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Zhang J, Sun Y, Zheng J. The State of Art of Extracellular Traps in Protozoan Infections (Review). Front Immunol 2022; 12:770246. [PMID: 34970259 PMCID: PMC8712655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasite infection causes severe diseases in humans and animals, leading to tremendous economic and medical pressure. Natural immunity is the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Currently, the role of natural host immunity in combatting parasitic infection is unclear, so further research on natural host immunity against parasites will provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of related parasitic diseases. Extracellular traps (ETs) are an important natural mechanism of immunity involving resistance to pathogens. When immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are stimulated by external pathogens, they release a fibrous network structure, consisting mainly of DNA and protein, that can capture and kill a variety of extracellular pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we discuss the relevant recently reported data on ET formation induced by protozoan parasite infection, including the molecular mechanisms involved, and discuss the role of ETs in the occurrence and development of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Perrone Sibilia MD, Aldirico MDLÄ, Soto AS, Picchio MS, Sánchez VR, Arcón N, Moretta R, Martín V, Vanzulli S, Fenoy IM, Goldman A. Chronic infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii prevents the development of experimental atopic dermatitis in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:143-150. [PMID: 31735466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supporting the hypothesis thatT. gondii infection protects against allergy in humans we previously demonstrated that this infection can modulate not only the susceptibility to develop respiratory allergies in mice but also suppresses allergic responses at systemic level. This latter finding suggests that T. gondii infection could prevent the onset of other allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. At present, few studies have investigated the modulation of atopic dermatitis by parasite infections. OBJECTIVE Here, we sought to investigate whether chronic infection with T. gondii is capable of modulating the development of atopic dermatitis. METHODS Chronically infected mice were sensitized by repeated epicutaneous ovalbumin administration. Skin histopathology, humoral response, cytokine production and innate type-II lymphoid cells (ILC2) were assessed. RESULTS A marked reduction in epidermal thickness and dermal inflammatory infiltrate along with a reduction in mast cell count was observed in infected mice compared to non-infected mice. These results correlated with a diminished TH2 and TH1 allergen specific response. Reduced type-II IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines were already detected during the first 24 h of allergen sensitization in splenocytes and draining lymph nodes from infected mice. Moreover, this reduced type-II profile in chronically infected animals correlated with diminished ILC2 number in draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Chronic infection withT. gondii prevents the development of atopic dermatitis. The diminished susceptibility seems to result from changes in type-II innate immune response that may lead to the induction of a deficient TH2 response and consequently to a lower susceptibility to develop atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Damián Perrone Sibilia
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - María de Los Ängeles Aldirico
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Ariadna Soledad Soto
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sergio Picchio
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Roxana Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Nadia Arcón
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Rosalía Moretta
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Valentina Martín
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vanzulli
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Martín Fenoy
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Goldman
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Vacunas y Alergia, CESyMA, ECyT, San Martín, Argentina.
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Park EA, Han IH, Kim JH, Park SJ, Ryu JS, Ahn MH. Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:201-206. [PMID: 31104415 PMCID: PMC6526212 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in allergic diseases and helminth infections are well known. However, the roles of mast cells in T. gondii infection is poorly understood. This study was focused on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4), chemokines (CXCL8, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) by mast cells in response to soluble lysate of T. gondii tachyzoites. Production of CXCL8 (IL-8), MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-4 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Western blot were used for detection of CXCR-1 and CXCR2. Our results showed that T. gondii lysates triggered mast cells to release CXCL8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-4 and to produce NO. This suggests that mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Myoung-Hee Ahn
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Yang J, Du F, Zhou X, Wang L, Li S, Fang R, Zhao J. Brain proteomic differences between wild-type and CD44- mice induced by chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2623-2633. [PMID: 29948204 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic clinical Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is the primary disease state that causes severe encephalitis. CD44 is a member of the cell adhesion molecule family and plays an important role in T. gondii infection. However, proteomic changes in CD44 during chronic T. gondii infection have rarely been reported. Thus, an iTRAQ-based proteomic study coupled with 2D-LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to screen CD44-related proteins during chronic T. gondii infection. As a result, a total of 2612 proteins were reliably identified and quantified. Subsequently, 259, 106, and 249 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were compared between CD44- mice (A) vs wild-type mice (B), B vs wild-type mice infected with T. gondii (C), and C vs CD44- mice infected with T. gondii (D). Gene ontology, KEGG pathway, and protein-protein interaction analyses were performed on the DEPs. According to the results, immune-related proteins were altered significantly among the A vs B, B vs C, and C vs D comparisons, which might indicate that chronic T. gondii infection caused changes in the host immune response. Additionally, Ca2+- and metabolism-related proteins were upregulated in C vs D, which supported the hypothesis that CD44 mediated the production of host Ca2+ and IFN-γ and that the parasite preferentially invaded cells expressing high levels of CD44. The present findings validate and enable a more comprehensive knowledge of the role of CD44 in hosts chronically infected with T. gondii, thus providing new ideas for future studies on the specific functions of CD44 in latent toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Du
