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Weinersmith KL, Nadler LE, Bengston E, Turner AV, Birda A, Cobian K, Dusto JA, Helland-Riise SH, Terhall JM, Øverli Ø, Hechinger RF. EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH EUHAPLORCHIS CALIFORNIENSIS AND A SMALL CYATHOCOTYLID INCREASE CONSPICUOUS BEHAVIORS IN CALIFORNIA KILLIFISH (FUNDULUS PARVIPINNIS). J Parasitol 2023; 109:362-376. [PMID: 37527277 PMCID: PMC10658870 DOI: 10.1645/23-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Some parasites manipulate their host's phenotype to enhance predation rates by the next host in the parasite's life cycle. Our understanding of this parasite-increased trophic transmission is often stymied by study-design challenges. A recurring difficulty has been obtaining uninfected hosts with a coevolutionary history with the parasites, and conducting experimental infections that mimic natural processes. In 1996, Lafferty and Morris provided what has become a classic example of parasite-increased trophic transmission; they reported a positive association between the intensity of a brain-infecting trematode (Euhaplorchis californiensis) in naturally infected California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) and the frequency of conspicuous behaviors, which was thought to explain the documented 10-30× increase in predation by the final host birds. Here, we address the primary gap in that study by using experimental infections to assess the causality of E. californiensis infection for increased conspicuous behaviors in F. parvipinnis. We hatched and reared uninfected F. parvipinnis from a population co-occurring with E. californiensis, and infected them 1-2 times/week over half their life span with E. californiensis and a small cyathocotylid trematode (SMCY) that targets the host's muscle tissue. At 3 time points throughout the hosts' lives, we quantified several conspicuous behaviors: contorting, darting, scratching, surfacing, and vertical positioning relative to the water's surface. Euhaplorchis californiensis and SMCY infection caused 1.8- and 2.5-fold overall increases in conspicuous behaviors, respectively. Each parasite was also associated with increases in specific conspicuous behaviors, particularly 1.9- and 1.4-fold more darting. These experimental findings help solidify E. californiensis-F. parvipinnis as a classic example of behavioral manipulation. Yet our findings for E. californiensis infection-induced behavioral change were less consistent and strong than those previously documented. We discuss potential explanations for this discrepancy, particularly the idea that behavioral manipulation may be most apparent when fish are actively attacked by predators. Our findings concerning the other studied trematode species, SMCY, highlight that trophically transmitted parasites infecting various host tissues are known to be associated with conspicuous behaviors, reinforcing calls for research examining how communities of trophically transmitted parasites influence host behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Weinersmith
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lauren E. Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
- Present address: School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton SO14 3ZH, U.K
| | - Erik Bengston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Andrew V. Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Abhinav Birda
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Karina Cobian
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jennifer A. Dusto
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Siri H. Helland-Riise
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 1407, Norway
| | - Jasmine M. Terhall
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo 1407, Norway
| | - Ryan F. Hechinger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
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López-Pérez AM, Pesapane R, Clifford DL, Backus L, Foley P, Voll A, Silva RB, Foley J. Host species and environment drivers of ectoparasite community of rodents in a Mojave Desert wetlands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269160. [PMID: 35653332 PMCID: PMC9162374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drivers of patterns of ectoparasitism in rodents in patchy Mojave Desert wetlands were investigated. A total of 1,571 ectoparasites in Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Siphonaptera and Ixodida were collected from 341 rodents (Microtus californicus scirpensis, Mus musculus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida) at eleven marshes. Trombiculids accounted for 82.5% of mites, followed by the mesostigmatid Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.5%), with chiggers predominating on voles and harvest mice. There were at least three genera of chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Euschoengastia sp. novel, and Blankaartia sp. novel). Fleas included Orchopeas leucopus (90.3% of all fleas) and O. sexdentatus (9.7%), and ticks were the novel endemic Ixodes mojavensis (82.1% of ticks) and Dermacentor similis (17.9%). On all hosts and at all marshes, coverage-based rarefaction sampling was over 96%, indicating coverage sufficient for analysis. Dissimilarities in ectoparasite community structure were driven mainly by chiggers, I. mojavensis and O. leucopus. Northern marshes were dominated by chiggers; central