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Lee DN, Yeom S, Lee DH, Lim SC. Kimura Disease of the Head and Neck Region. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024:1455613241288487. [PMID: 39367732 DOI: 10.1177/01455613241288487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: We analyzed the clinical characteristics and treatment results in surgical patients with a final diagnosis of Kimura disease. Patients and Methods: A total of 8 patients with a final diagnosis of Kimura disease of the head and neck region after surgery from January 2007 to December 2022 were enrolled. Results: The most common symptom was a mass in the head and neck region (n = 7), followed by incidental detection (n = 1). Multiple head and neck lesions were observed except for 1 patient with Kimura disease in the buccal space. Kimura disease could not be diagnosed in 5 patients who underwent preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology. All patients underwent surgical resection. No major complications after surgery occurred. Six patients received steroids after surgery, with 1 patient undergoing radiotherapy as a side effect of steroid treatment. During the follow-up period, 5 patients relapsed. Of the parameters assessed, only longer symptom duration was statistically significant with relapse of Kimura disease. Conclusion: Clinicians should suspect Kimura disease based on asymptomatic masses, peripheral blood eosinophilia, and imaging examinations and make a definitive diagnosis via surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Neung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Sujung Yeom
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeonnam, Korea
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2
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Liu YL, Ran YT, Zhang YF, Peng XT, Xia YM, Yan HL. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of Kimura's disease. QJM 2024; 117:575-580. [PMID: 38492561 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare chronic inflammatory condition characterized by nodules and lymphadenopathy in the head and neck region, exhibiting type II inflammation. Dupilumab is commonly used against type II inflammation. AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in KD patients. DESIGN The real-world study was conducted in a hospital in China. METHODS Six male patients with a mean age of 24.50 ± 15.47 years were treated with dupilumab following the same protocol as that for atopic dermatitis (AD). Clinical and laboratory indicators, such as maximum nodule diameter, blood eosinophil count, eosinophil percentage, and total serum IgE levels were assessed at baseline, Week 12 and Week 24. Adverse events were documented. Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The results showed significant reductions in the longest nodule diameter at Week 12 (P = 0.006) and Week 24 (P = 0.017) compared to baseline. Blood eosinophil count decreased by 57.95% (P = 0.024) at Week 12 and 90.59% (P = 0.030) at Week 24. Eosinophil percentage decreased by 58.44% (P = 0.026) at Week 12 and 89.37% (P = 0.013) at Week 24. Total serum IgE levels decreased by 78.02% (P = 0.040) at Week 12 and 89.55% (P = 0.031) at Week 24. The presence of AD did not affect the results. One patient experienced temporary facial erythema after 32 weeks of treatment, which resolved with topical treatment. No other adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Dupilumab demonstrated effectiveness in treating KD without severe adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Y T Ran
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Y F Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - X T Peng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Y M Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - H L Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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Le LN, Tran LNT, Pham DL. Kimura disease: A rare case in Vietnamese woman. Asia Pac Allergy 2024; 14:143-147. [PMID: 39220575 PMCID: PMC11365659 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Kimura disease (KD) is a rare benign chronic inflammatory condition that predominantly affects Asian males. It is characterized by subcutaneous tissue masses in the head and neck region, enlarged lymph nodes, increased blood eosinophilia, and elevated serum total IgE levels. In this report, we describe a rare case of KD in a young Vietnamese female. A 31-year-old Vietnamese woman presented to the hospital with 2 masses in the bilateral cheeks and 1 mass behind the left ear that persisted for 15 years, recurrent skin itching, elevated serum total IgE levels, and increased blood eosinophilia. No medical history of the individual or family was recorded. We performed an excision biopsy of the postauricular mass that revealed follicular hyperplasia with small vessel hyperplasia, diffuse infiltration of eosinophils in lymphoid follicles, and several eosinophilic microabscesses. After a comprehensive review, the final diagnosis for this patient was KD and atopic dermatitis comorbidity. In conclusion, KD is not limited to males, as this report demonstrated. The histopathological examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of KD. This case illustrated the characteristic description of KD and highlights the need for awareness of this rare disease in Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyet Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Ngoc Tuong Tran
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Le Pham
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology & Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Allergy & Clinical Immunology Unit, University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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4
