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Ramos B, Lourenço AB, Monteiro S, Santos R, Cunha MV. Metagenomic profiling of raw wastewater in Portugal highlights microbiota and resistome signatures of public health interest beyond the usual suspects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174272. [PMID: 38925382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In response to the rapid emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs), integrated surveillance systems are needed to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within the One Health Era. Wastewater analyses enable biomarker monitoring at the sewershed level, offering timely insights into pathogen circulation and ARB/ARGs trends originating from different compartments. During two consecutive epidemic waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal, taxonomic and functional composition of raw urban wastewater from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) representing one million in equivalent population, located in the main urban areas of the country, were profiled by shotgun metagenomics. Hospital wastewater from two central hospitals located in the WWTPs catchment areas were also sequenced. The resistome and virulome were profiled using metagenomic assemblies without taxonomic constraint, and then specifically characterized for ESKAPE pathogens. Urban and hospital wastewater exhibited specific microbiota signatures, Pseudomonadota dominated in the first and Bacteroidota in the latter. Correlation network analyses highlighted 85 (out of top 100) genera co-occurring across samples. The most frequent ARGs were classified in the multidrug, tetracyclines, and Macrolides, Lincosamides, Streptogramins (MLS) classes. Links established between AMR determinants and bacterial hosts evidenced that the diversity and abundance of ARGs is not restricted to ESKAPE, being also highly predominant among emergent enteropathogens, like Aeromonas and Aliarcobacter, or in the iron (II) oxidizer Acidovorax. The Aliarcobacter genus accumulated high abundance of sulphonamides and polymyxins ARGs, while Acinetobacter and Aeromonas hosted the highest abundance of ARGs against beta-lactams. Other bacteria (e.g. Clostridioides, Francisella, Vibrio cholerae) and genes (e.g. vanA-type vancomycin resistance) of public health interest were detected, with targeted monitoring efforts being needed to establish informative baseline data. Altogether, results highlight that wastewater monitoring is a valuable component of pathogen and AMR surveillance in healthy populations, providing a community-representative snapshot of public health trends beyond priority pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ramos
- Pathogen Biology & Global Health Laboratory, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Artur B Lourenço
- Pathogen Biology & Global Health Laboratory, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório de Águas, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Santos
- Laboratório de Águas, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Nuclear Sciences and Engineering (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Pathogen Biology & Global Health Laboratory, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Genetic characterization and comparative genomics of a multi drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli SCM-21 isolated from subclinical case of bovine mastitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 85:101799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Professional SCUBA Divers with Otitis Externa, Swimming Pools and the Ocean at a Diving Operation in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010091. [PMID: 35056039 PMCID: PMC8777857 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SCUBA divers are predisposed to otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is becoming increasingly multi-drug resistant (MDR). The present work assessed the antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa obtained from SCUBA divers and their environment in Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Bacterial isolates from a total of 137 random water and ear swab samples were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. P. aeruginosa strains were further evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer assay. Double disk synergy test (DDST) to confirm metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production and PCR amplification of specific antibiotic resistance genes was performed. All (100%) 22 P. aeruginosa isolates recovered were resistant to 6 of the β-lactams tested including imipenem but exhibited susceptibility to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. MBL production was observed in 77% of isolates while the most prevalent extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes present included blaAmpC (86.9%) followed by blaTEM (82.6%). Sulfonamide resistance was largely encoded by sul1 (63.6%) and sul2 (77.3%) genes with a high abundance of class 1 integrons (77.3%) of which 18.2% carried both Intl1 and Intl2. P. aeruginosa found in Sodwana Bay exhibits multi-drug resistance (MDRce) to several pharmaceutically important drugs with the potential to transfer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria if the judicious use of antibiotics for their treatment is not practiced.
