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Balaban Hanoglu S, Harmanci D, Evran S, Timur S. Detection strategies of infectious diseases via peptide-based electrochemical biosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 160:108784. [PMID: 39094447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have threatened human life for as long as humankind has existed. One of the most crucial aspects of fighting against these infections is diagnosis to prevent disease spread. However, traditional diagnostic methods prove insufficient and time-consuming in the face of a pandemic. Therefore, studies focusing on detecting viruses causing these diseases have increased, with a particular emphasis on developing rapid, accurate, specific, user-friendly, and portable electrochemical biosensor systems. Peptides are used integral components in biosensor fabrication for several reasons, including various and adaptable synthesis protocols, long-term stability, and specificity. Here, we discuss peptide-based electrochemical biosensor systems that have been developed over the last decade for the detection of infectious diseases. In contrast to other reports on peptide-based biosensors, we have emphasized the following points i) the synthesis methods of peptides for biosensor applications, ii) biosensor fabrication approaches of peptide-based electrochemical biosensor systems, iii) the comparison of electrochemical biosensors with other peptide-based biosensor systems and the advantages and limitations of electrochemical biosensors, iv) the pros and cons of peptides compared to other biorecognition molecules in the detection of infectious diseases, v) different perspectives for future studies with the shortcomings of the systems developed in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Balaban Hanoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Harmanci
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory, Application and Research Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory, Application and Research Center, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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Lee S, Schefter BR, Taheri-Araghi S, Ha BY. Modeling selectivity of antimicrobial peptides: how it depends on the presence of host cells and cell density. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34167-34182. [PMID: 38020026 PMCID: PMC10663724 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally-occurring peptide antibiotics, are known to attack bacteria selectively over the host cells. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has spurred much effort in utilizing optimized (more selective) AMPs as new peptide antibiotics. Cell selectivity of these peptides depends on various factors or parameters such as their binding affinity for cell membranes, peptide trapping in cells, peptide coverages on cell membranes required for membrane rupture, and cell densities. In this work, using a biophysical model of peptide selectivity, we show this dependence quantitatively especially for a mixture of bacteria and host cells. The model suggests a rather nontrivial dependence of the selectivity on the presence of host cells, cell density, and peptide trapping. In a typical biological setting, peptide trapping works in favor of host cells; the selectivity increases with increasing host-cell density but decreases with bacterial cell density. Because of the cell-density dependence of peptide activity, the selectivity can be overestimated by two or three orders of magnitude. The model also clarifies how the cell selectivity of AMPs differs from their membrane selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suemin Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Bethany R Schefter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Sattar Taheri-Araghi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge CA 91330 USA
| | - Bae-Yeun Ha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Steigenberger J, Verleysen Y, Geudens N, Madder A, Martins JC, Heerklotz H. Complex electrostatic effects on the selectivity of membrane-permeabilizing cyclic lipopeptides. Biophys J 2023; 122:950-963. [PMID: 35927958 PMCID: PMC10111218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic lipopeptides (CLiPs) have many biological functions, including the selective permeabilization of target membranes, and technical and medical applications. We studied the anionic CLiP viscosin from Pseudomonas along with a neutral analog, pseudodesmin A, and the cationic viscosin-E2K to better understand electrostatic effects on target selectivity. Calcein leakage from liposomes of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is measured in comparison with net-neutral phosphatidylcholine by time-resolved fluorescence. By contrast to the typical selectivity of cationic peptides against anionic membranes, we find viscosin more active against PG/PE at 30 μM lipid than viscosin-E2K. At very low lipid concentration, the selectivity is reversed. An equi-activity analysis reveals the reciprocal partition coefficients, 1/K, and the CLiP-to-lipid mole ratio within the membrane as leakage after 1 h reaches 50%, Re50. As expected, 1/K to PG/PE is much lower (higher affinity) for viscosin-E2K (3 μM) than viscosin (15 μM). However, the local damage to the PG/PE membrane caused by a viscosin molecule is much stronger than that of viscosin-E2K. This can be explained by the strong membrane expansion due to PG/viscosin repulsion inducing asymmetry stress between the two leaflets and, ultimately, transient limited leakage at Re50 = 0.08. PG/viscosin-E2K attraction opposes expansion and leakage starts only as the PG charges in the outer leaflet are essentially compensated by the cationic peptide (Re50 = 0.32). In the high-lipid regime (at lipid concentrations cL ≫ 1/K), virtually all CLiP is membrane bound anyway and Re50 governs selectivity, favoring viscosin. In the low-lipid regime at cL ≪ 1/K, virtually all CLiP is in solution, 1/K becomes important and the "cation attacks anionic membrane" selectivity gets restored. Overall, activity and selectivity data can only properly be interpreted if the lipid regime is known and predictions for other lipid concentrations or cell counts require knowledge of 1/K and Re50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Steigenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Yentl Verleysen
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Geudens
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José C Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Nourbakhsh S, Yu L, Ha BY. Modeling the Protective Role of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides against Membrane-Rupturing Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8839-8854. [PMID: 34319722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key surface component of Gram-negative bacteria, populating the outer layer of their outer membrane. A number of experimental studies highlight its protective role against harmful molecules such as antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this work, we present a theoretical model for describing the interaction between LPS and cationic antimicrobial peptides, which combines the following two key features. The polysaccharide part is viewed as forming a polymer brush, exerting an osmotic pressure on inclusions such as antimicrobial peptides. The charged groups on LPS (those in lipid A and the two Kdo groups in the inner core) form electrostatic binding sites for cationic AMPs or cations. Using the resulting model, we offer a quantitative picture of how the brush component enhances the protective role of LPS against magainin-like peptides, in the presence of divalent cations such as Mg2+. The LPS brush tends to diminish the interfacial binding of the peptides, at the lipid headgroup region, by about 30%. In the presence of 5 mM of Mg2+, the interfacial binding does not reach a threshold value for wild-type LPS, beyond which the LPS layer is ruptured, even though it does for LPS Re (the simplest form of LPS, lacking the brush part), as long as [AMP] ≤ 20 μM, where [AMP] is the concentration of AMPs. At a low concentration of Mg2+ (≈1 mM), however, a smaller [AMP] value (≳2 μM) is needed to reach the threshold coverage for wild-type LPS. Our results also suggest that the interfacial binding of peptides is insensitive to their possible weak interaction with the surrounding brush chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Nourbakhsh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Liu Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Bae-Yeun Ha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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