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Barbosa GSB, Neves PDMDM, Mohrbacher S, Abdo ANR, Cavalcante LB, de Menezes Y, Sato VAH, Oliveira ÉDS, Pereira LVB, Bales AM, Frediani MM, Chocair PR, Cuvello-Neto AL. Overlap of membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy in a patient with Kimura's disease: a case report and literature review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404954. [PMID: 39072328 PMCID: PMC11272546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by subcutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with peripheral eosinophilia. Kidney involvement is reported in 15%-18% of adult patients with KD, in many cases as nephrotic syndrome. We present a case of overlapping membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy associated with KD. Case report A 27-year-old man was admitted with a history of bilateral leg edema for the last 2 months and concomitant progressive increase of cervical mass and fever. Laboratory findings were as follows: peripheral leukocyte count, 10,080/mm³; eosinophils, 3,200/mm³ (31.7%); serum creatinine, 0.83 mg/dL; and eGFR: 140 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Urinalysis revealed the presence of hematuria and proteinuria and the following results: 24-h proteinuria, 12.9 g; serum albumin, 1.3 g/dL; and elevated IgE level, 750 kU/L. Serologies for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and VDRL were all negative. Complement C3 and C4 levels were normal. No monoclonal protein was detected in blood and urine. Parasite infestation was discarded. A biopsy of the cervical lymph node revealed eosinophilic lymphoid hyperplasia, suggesting KD. A kidney biopsy revealed findings consistent with the overlapping of membranous nephropathy with IgA nephropathy. The patient was treated for KD with prednisone 1 mg/kg/d with progressive dose tapering and posterior association of methotrexate 15 mg/week. A renin-angiotensin system inhibitor was prescribed for nephrotic syndrome. The cervical mass regressed, and proteinuria achieved partial remission, with an increase in serum albumin level and normalization of eosinophils and IgE levels. Conclusion Although uncommon, kidney involvement must be considered in patients with KD. Glomerular diseases are the most frequent form of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Sabrine Braga Barbosa
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes Neves
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Mohrbacher
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yara de Menezes
- Pathology Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Augusto Hamamoto Sato
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érico de Souza Oliveira
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Victor Barbosa Pereira
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Martins Bales
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella Martins Frediani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Renato Chocair
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Américo Lourenço Cuvello-Neto
- Nephrology and Dialysis Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fenech M, Ajanaku A, McCormick A, Coupland SE, Krishna Y, Sultan Z, Ghadiri N. Orbital Kimura disease: maintenance therapy using mycophenolate mofetil. Orbit 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38815210 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2024.2358061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Kimura disease (KD) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory condition, predominantly found in male patients of Asian ethnicity. It typically presents between 50-60 years of age and usually with bilateral disease. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) remains the main differential diagnosis, although histological analysis is essential in differentiating from other similarly presenting pathologies. In this case, we present an atypical case of unilateral orbital KD in a middle-aged, Caucasian, male gentleman and no evidence of regional lymphadenopathy along with a literature review of orbital KD and the differential diagnoses, histological features and management modalities available, adding to the sparse literature on the topic. At present, no recognised diagnostic criteria for KD are available, with histopathological analysis through incisional or excisional biopsy being the primary diagnostic method. Complete surgical excision with or without corticosteroid management remains the most common treatment modality although management is shifting to steroid-sparing immunomodulatory therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case to describe maintenance therapy of KD using mycophenolate mofetil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fenech
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ayodeji Ajanaku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Austin McCormick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Histopathology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yamini Krishna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ziyaad Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nima Ghadiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Nagao N, Yabe H, Hirai K, Hiruta M, Ookawara S, Morishita Y, Nagashima T. Case report: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome in a patient with juvenile temporal arteritis and eosinophilia. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15169. [PMID: 38706213 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Nagao
- Division of Rheumatology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yabe
- Division of Rheumatology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirai
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiruta
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Ookawara
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Morishita
- Division of Nephrology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Nagashima