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Falodun OI, Ikusika EO, Musa IB, Oyelade AA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes distribution in Pseudomonas species from livestock samples in Ibadan, Nigeria. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Najjuka CF, Kateete DP, Lodiongo DK, Mambo O, Mocktar C, Kayondo W, Baluku H, Kajumbula HM, Essack SY, Joloba ML. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteria isolated from urban and rural folks in Uganda. AAS Open Res 2020; 3:62. [PMID: 34549164 PMCID: PMC8422338 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13165.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: AmpC beta-lactamase-producing bacteria are associated with increased resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Here, we describe plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria isolated from urban and rural dwellers in Uganda. Methods: Stool and urine from 1,448 individuals attending outpatient clinics in Kampala and two rural districts in central Uganda were processed for isolation of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. Following antibiotic susceptibility testing, cefoxitin resistant isolates, and amoxicillin/clavulanate resistant but cefoxitin susceptible isolates, were tested for AmpC beta-lactamase production using the cefoxitin-cloxacillin double-disc synergy test. Carriage of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-encoding genes (pAmpC) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes was determined by PCR. Results: Nine hundred and thirty E. coli and 55 Klebsiella were recovered from the cultured samples, yielding 985 isolates investigated (one per participant). One hundred and twenty-nine isolates (13.1%, 129/985) were AmpC beta-lactamase producers, of which 111 were molecularly characterized for pAmpC and ESBL gene carriage. pAmpC genes were detected in 60% (67/111) of the AmpC beta-lactamase producers; pAmpC genes were also detected in 18 AmpC beta-lactamase non-producers and in 13 isolates with reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, yielding a total of 98 isolates that carried pAmpC genes. Overall, the prevalence of pAmpC genes in cefoxitin resistant and/or amoxicillin/clavulanate resistant E. coli and Klebsiella was 59% (93/157) and 26.1% (5/23), respectively. The overall prevalence of pAmpC-positive enterobacteria was 10% (98/985); 16.4% (45/274) in Kampala, 6.2% (25/406) Kayunga, and 9.2% (28/305) Mpigi. Ciprofloxacin use was associated with carriage of pAmpC-positive bacteria while residing in a rural district was associated with protection from carriage of pAmpC-positive bacteria. Conclusion: pAmpC beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria are prevalent in urban and rural dwellers in Uganda; therefore, cefoxitn should be considered during routine susceptibility testing in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Najjuka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Patrick Kateete
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis K Lodiongo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Ministry of Health Public Health Laboratory, National Blood Bank and Transfusion services Centre, Juba, Sudan
| | - Obede Mambo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Rumbek Health Science Institute, Lakes State, Sudan
| | - Chunderika Mocktar
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - William Kayondo
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Box 16524, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannington Baluku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry M Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Pan Y, Fang Y, Song X, Lyu N, Chen L, Feng Y, Xu X, Zhu B, Hu Y. Co-occurrence of mcr-9, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC genes in a conjugative IncHI2A plasmid from a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Salmonella diarizonae. J Infect 2020; 82:84-123. [PMID: 33188799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Luping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Mbelle N, Osei Sekyere J, Feldman C, Maningi N, Modipane L, Essack S. Genomic analysis of two drug‐resistant clinical
Morganella morganii
strains isolated from UTI patients in Pretoria, South Africa. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:21-28. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- National Health Laboratory ServiceTshwane Academic Division Pretoria South Africa
| | - J. Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - C. Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - N.E. Maningi
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - L. Modipane
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - S.Y. Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
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Kazemian H, Heidari H, Ghanavati R, Ghafourian S, Yazdani F, Sadeghifard N, Valadbeigi H, Maleki A, Pakzad I. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of ESBL-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Isolates. Med Princ Pract 2019; 28:547-551. [PMID: 30995662 PMCID: PMC6944897 DOI: 10.1159/000500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drug resistance among gram-negative bacteria is a worldwide challenge. Due to the importance of drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains in hospital-acquired infections, we aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-producing isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Tehran and Ilam (Iran). