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Estephan LE, Kumar G, Stewart M, Banoub R, Linnenbach A, Harshyne LA, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Mahoney MG, Curry JM, Johnson J, South AP, Luginbuhl AJ. Altered extracellular matrix correlates with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and disease progression in younger adults with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1412212. [PMID: 38957320 PMCID: PMC11217481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurs most frequently in patients >60 years old with a history of tobacco and alcohol use. Epidemiological studies describe increased incidence of OSCC in younger adults (<45 years). Despite its poor prognosis, knowledge of OSCC tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics in younger adults is scarce and could help inform possible resistance to emerging treatment options. Methods Patients with OSCC were evaluated using TCGA-HNSC (n=121) and a stage and subsite-matched institutional cohort (n=8) to identify differential gene expression focusing on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes in younger (≤45 years) vs. older adults (≥60 years). NanoString nCounter analysis was performed using isolated total RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Stained tumor slides from young and old OSCC patients were evaluated for CD8+ T-cell counts using immunohistochemistry. Results Younger OSCC patients demonstrated significantly increased expression of ECM remodeling and EMT process genes, as well as TME immunosuppression. Gene set enrichment analyses demonstrated increased ECM pathways and concurrent decreased immune pathways in young relative to old patients. Transcripts per million of genetic markers involved in ECM remodeling including LAMB3, VCAN, S100A9, COL5A1, and ITGB2 were significantly increased in tumors of younger vs. older patients (adjusted p-value < 0.10). Young patient TMEs demonstrated a 2.5-fold reduction in CD8+ T-cells as compared to older patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion Differential gene expression impacting ECM remodeling and TME immunosuppression may contribute to disease progression in younger adult OSCC and has implications on response to evolving treatment modalities, such as immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard E. Estephan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Raphael Banoub
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alban Linnenbach
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outschoorn
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - My G. Mahoney
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph M. Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew P. South
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam J. Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Vassileff N, Spiers JG, Bamford SE, Lowe RGT, Datta KK, Pigram PJ, Hill AF. Microglial activation induces nitric oxide signalling and alters protein S-nitrosylation patterns in extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12455. [PMID: 38887871 PMCID: PMC11183937 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an underlying feature of neurodegenerative conditions, often appearing early in the aetiology of a disease. Microglial activation, a prominent initiator of neuroinflammation, can be induced through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment resulting in expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO). NO post-translationally modifies cysteine thiols through S-nitrosylation, which can alter function of the target protein. Furthermore, packaging of these NO-modified proteins into extracellular vesicles (EVs) allows for the exertion of NO signalling in distant locations, resulting in further propagation of the neuroinflammatory phenotype. Despite this, the NO-modified proteome of activated microglial EVs has not been investigated. This study aimed to identify the protein post-translational modifications NO signalling induces in neuroinflammation. EVs isolated from LPS-treated microglia underwent mass spectral surface imaging using time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), in addition to iodolabelling and comparative proteomic analysis to identify post-translation S-nitrosylation modifications. ToF-SIMS imaging successfully identified cysteine thiol side chains modified through NO signalling in the LPS treated microglial-derived EV proteins. In addition, the iodolabelling proteomic analysis revealed that the EVs from LPS-treated microglia carried S-nitrosylated proteins indicative of neuroinflammation. These included known NO-modified proteins and those associated with LPS-induced microglial activation that may play an essential role in neuroinflammatory communication. Together, these results show activated microglia can exert broad NO signalling changes through the selective packaging of EVs during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Vassileff
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jereme G. Spiers
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Clear Vision Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and MedicineThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Bamford
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Mathematical and Physical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rohan G. T. Lowe
- La Trobe University Proteomics and Metabolomics PlatformLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keshava K. Datta
- La Trobe University Proteomics and Metabolomics PlatformLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paul J. Pigram
