1
|
Singer D, Seppey CVW, Lentendu G, Dunthorn M, Bass D, Belbahri L, Blandenier Q, Debroas D, de Groot GA, de Vargas C, Domaizon I, Duckert C, Izaguirre I, Koenig I, Mataloni G, Schiaffino MR, Mitchell EAD, Geisen S, Lara E. Protist taxonomic and functional diversity in soil, freshwater and marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106262. [PMID: 33221595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protists dominate eukaryotic diversity and play key functional roles in all ecosystems, particularly by catalyzing carbon and nutrient cycling. To date, however, a comparative analysis of their taxonomic and functional diversity that compares the major ecosystems on Earth (soil, freshwater and marine systems) is missing. Here, we present a comparison of protist diversity based on standardized high throughput 18S rRNA gene sequencing of soil, freshwater and marine environmental DNA. Soil and freshwater protist communities were more similar to each other than to marine protist communities, with virtually no overlap of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) between terrestrial and marine habitats. Soil protists showed higher γ diversity than aquatic samples. Differences in taxonomic composition of the communities led to changes in a functional diversity among ecosystems, as expressed in relative abundance of consumers, phototrophs and parasites. Phototrophs (eukaryotic algae) dominated freshwater systems (49% of the sequences) and consumers soil and marine ecosystems (59% and 48%, respectively). The individual functional groups were composed of ecosystem- specific taxonomic groups. Parasites were equally common in all ecosystems, yet, terrestrial systems hosted more OTUs assigned to parasites of macro-organisms while aquatic systems contained mostly microbial parasitoids. Together, we show biogeographic patterns of protist diversity across major ecosystems on Earth, preparing the way for more focused studies that will help understanding the multiple roles of protists in the biosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Singer
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; UMR CNRS 6112 LPG-BIAF, Université d'Angers, Angers Cedex 1, France.
| | - Christophe V W Seppey
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Framstredet 39, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Guillaume Lentendu
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Eukaryotic Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - David Bass
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Lassâad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Blandenier
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Didier Debroas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Genome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Arjen de Groot
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, ECOMAP, 29680 Roscoff, France; Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Domaizon
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Clément Duckert
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Irina Izaguirre
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Koenig
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Mataloni
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - M Romina Schiaffino
- Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones y transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA) - UNNOBA-UNSAdA-CONICET, Junín 6000, Argentina
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kelly C, Salinas I. Under Pressure: Interactions between Commensal Microbiota and the Teleost Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:559. [PMID: 28555138 PMCID: PMC5430139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms inhabit every mucosal surface of teleost fish. At these surfaces, microorganisms directly and indirectly shape the teleost immune system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how the microbiota and microbiota-derived products influence both the mucosal and systemic immune system of fish. The cross talk between the microbiota and the teleost immune system shifts significantly under stress or disease scenarios rendering commensals into opportunists or pathogens. Lessons learnt from germ-free fish models as well as from oral administration of live probiotics to fish highlight the vast impact that microbiota have on immune development, antibody production, mucosal homeostasis, and resistance to stress. Future studies should dissect the specific mechanisms by which different members of the fish microbiota and the metabolites they produce interact with pathogens, with other commensals, and with the teleost immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia Kelly
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|