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 90 K. pneumoniae isolates and 65 E. coli isolates were collected from various infections. Phenotypic identification of bacterial isolates was performed using standard methods. Phenotypic screening of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase enzymes was carried out. Detection of ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase genes was also performed by the PCR method. RESULTS Phenotypic detection tests showed that 36 (40%) K. pneumoniae and 23 (35.4%) E. coli isolates were ESBL producers. Moreover, 18 (20%) and 6 (9.2%) K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates were AmpC producers, respectively. Modified Hodge test results indicated that 39 (43.3%) K. pneumoniae and 18 (27.7%) E. coli isolates produced carbapenemase. Molecular tests showed that 40% of K. pneumoniae and 36.9% of E. coli isolates were ESBL positive. AmpC was detected in 24.4 and 13.8% of K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates. Carbapenemase was detected in 34 (37.8%) K. pneumoniae and 13 (20%) E. coli isolates. -Conclusion: In this study, 3 K. pneumoniae isolates simultaneously carried ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase genes. Up-to-date strategies such as combination therapy or utilization of new antimicrobial agents might help to combat such drug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kazemian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Heidari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghafourian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fateme Yazdani
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hasan Valadbeigi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,
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Jones AK, Ranjitkar S, Lopez S, Li C, Blais J, Reck F, Dean CR. Impact of Inducible blaDHA-1 on Susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates to LYS228 and Identification of Chromosomal mpl and ampD Mutations Mediating Upregulation of Plasmid-Borne blaDHA-1 Expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01202-18. [PMID: 30061296 PMCID: PMC6153798 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01202-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three Klebsiella pneumoniae (blaDHA-1) clinical isolates exhibited a range of susceptibilities to LYS228, with MICs of ≥8 μg/ml for 9 of these. Mutants with decreased susceptibility to LYS228 and upregulated expression of blaDHA-1 were selected from representative isolates. These had mutations in the chromosomal peptidoglycan recycling gene mpl or ampD Preexisting mpl mutations were also found in some of the clinical isolates examined, and these had strongly upregulated expression of blaDHA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana K Jones
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Srijan Ranjitkar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Sara Lopez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Cindy Li
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Johanne Blais
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Folkert Reck
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Charles R Dean
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA
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Ingti B, Krishnatreya DB, Maurya AP, Dhar (Chanda) D, Chakravarty A, Bhattacharjee A. Role of inducers in detection of blaPDC-mediated oxyimino-cephalosporin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indian J Med Res 2017; 145:659-664. [PMID: 28948957 PMCID: PMC5644301 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_628_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Pseudomonas aeruginosa possessing chromosomally inducible blaPDCalong with other intrinsic mechanism causes infection with high mortality rate. It is difficult to detect inducible AmpC enzymes in this organism and is usually overlooked by routine testing that may lead to therapeutic failure. Therefore, three different inducers were evaluated in the present study to assess their ability of induction of blaPDCin P. aeruginosa. METHODS A total of 189 consecutive Pseudomonas isolates recovered from different clinical specimens (November 2011-April 2013) were selected for the study. Isolates were screened with cefoxitin for AmpC β-lactamases and confirmed by modified three-dimensional extract test (M3DET). Inductions were checked using three inducers, namely, clavulanic acid, cefoxitin and imipenem along with ceftazidime. Molecular screening of AmpC β-lactamase genes was performed by PCR assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, and repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR of all blaPDCharbouring isolates was performed. RESULTS Inducible phenotype was observed in 42 (24.3%) of 97 (56%) isolates confirmed by M3DET. Among these, 22 isolates harboured chromosomal blaPDCgene, and cocarriage of both chromosomal and plasmid-mediated blaAmpC genes was observed in seven isolates. Cefoxitin-ceftazidime-based test gave good sensitivity and specificity for detecting inducible AmpC enzymes. Isolates harbouring blaPDCshowed high MIC against all tested cephalosporins and monobactam. DNA fingerprinting of these isolates showed 22 different clones of P. aeruginosa. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS P. aeruginosa harbouring inducible (chromosomal) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase is a matter of concern as it may limit therapeutic option. Using cefoxitin-ceftazidime-based test is simple and may be used for detecting inducible AmpC β-lactamase amongst P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birson Ingti
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | | | | | - Atanu Chakravarty
- Department of Microbiology, Silchar Medical College & Hospital, Silchar, India
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