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Wang S, Yang H. Low-molecular-weight heparin ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in aged male rats via protection of tight junction proteins. Biogerontology 2024:10.1007/s10522-024-10118-6. [PMID: 38970715 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier weakens and chronic gut inflammation occurs in old age, causing age-related illnesses. Recent research shows that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), besides anticoagulation, also has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, protecting the intestinal barrier. This study aims to analyze the effect of LMWH on the intestinal barrier of old male rodents. This study assigned Sprague-Dawley male rats to four groups: young (3 months), young + LMWH, old (20 months), and old + LMWH. The LMWH groups received 1 mg/kg LMWH via subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine morphological changes in intestinal mucosa due to aging. Intestinal permeability was measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. ELISA kits were used to measure serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β, while Quantitative RT-PCR detected their mRNA levels in intestinal tissues. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluated the tight junction (TJ) protein levels such as occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and claudin-2. Western blotting assessed the expression of the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3, while IHC was used to detect LGR5+ intestinal stem cells. The intestinal permeability of aged rats was significantly higher than that of young rats, indicating significant differences. With age, the protein levels of occludin and ZO-1 decreased significantly, while the level of claudin-2 increased significantly. Meanwhile, our study found that the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 increased significantly with age. LMWH intervention effectively alleviated age-related intestinal barrier dysfunction. In aged rats treated with LMWH, the expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins in the intestine increased, while the expression of claudin-2 decreased. Furthermore, LMWH administration in aged rats resulted in a decrease in IL-1β and IL-6 levels. LMWH also reduced age-related cleaved caspase3 expression, but IHC showed no difference in LGR5+ intestinal stem cells between groups. Research suggests that LMWH could potentially be a favorable therapeutic choice for age-related diseases associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, by protecting TJ proteins, reducing inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Emergency Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Liao YE, Liu J, Arnold K. Heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in sepsis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146685. [PMID: 36865384 PMCID: PMC9971734 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are the main components in the glycocalyx which covers endothelial cells and modulates vascular homeostasis through interactions with multiple Heparan sulfate binding proteins (HSBPs). During sepsis, heparanase increases and induces HS shedding. The process causes glycocalyx degradation, exacerbating inflammation and coagulation in sepsis. The circulating heparan sulfate fragments may serve as a host defense system by neutralizing dysregulated Heparan sulfate binding proteins or pro-inflammatory molecules in certain circumstances. Understanding heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in health and sepsis is critical to decipher the dysregulated host response in sepsis and advance drug development. In this review, we will overview the current understanding of HS in glycocalyx under septic condition and the dysfunctional heparan sulfate binding proteins as potential drug targets, particularly, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and histones. Moreover, several drug candidates based on heparan sulfates or related to heparan sulfates, such as heparanase inhibitors or heparin-binding protein (HBP), will be discussed regarding their recent advances. By applying chemical or chemoenzymatic approaches, the structure-function relationship between heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins is recently revealed with structurally defined heparan sulfates. Such homogenous heparan sulfates may further facilitate the investigation of the role of heparan sulfates in sepsis and the development of carbohydrate-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-En Liao
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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3
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Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in inflammatory evolution in severe acute pancreatitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2773-2784. [PMID: 36729096 PMCID: PMC9945416 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a life-threatening acute abdominal disease with two peaks of death: the first in the early stage, characterized by systemic inflammatory response-associated organ failure; and the second in the late stage, characterized by infectious complications. Neutrophils are the main immune cells participating in the whole process of SAP. In addition to the traditional recognition of neutrophils as the origination of chemokine and cytokine cascades or phagocytosis and degranulation of pathogens, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) also play an important roles in inflammatory reactions. We reviewed the role of NETs in the occurrence and development of SAP and its fatal complications, including multiple organs injury, infected pancreatic necrosis, and thrombosis. This review provides novel insights into the involvement of NETs throughout the entire process of SAP, showing that targeting NETs might be a promising strategy in SAP treatment. However, precision therapeutic options targeting NETs in different situations require further investigation.
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Ngo ATP, Gollomp K. Building a better
NET
: Neutrophil extracellular trap targeted therapeutics in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anh T. P. Ngo
- Division of Hematology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kandace Gollomp
- Division of Hematology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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5
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Tanaka Y, Yamanaka N, Koyano I, Hasunuma I, Kobayashi T, Kikuyama S, Iwamuro S. Dual Roles of Extracellular Histone H3 in Host Defense: Its Differential Regions Responsible for Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties and Their Modes of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091240. [PMID: 36140018 PMCID: PMC9495139 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular histones play a dual role—antimicrobial and cytotoxic—in host defense. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of histone H3 and identified the responsible molecular regions for these properties. Broth microdilution assays indicated that histone H3 exhibits growth inhibitory activity against not only Gram-negative and -positive bacteria but also fungi. Observations under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that histone H3 induced morphological abnormalities on the cell surface of a wide range of reference pathogens. MTT assays and SEM observations indicated that histone H3 has strong cytotoxic and cell lytic effects on mammalian normal, immortal, and tumor cell lines. Assays using synthetic peptides corresponding to fragments 1–34 (H3DP1), 35–68 (H3DP2), 69–102 (H3DP3), and 103–135 (H3DP4) of histone H3 molecule demonstrated that its antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity are elicited by the H3DP2 and H3DP3 protein regions, respectively. Enzyme-linked endotoxin binding assays indicated that histones H3 and H3DP1, H3DP2, and H3DP4, but not H3DP3, exhibited high affinities toward lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Our findings are expected to contribute to the development of new histone H3-based peptide antibiotics that are not cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamanaka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Izumi Koyano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hasunuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shawichi Iwamuro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-472-5206
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6