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Mathematical and Physical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- The Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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Jin M, Fan W, Piao J, Zhao F, Piao J. Effects of lncRNA MTC on protein expression in skin fibroblasts of Liaoning Cashmere goat based on iTRAQ technique. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2817-2826. [PMID: 36093624 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2119406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Existing experiments have found a new intergenic lncRNA activated by melatonin, which is called lncRNA MTC. However, the regulatory mechanism of lncRNA MTC in Liaoning Cashmere goat skin fibroblasts has not been clarified. Specific knockdown of lncRNA MTC inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. iTRAQ reagent was used for relative and absolute quantification of proteins in lncRNA MTC-KD and NC groups to evaluate changes in protein expression during dermal fibroblast development following lncRNA MTC deletion. A total of 5931 proteins were found in Liaoning Cashmere goat skin fibroblasts, of which 123 were differentially expressed, including 32 up-regulated proteins and 91 down-regulated proteins. Of the 91 down-regulated proteins, 32 act mainly through related pathways (e.g., cell cycle, mitochondrial function, ribosomal structure, vesicular transport, cytoskeletal components and skin morphogenesis). LncRNA MTC facilitates the proliferation of Liaoning Cashmere goat skin fibroblasts by regulating ITGB5, TlN2, CTSS, POLG, RAP1B, CHAF1A, CDCA8 and other proteins involved in cell proliferation. The results of this study provide some candidate proteins for the in-depth investigation of the molecular mechanism of lncRNA MTC, which facilitates hair growth in cashmere goats and provides more insights into their regulatory networks and biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiyu Fan
- Department of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Piao
- Department of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Fengqin Zhao
- Department of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing'ai Piao
- Department of Life Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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Menon R, Otto EA, Barisoni L, Melo Ferreira R, Limonte CP, Godfrey B, Eichinger F, Nair V, Naik AS, Subramanian L, D'Agati V, Henderson JM, Herlitz L, Kiryluk K, Moledina DG, Moeckel GW, Palevsky PM, Parikh CR, Randhawa P, Rosas SE, Rosenberg AZ, Stillman I, Toto R, Torrealba J, Vazquez MA, Waikar SS, Alpers CE, Nelson RG, Eadon MT, Kretzler M, Hodgin JB. Defining the molecular correlate of arteriolar hyalinosis in kidney disease progression by integration of single cell transcriptomic analysis and pathology scoring. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.14.23291150. [PMID: 37398386 PMCID: PMC10312894 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.23291150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Arteriolar hyalinosis in kidneys is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, the main cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The underlying molecular mechanisms of protein accumulation in the subendothelial space are not well understood. Using single cell transcriptomic data and whole slide images from kidney biopsies of patients with CKD and acute kidney injury in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project, the molecular signals associated with arteriolar hyalinosis were evaluated. Co-expression network analysis of the endothelial genes yielded three gene set modules as significantly associated with arteriolar hyalinosis. Pathway analysis of these modules showed enrichment of transforming growth factor beta / bone morphogenetic protein (TGFβ / BMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways in the endothelial cell signatures. Ligand-receptor analysis identified multiple integrins and cell adhesion receptors as over-expressed in arteriolar hyalinosis, suggesting a potential role of integrin-mediated TGFβ signaling. Further analysis of arteriolar hyalinosis associated endothelial module genes identified focal segmental glomerular sclerosis as an enriched term. On validation in gene expression profiles from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network cohort, one of the three modules was significantly associated with the composite endpoint (> 40% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or kidney failure) independent of age, sex, race, and baseline eGFR, suggesting poor prognosis with elevated expression of genes in this module. Thus, integration of structural and single cell molecular features yielded biologically relevant gene sets, signaling pathways and ligand-receptor interactions, underlying arteriolar hyalinosis and putative targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Shang Y, Piantino M, Zeng J, Louis F, Xie Z, Furihata T, Matsusaki M. Control of blood capillary networks and holes in blood-brain barrier models by regulating elastic modulus of scaffolds. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100714. [PMID: 37545563 PMCID: PMC10401288 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a type of capillary network characterized by a highly selective barrier, which restricts the transport of substances between the blood and nervous system. Numerous in vitro models of the BBB have been developed for drug testing, but a BBB model with controllable capillary structures remains a major challenge. In this study, we report for the first time a unique method of controlling the blood capillary networks and characteristic holes formation in a BBB model by varying the elastic modulus of a three-dimensional scaffold. The characteristic hole structures are formed by the migration of endothelial cells from the model surface to the interior, which have functions of connecting the model interior to the external environment. The hole depth increased, as the elastic modulus of the fibrin gel scaffold increased, and the internal capillary network length increased with decreasing elastic modulus. Besides, internal astrocytes and pericytes were also found to be important for inducing hole formation from the model surface. Furthermore, RNA sequencing indicated up-regulated genes related to matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenesis, suggesting a relationship between enzymatic degradation of the scaffolds and hole formation. The findings of this study introduce a new method of fabricating complex BBB models for drug assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Shang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marie Piantino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, Kojimachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fiona Louis