- Division of Rheumatology, First Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Brito MT, Baptista D, Pereira E, Fonseca E, Almeida JS. Kimura's Disease: A Literature Review Based on a Clinical Case. Cureus 2023; 15:e50463. [PMID: 38222219 PMCID: PMC10786330 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Kimura's disease (KD) was first described in 1937. It is a rare, benign, and chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder affecting the subcutaneous tissue, salivary glands, and lymph nodes. The disease is more common in the second to third decades of life in middle-aged Southeast Asian countries. The cause of Kimura's disease remains unknown; some authors believe it is related to an autoimmune or delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly presents as a solitary painless lymph node in the head and neck or generalized lymphadenopathy (67%-100%) associated with peripheral eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels. Renal involvement may occur in some patients. Diagnosis is made by histology. A 21-year-old Caucasian man with no relevant medical history presented with a non-tender swelling of the left hemiface without other associated symptoms. Laboratory investigations revealed a leukocyte count with eosinophilia (2.29×10^9/L- 26.5%) and elevated total IgE and IgG4. He had no renal dysfunction. He underwent surgical resection of the lesion in the jugal, infraorbital, and left nasolabial regions, and the anatomopathological examination revealed the characteristics of Kimura's disease. Three months after surgery, an MRI showed an increase in the size of the mass, and he was started on corticosteroids. Six months after surgery, he presented with a slight increase in the size of the mass and was started on Ciclosporin, which allowed a progressive reduction in the dose of corticosteroid with evidence of a progressive reduction in swelling. Ciclosporin was stopped due to toxic serum levels, and he was started on mycophenolate mofetil. The dose was increased because of the increase in facial mass; on mycophenolate mofetil 2500mg/day, the patient remains stable. KD is a chronic disorder of unknown etiology that mainly affects young people in Southeast Asia and is rare in Western countries, as in the case of this young man. Studies have shown no significant differences in region or race, complications, multiplicity, laterality, anatomical distribution, maximum size, eosinophil count, or IgE levels between age groups. There is no consensus on the optimal treatment for KD; several treatments have been used, including surgery, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and radiation. Due to the tendency to relapse and the rarity of the disease, there is no consensus on treatment options for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Brito
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Univeristário de São João, Porto, PRT
| | - Diana Baptista
- Pathologic Anatomy, Centro Hospitalar Univeristário de São João, Porto, PRT
| | - Edite Pereira
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Univeristário de São João, Porto, PRT
| | - Elsa Fonseca
- Pathologic Anatomy, Centro Hospitalar Univeristário de São João, Porto, PRT
| | - Jorge S Almeida
- Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, PRT
- Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Univeristário de São João, Porto, PRT
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Braun J, Mairinger T, Kaschke O, Behrendt K, Ramsbacher J, Karberg K. Bilateral swelling of the salivary glands and sicca symptoms: an unusual differential diagnosis-Kimura's disease, a rare allergic condition with a high IgE serum level-a case report and review of the literature. RMD Open 2023; 9:rmdopen-2023-003135. [PMID: 37164447 PMCID: PMC10173963 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old woman presented with bilateral swelling of the salivary glands, sicca symptoms of eyes and mouth, itching, fatigue and weight gain of about 5 kg in the last 2-3 years. As part of a careful diagnostic work up including lab tests for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmatic antiobodies (ANCA), immunoglobulin (Ig)G4, a whole body computed tomography (CT) and a parotid biopsy several rheumatic diseases such as Sjoegren's syndrome, IgG4-related disease and sarcoidosis were ruled out and, considering a very high titre of IgE, Kimura's disease was diagnosed. The case and a short review of the literature are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüergen Braun
- Rheumapraxis Berlin, Ruhr University Bochum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Dept. of Pathology, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum am Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaschke
- Dept of Otorhinolaryngology, St.Gertrauden Krankenhaus, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Behrendt
- Roentgenpraxis Radiologie Eins, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Ramsbacher
- Praxis für Neurochirurgie, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Karberg
- Rheumapraxis Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee CC, Chang SY, Teng WC, Wu CJ, Liu CH, Huang SW, Wu CE, Yu KH, Chan TM. Coexisting Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma and Kimura's Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087666. [PMID: 37108825 PMCID: PMC10146151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare lymphoproliferative fibroinflammatory disorder that commonly affects the subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes of the head and neck. The condition is a reactive process involving T helper type 2 cytokines. Concurrent malignancies have not been described. Differential diagnosis with lymphoma can be challenging without tissue biopsy. Here, we present the first reported case of coexisting KD and eosinophilic nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma of the right cervical lymphatics in a 72-year-old Taiwanese man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Ya Chang
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Teng
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ju Wu
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Liu
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hui Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ming Chan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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