marshes by I. mojavensis; and southern marshes by O. leucopus. Primary determinants of ectoparasite community structure were host species, patch size, and parasite interspecific interactions. Host species richness and environmental factors such as patch distance and water and plant availability were not significantly associated with patterns of ectoparasitism. There were nine (60%) significant negative pairwise associations between ectoparasite taxa and no significant positive relationships. Ixodes mojavensis had the highest number of negative associations (with five other species), followed by chiggers and O. bacoti with two negative associations each. The study area is among the most arid in North America and supports numerous rare and endemic species in increasingly isolated wetland habitat patches; knowledge of ectoparasite ecology in this region identifies potential ectoparasite vectors, and provides information needed to design and implement programs to manage vector-borne diseases for purposes of wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M. López-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Risa Pesapane
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Deana L. Clifford
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Wildlife Investigations Lab, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Backus
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Voll
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Bassini Silva
- Zoological Collections Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences-UNESP, Department of Pathology, Reproduction and Unique Health, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janet Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Shaw JC, Henriksen EH, Knudsen R, Kuhn JA, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Siwertsson A, Soldánová M, Amundsen P. High parasite diversity in the amphipod Gammarus lacustris in a subarctic lake. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12385-12394. [PMID: 33209296 PMCID: PMC7663964 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphipods are often key species in aquatic food webs due to their functional roles in the ecosystem and as intermediate hosts for trophically transmitted parasites. Amphipods can also host many parasite species, yet few studies address the entire parasite community of a gammarid population, precluding a more dynamic understanding of the food web. We set out to identify and quantify the parasite community of Gammarus lacustris to understand the contributions of the amphipod and its parasites to the Takvatn food web. We identified seven parasite taxa: a direct life cycle gregarine, Rotundula sp., and larval stages of two digenean trematode genera, two cestodes, one nematode, and one acanthocephalan. The larval parasites use either birds or fishes as final hosts. Bird parasites predominated, with trematode Plagiorchis sp. having the highest prevalence (69%) and mean abundance (2.7). Fish parasites were also common, including trematodes Crepidostomum spp., nematode Cystidicola farionis, and cestode Cyathocephalus truncatus (prevalences 13, 6, and 3%, respectively). Five parasites depend entirely on G. lacustris to complete their life cycle. At least 11.4% of the overall parasite diversity in the lake was dependent on G. lacustris, and 16% of the helminth diversity required or used the amphipod in their life cycles. These dependencies reveal that in addition to being a key prey item in subarctic lakes, G. lacustris is also an important host for maintaining parasite diversity in such ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Shaw
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Eirik H. Henriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Jesper A. Kuhn
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Armand M. Kuris
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- Western Ecological ResearchU.S. Geological SurveySanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Institute of Marine ResearchEcosystem Processes Research GroupTromsøNorway
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology CentreCzech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Zélé F, Magalhães S, Kéfi S, Duncan AB. Ecology and evolution of facilitation among symbionts. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4869. [PMID: 30451829 PMCID: PMC6242936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitation occurs when one species positively impacts the fitness of another, and has predominantly been studied in free-living species like plants. Facilitation can also occur among symbiont (mutualistic or parasitic) species or strains, but equivalent studies are scarce. To advance an integrated view of the effect of facilitation on symbiont ecology and evolution, we review empirical evidence and their underlying mechanisms, explore the factors favouring its emergence, and discuss its consequences for virulence and transmission. We argue that the facilitation concept can improve understanding of the evolutionary forces shaping symbiont communities and their effects on hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Zélé
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Edifício C2, piso-3, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Edifício C2, piso-3, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
| | - Alison B Duncan
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France.