- Hubei Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Senyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Lu F, Huang S. The Roles of Mast Cells in Parasitic Protozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:363. [PMID: 28428784 PMCID: PMC5382204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are major causes of parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. The immune system plays a critical role against protozoa, but their immune mechanism remains poorly understood. This highlights the need to investigate the function of immune cells involved in the process of parasite infections and the responses of host immune system to parasite infections. Mast cells (MCs) are known to be central players in allergy and anaphylaxis, and it has been demonstrated that MCs have crucial roles in host defense against a number of different pathogens, including parasites. To date, there are many studies that have examined the interaction of helminth-derived antigens and MCs. As one of the major effector cells, MCs also play an important role in the immune response against some parasitic protozoa, but their role in protozoan infections is, however, less well characterized. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the roles of MCs and their mediators during infections involving highly pathogenic protozoa including Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and T. gondii. We offer a general review of the data from patients and experimental animal models infected with the aforementioned protozoa, which correlate MCs and MC-derived mediators with exacerbated inflammation and disease progression as well as protection against the parasitic infections in different circumstances. This review updates our current understanding of the roles of MCs during parasitic protozoan infections, and the participation of MCs in parasitic protozoan infections could be of a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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MiR-221 promotes IgE-mediated activation of mast cells degranulation by PI3K/Akt/PLCγ/Ca(2+) pathway. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:293-9. [PMID: 27113449 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a pivotal role in the immediate reaction in asthma. In a previous study, it was found that MicroRNA-221 (miR-221) was associated with asthma. Hence, in the present study, the role and the potential mechanisms of miR-221 on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of mast cells degranulation were investigated. MiR-221 expression was first quantified by qRT-PCR in IgE-mediated activation of mast cells. RBL-2H3 cells were then transfected with miR-221 mimic or miR-221 inhibitor, the IgE-mediated degranulation was detected in mast cells. The influence of miR-221 on expression of phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ1), p-PLCγ1, protein kinase B (Akt), phospho-Akt (p-Akt), inhibitor of kappa B (IκB-α), and phospho-IκB-α (p-IκB-α) were examined by Western blot, whereas free calcium ion (Ca(2+)) level was measured by flow cytometry and NF-κB expression was determined by EMSA. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-inhibitor (LY294002) and NF-κB-inhibitor [pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)] were used to investigate the role of PI3K/Akt pathway and NF-κB in miR-221 promoting IgE-mediated activation of mast cells degranulation. The expression of miR-221 was upregulated in IgE-mediated activation of mast cells, and it was overexpressed in miR-221 mimic transfected cells. The degranulation was found to be significantly increased in miR-221 overexpressed cells while it was found to be significantly decreased in miR-221 downregulated cells. The expression of p-PLCγ1, p-Akt, p-IκB-α as well as NF-κB and Ca(2+) release were increased in miR-221 overexpressed cells. PI3K-inhibitor (LY294002) could rescue the promotion of degranulation caused by miR-221 in IgE-mediated activation of mast cells. However, NF-κB-inhibitor (PDTC) could not rescue the promotion of degranulation caused by miR-221 in IgE-mediated activation of mast cells. MiR-221 promotes IgE-mediated activation of mast cells degranulation by PI3K/Akt/PLCγ/Ca(2+) signaling pathway, in a non-NF-κB dependent manner.
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Holowka D, Wilkes M, Stefan C, Baird B. Roles for Ca2+ mobilization and its regulation in mast cell functions: recent progress. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:505-9. [PMID: 27068962 PMCID: PMC5293407 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)mobilization in response to cross-linking of IgE bound to its high affinity receptor, FcεRI, on mast cells is central to immune allergic responses. Stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation caused by this cross-linking activates store-operated Ca(2+)entry that results in sustained Ca(2+)oscillations dependent on Rho family GTPases and phosphoinositide synthesis. Coupling of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+)sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), to the Ca(2+)-selective channel, Orai1, is regulated by these elements and depends on membrane organization, both at the plasma membrane and at the ER. Mitochondria also contribute to the regulation of Ca(2+)mobilization, and we describe recent evidence that the ER membrane protein vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein (VAP) plays a significant role in the coupling between ER and mitochondria in this process. In addition to granule exocytosis, Ca(2+)mobilization in these cells also contributes to stimulated outward trafficking of recycling endosomes and to antigen-stimulated chemotaxis, and it is pathologically regulated by protozoan parasitic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holowka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
| | - Marcus Wilkes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Stefan
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, U.K
| | - Barbara Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Fenoy IM, Sánchez VR, Soto AS, Picchio MS, Martin V, Goldman A. Toxoplasma gondii infection modulate systemic allergic immune response in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2015; 154:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choi HW, Abraham SN. Mast cell mediator responses and their suppression by pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:74-9. [PMID: 24636146 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are selectively found at the host environment interface and are capable of secreting a wide array of pharmacologically active mediators, many of which are prepackaged in granules. Over the past two decades, it has become clear that these cells have the capacity to recognize a range of infectious agents allowing them to play a key role in initiating and modulating early immune responses to infectious agents. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbes appear to have evolved distinct mechanisms to suppress MC mediator release to avoid elimination in the host. Understanding how these microbes suppress MC functions may have significant therapeutic value to relieve inflammatory disorders mediated by MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Woong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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