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN INC.) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhengtian Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN INC.) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Xie J, Gu A, He H, Zhao Q, Yu Y, Chen J, Cheng Z, Zhou P, Zhou Q, Jin M. Autoimmune thyroid disease disrupts immune homeostasis in the endometrium of unexplained infertility women-a single-cell RNA transcriptome study during the implantation window. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1185147. [PMID: 37501789 PMCID: PMC10368980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1185147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is known to be associated with unexplained infertility in women. Although the presence of antithyroid antibodies have been speculated to be a marker of an immune imbalance that might lead to implantation failure, its underlying mechanism influencing the endometrial receptivity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect immune microenvironment in endometrium of AITD patients during window of implantation (WOI). Methods We collected CD45+ immune cell populations of endometrium samples of unexplained infertile women with AITD (n=3), as well as samples of AITD- controls (n=3). The cells were then processed with 10X Genomics Chromium for further analysis. Results We characterized 28 distinct immune cell subtypes totally, and uncovered differences in the composition and gene expression patterns between AITD patients and controls. The proportions of T CD4+, cNK, ILC3, T CD8+ GZMK+, T CD8+ Cytotoxic and ILC3 CD3E - cells were increased, and CD366+ uNK1 was decreased in AITD+ patients. And the abnormal expression of GNLY and chemokines was observed in AITD patients. In addition, uNK and T CD8+ Cytotoxic cells showed lower cytotoxicity but activation of immune response. Genes enriched in cell adhesion of ILC3 and Tregs were downregulated, while the number of ILC3 and Tregs were increased. Conclusion Immune imbalance exists in endometrium during WOI, which may impact embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Xie
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiyuan Gu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangyi He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaohang Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangliang Cheng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Min Jin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Sun X, Ding T, Wang B, Chang Z, Fei H, Geng L, Wang Y. Identification of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes as potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1111812. [PMID: 36873898 PMCID: PMC9977830 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to analyze potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis (SSc) by constructing lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes (cirexos). Materials and methods Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in SSc cirexos were screened using high-throughput sequencing and detected with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the DisGeNET, GeneCards, GSEA4.2.3, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, correlation analyses, and a double-luciferase reporter gene detection assay were used to analyze competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and clinical data. Results In this study, 286 DEmRNAs and 192 DElncRNAs were screened, of which 18 DEGs were the same as the SSc-related genes. The main SSc-related pathways included extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, local adhesion, platelet activation, and IgA production by the intestinal immune network. A hub gene, COL1A1, was obtained by a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Four ceRNA networks were predicted through Cytoscape. The relative expression levels of COL1A1, ENST0000313807, and NON-HSAT194388.1 were significantly higher in SSc, while the relative expression levels of hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, and hsa-miR-29c-3p were significantly lower in SSc (P < 0.05). The ROC curve showed that the ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network as a combined biomarker of SSc is more valuable than independent diagnosis, and that it is correlated with high-resolution CT (HRCT), Scl-70, C-reactive protein (CRP), Ro-52, IL-10, IgM, lymphocyte percentage, neutrophil percentage, albumin divided by globulin, urea, and RDW-SD (P < 0.05). Double-luciferase reporter gene detection showed that ENST00000313807 interacts with hsa-miR-29a-3p, which interacts with COL1A1. Conclusion The ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network in plasma cirexos represents a potential combined biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tiantian Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Baoyue Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhifang Chang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongchang Fei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lixia Geng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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