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Gopko M, Chowdhury MMR, Taskinen J. Interactions between two parasites of brown trout ( Salmo trutta): Consequences of preinfection. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9986-9997. [PMID: 30397441 PMCID: PMC6206180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preinfection by one parasitic species may facilitate or by contrast hamper the subsequent penetration and/or establishment of other parasites in a host. The biology of interacting species, timing of preinfection, and dosage of subsequent parasite exposure are likely important variables in this multiparasite dynamic infection process. The increased vulnerability to subsequent infection can be an important and often overlooked factor influencing parasite virulence. We investigated how the preinfection by freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera glochidia could influence the success of subsequent infection by the common trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in brown trout Salmo trutta and vice versa whether preinfection by the trematode made fish more susceptible to glochidia infection. The first experiment was repeated twice with different (low and high) exposure doses to initiate the subsequent trematode infection, while in the second experiment we varied the timing of the preinfection with trematodes. The preinfection with glochidia made fish more vulnerable to subsequent infection with trematodes. Since the trematodes penetrate through the gills, we suggest that increased host vulnerability was most likely the result of increased respiration caused by the freshwater pearl mussel glochidia encysted on gills. In turn, brown trout preinfected with trematodes were more vulnerable to the subsequent glochidial infection, but only if they were preinfected shortly before the subsequent infection (20 hr). Fish preinfected with trematodes earlier (2 weeks before the subsequent infection) did not differ in their vulnerability to glochidia. These effects were observed at moderate intensities of infections similar to those that occur in nature. Our study demonstrates how the timing and sequence of exposure to parasitic species can influence infection success in a host-multiparasite system. It indicates that the negative influence of glochidia on host fitness is likely to be underestimated and that this should be taken into consideration when organizing freshwater pearl mussel restoration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - M. Motiur R. Chowdhury
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
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Hafer N. Conflicts over host manipulation between different parasites and pathogens: Investigating the ecological and medical consequences. Bioessays 2016; 38:1027-37. [PMID: 27510821 PMCID: PMC5108444 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When parasites have different interests in regard to how their host should behave this can result in a conflict over host manipulation, i.e. parasite induced changes in host behaviour that enhance parasite fitness. Such a conflict can result in the alteration, or even complete suppression, of one parasite's host manipulation. Many parasites, and probably also symbionts and commensals, have the ability to manipulate the behaviour of their host. Non‐manipulating parasites should also have an interest in host behaviour. Given the frequency of multiple parasite infections in nature, potential conflicts of interest over host behaviour and manipulation may be common. This review summarizes the evidence on how parasites can alter other parasite's host manipulation. Host manipulation can have important ecological and medical consequences. I speculate on how a conflict over host manipulation could alter these consequences and potentially offer a new avenue of research to ameliorate harmful consequences of host manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
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7
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Hafer N, Milinski M. Inter- and intraspecific conflicts between parasites over host manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2870. [PMID: 26842574 PMCID: PMC4760176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host manipulation is a common strategy by which parasites alter the behaviour of their host to enhance their own fitness. In nature, hosts are usually infected by multiple parasites. This can result in a conflict over host manipulation. Studies of such a conflict in experimentally infected hosts are rare. The cestode Schistocephalus solidus (S) and the nematode Camallanus lacustris (C) use copepods as their first intermediate host. They need to grow for some time inside this host before they are infective and ready to be trophically transmitted to their subsequent fish host. Accordingly, not yet infective parasites manipulate to suppress predation. Infective ones manipulate to enhance predation. We experimentally infected laboratory-bred copepods in a manner that resulted in copepods harbouring (i) an infective C plus a not yet infective C or S, or (ii) an infective S plus a not yet infective C. An infective C completely sabotaged host manipulation by any not yet infective parasite. An infective S partially reduced host manipulation by a not yet infective C. We hence show experimentally that a parasite can reduce or even sabotage host manipulation exerted by a parasite from a different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Manfred Milinski
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, Plön, 24306, Germany
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Sanchez-Thirion K, Cézilly F. Multidimensionality in host manipulation mimicked by serotonin injection. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141915. [PMID: 25339729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulative parasites often alter the phenotype of their hosts along multiple dimensions. 