hsien Lo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Da Chien General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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