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Wang Z, Wang X, Guo Z, Liao H, Chai Y, Wang Z, Wang Z. Reduning Attenuates LPS-Induced Human Unmilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) Apoptosis Through PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921337. [PMID: 35903333 PMCID: PMC9315302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of Reduning (RDN) in the treatment of sepsis was analyzed based on network pharmacology. The system pharmacology method was administered to search the active ingredients and targets of RDN, identify the sepsis-related genes, and determine the targets of RDN in the treatment of sepsis. Cytoscape was used to build a “drug component-target” network to screen key compounds. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING, and core targets were revealed through topological analysis. 404 shared targets of RDN and sepsis were introduced into DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8 for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis to predict their possible signaling pathways and explore their molecular mechanisms. GO enrichment analysis highlighted that they were largely related to protein phosphorylation, inflammatory reaction, and positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. KEGG enrichment analysis outlined that they were enriched in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, rhoptry-associated protein 1 (Rap1) signaling pathway, and advanced glycation end products and receptors for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway. Molecular biological validation results exposed that RDN could significantly improve the protein expression of p-AKT and p-PI3K, alleviate apoptosis-related proteins expression level and decrease apoptosis rate in LPS-induced HUVECs. In conclusion, it was illustrated that RDN could considerably constrain LPS-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which advocated a basis for fundamental mechanism research and clinical application of RDN in the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Liver Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Liao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong Wang,
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7
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Heparin: An old drug for new clinical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Arnaud M, Loiselle M, Vaganay C, Pons S, Letavernier E, Demonchy J, Fodil S, Nouacer M, Placier S, Frère P, Arrii E, Lion J, Mooney N, Itzykson R, Djediat C, Puissant A, Zafrani L. Tumor Lysis Syndrome and AKI: Beyond Crystal Mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1154-1171. [PMID: 35523579 PMCID: PMC9161807 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of AKI during tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is not well understood due to the paucity of data. We aimed to decipher crystal-dependent and crystal-independent mechanisms of TLS-induced AKI. METHODS Crystalluria, plasma cytokine levels, and extracellular histones levels were measured in two cohorts of patients with TLS. We developed a model of TLS in syngeneic mice with acute myeloid leukemia, and analyzed ultrastructural changes in kidneys and endothelial permeability using intravital confocal microscopy. In parallel, we studied the endothelial toxicity of extracellular histones in vitro. RESULTS: The study provides the first evidence that previously described crystal-dependent mechanisms are insufficient to explain TLS-induced AKI. Extracellular histones that are released in huge amounts during TLS caused profound endothelial alterations in the mouse model. The mechanisms of histone-mediated damage implicates endothelial cell activation mediated by Toll-like receptor 4. Heparin inhibits extracellular histones and mitigates endothelial dysfunction during TLS. CONCLUSION This study sheds new light on the pathophysiology of TLS-induced AKI and suggests that extracellular histones may constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention in TLS when endothelial dysfunction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Arnaud
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maud Loiselle
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camille Vaganay
- INSERM UMR 944, Saint Louis Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- INSERM UMR S 1155, Sorbonne University, Paris, France,Multidisciplinary Functional Explorations Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jordane Demonchy
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sofiane Fodil
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Manal Nouacer
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Perrine Frère
- INSERM UMR S 1155, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Eden Arrii
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lion
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Itzykson
- INSERM UMR 944, Saint Louis Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France,Department of Hematology, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Chakib Djediat
- Electron Microscopy Department, UMR 7245, Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- INSERM UMR 944, Saint Louis Hospital, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 976, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France .,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
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9
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Hidalgo A, Libby P, Soehnlein O, Aramburu IV, Papayannopoulos V, Silvestre-Roig C. Neutrophil extracellular traps: from physiology to pathology. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2737-2753. [PMID: 34648022 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At the frontline of the host defense response, neutrophil antimicrobial functions have adapted to combat infections and injuries of different origins and magnitude. The release of web-like DNA structures named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitutes an important mechanism by which neutrophils prevent pathogen dissemination or deal with microorganisms of a bigger size. At the same time, nuclear and granule proteins with microbicidal activity bind to these DNA structures promoting the elimination of entrapped pathogens. However, these toxic properties may produce unwanted effects in the host, when neutrophils uncontrollably release NETs upon persistent inflammation. As a consequence, NET accumulation can produce vessel occlusion, tissue damage, and prolonged inflammation associating with the progression and exacerbation of multiple pathologic conditions. This review outlines recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of NET release and functions in sterile disease. We also discuss mechanisms of physiological regulation and the importance of neutrophil heterogeneity in NET formation and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hidalgo
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iker Valle Aramburu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Defence, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Germany
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10
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Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang L, Song T, Su B. Commentary: Heparin Attenuates Histone-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Septic Acute Kidney Injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:647741. [PMID: 33959625 PMCID: PMC8093565 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.647741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Li Y, Wan D, Luo X, Song T, Wang Y, Yu Q, Jiang L, Liao R, Zhao W, Su B. Circulating Histones in Sepsis: Potential Outcome Predictors and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650184. [PMID: 33868288 PMCID: PMC8044749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Circulating histones (CHs), a group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules mainly derived from neutrophil extracellular traps, play a crucial role in sepsis by mediating inflammation response, organ injury and death through Toll-like receptors or inflammasome pathways. Herein, we first elucidate the molecular mechanisms of histone-induced inflammation amplification, endothelium injury and cascade coagulation activation, and discuss the close correlation between elevated level of CHs and disease severity as well as mortality in patients with sepsis. Furthermore, current state-of-the-art on anti-histone therapy with antibodies, histone-binding proteins (namely recombinant thrombomodulin and activated protein C), and heparin is summarized to propose promising approaches for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingyuan Wan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyao Luo
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Song
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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