'Multidimensionality' in host manipulation could consist in the simultaneous alteration of several physiological pathways independently of one another, or proceed from the disruption of some key physiological parameter, followed by a cascade of effects. We compared multidimensionality in 'host manipulation' between two closely related amphipods, Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus pulex, naturally and experimentally infected with Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala), respectively. To that end, we calculated in each host-parasite association the effect size of the difference between infected and uninfected individuals for six different traits (activity, phototaxis, geotaxis, attraction to conspecifics, refuge use and metabolic rate). The effects sizes were highly correlated between host-parasite associations, providing evidence for a relatively constant 'infection syndrome'. Using the same methodology, we compared the extent of phenotypic alterations induced by an experimental injection of serotonin (5-HT) in uninfected G. pulex to that induced by experimental or natural infection with P. laevis. We observed a significant correlation between effect sizes across the six traits, indicating that injection with 5-HT can faithfully mimic the 'infection syndrome'. This is, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence that multidimensionality in host manipulation can proceed, at least partly, from the disruption of some major physiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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Meyer-Rochow VB. New observations - with older ones reviewed - on mass migrations in millipedes based on a recent outbreak on Hachijojima (Izu Islands) of the polydesmid diplopod (Chamberlinius hualienensis, Wang 1956): Nothing appears to make much sense. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 36:119-32. [PMID: 26018855 PMCID: PMC4790687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass aggregations and migrations of millipedes despite numerous attempts to find causes for their occurrences are still an enigma. They have been reported from both southern and northern hemisphere countries, from highlands and lowlands of both tropical and temperate regions and they can involve species belonging to the orders Julida and Spirobolida, Polydesmida and Glomerida. According to the main suggestions put forward in the past, mass occurrences in Diplopoda occur: (1) because of a lack of food and a population increase beyond sustainable levels; (2) for the purpose of reproduction and in order to locate suitable oviposition sites; (3) to find overwintering or aestivation sites; (4) because of habitat disruption and changes in the local environment; (5) as a consequence of weather conditions the year (or winter and spring) before. A recent outbreak (November 2014) of a mass migration of the polydesmid Chamberlinius hualienensis Wang 1956 on the Japanese Izu Island of Hachijojima 300 km to the south of Tokyo gave this author an opportunity to review the existing literature on millipede mass migrations and to carry out additional observations on the phenomenon in the field as well as the laboratory. Hitherto unreported heavy infestations with phoretic deutonymphs of the mite Histiostoma sp. as well as dense populations of internal rhabditid nematodes (Oscheius cf. necromena and an unidentified species of the genus Fictor), suggest that infestations of this kind could be necromenic and either have been a contributing factor for the mass migration or been a consequence of so many individuals occurring together at close proximity. It is concluded that mass migrations and aggregations in millipedes do not have one common cause, but represent phenomena that often are seasonally recurring events and appear identical in their outcome, but which have evolved as responses to different causes in different millipede taxa and therefore need to be examined on a case-to-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow
- Research Institute of Luminous Organisms, Hachijo, 2749 Nakanogo (Hachijojima), Tokyo, 100-1623, Japan;Department of Biology (Eläinmuseo), University of Oulu, SF-90014 Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Finland.
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10
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Sime-Ngando T, Lafferty KD, Biron DG. Editorial: Roles and mechanisms of parasitism in aquatic microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26029187 PMCID: PMC4428133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aubière, France
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center - The United States Geological Survey, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David G Biron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aubière, France
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11
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Hafer N, Milinski M. When parasites disagree: evidence for parasite-induced sabotage of host manipulation. Evolution 2015; 69:611-20. [PMID: 25643621 PMCID: PMC4409835 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host manipulation is a common parasite strategy to alter host behavior in a manner to enhance parasite fitness usually by increasing the parasite's transmission to the next host. In nature, hosts often harbor multiple parasites with agreeing or conflicting interests over host manipulation. Natural selection might drive such parasites to cooperation, compromise, or sabotage. Sabotage would occur if one parasite suppresses the manipulation of another. Experimental studies on the effect of multi-parasite interactions on host manipulation are scarce, clear experimental evidence for sabotage is elusive. We tested the effect of multiple infections on host manipulation using laboratory-bred copepods experimentally infected with the trophically transmitted tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. This parasite is known to manipulate its host depending on its own developmental stage. Coinfecting parasites with the same aim enhance each other's manipulation but only after reaching infectivity. If the coinfecting parasites disagree over host manipulation, the infective parasite wins this conflict: the noninfective one has no effect. The winning (i.e., infective) parasite suppresses the manipulation of its noninfective competitor. This presents conclusive experimental evidence for both cooperation in and sabotage of host manipulation and hence a proof of principal that one parasite can alter and even neutralize manipulation by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, D-24306 Ploen, Germany.
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12
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13
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Biron DG, Bonhomme L, Coulon M, Øverli Ø. Microbiomes, plausible players or not in alteration of host behavior. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:775. [PMID: 25628614 PMCID: PMC4290534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David G Biron
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Ludovic Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR 1095, Genetics, Diversity, and Ecophysiology of Cereals Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Department of Biology, UMR Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, Université Blaise Pascal Aubière, France
| | - Marianne Coulon
- Laboratoire "Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement," Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE Aubière, France
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas, Norway
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