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Torcello-Requena A, Murphy ARJ, Lidbury IDEA, Pitt FD, Stark R, Millard AD, Puxty RJ, Chen Y, Scanlan DJ. A distinct, high-affinity, alkaline phosphatase facilitates occupation of P-depleted environments by marine picocyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312892121. [PMID: 38713622 PMCID: PMC11098088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312892121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine picocyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the two most abundant phototrophs on Earth, thrive in oligotrophic oceanic regions. While it is well known that specific lineages are exquisitely adapted to prevailing in situ light and temperature regimes, much less is known of the molecular machinery required to facilitate occupancy of these low-nutrient environments. Here, we describe a hitherto unknown alkaline phosphatase, Psip1, that has a substantially higher affinity for phosphomonoesters than other well-known phosphatases like PhoA, PhoX, or PhoD and is restricted to clade III Synechococcus and a subset of high light I-adapted Prochlorococcus strains, suggesting niche specificity. We demonstrate that Psip1 has undergone convergent evolution with PhoX, requiring both iron and calcium for activity and likely possessing identical key residues around the active site, despite generally very low sequence homology. Interrogation of metagenomes and transcriptomes from TARA oceans and an Atlantic Meridional transect shows that psip1 is abundant and highly expressed in picocyanobacterial populations from the Mediterranean Sea and north Atlantic gyre, regions well recognized to be phosphorus (P)-deplete. Together, this identifies psip1 as an important oligotrophy-specific gene for P recycling in these organisms. Furthermore, psip1 is not restricted to picocyanobacteria and is abundant and highly transcribed in some α-proteobacteria and eukaryotic algae, suggesting that such a high-affinity phosphatase is important across the microbial taxonomic world to occupy low-P environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R. J. Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. E. A. Lidbury
- Molecular Microbiology: Biochemistry to Disease, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Frances D. Pitt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Millard
- Centre for Phage Research, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, LeicesterLE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Puxty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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2
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Guo C, Li L, Lin S, Lin X. Species-dependent effects of seawater acidification on alkaline phosphatase activity in dinoflagellates. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:1347-1352. [PMID: 37844083 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Increases of atmospheric CO2 cause ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, the latter of which can stratify the water column and impede nutrient supply from deep water. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for phytoplankton to grow. While dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is the preferred form of P, phytoplankton have evolved alkaline phosphatase (AP) to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) when DIP is deficient. Although the function of AP is known to require pH > 7, how OA affects AP activity and hence the capacity of phytoplankton to utilize DOP is poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of pH conditions (5.5-11) on AP activity from six species of dinoflagellates, an important group of marine phytoplankton. We observed a general pattern that AP activity declined sharply at pH 5.5, peaked between pH 7 and 8, and dropped at pH > 8. However, our data revealed remarkable interspecific variations in optimal pH and niche breadth of pH. Among the species examined, Fugacium kawagutii and Prorocentrum cordatum had an optimal pH at 8, and Alexandrium pacificum, Amphidinium carterae, Effrenium voratum, and Karenia mikimotoi showed an optimal pH of 7. However, whereas A. pacificum and K. mikimotoi had the broadest pH niche for AP (7-10) and F. kawagutii the second (8-10), Am. carterae, E. voratum, and P. cordatum exhibited a narrow pH range. The response of Am. carterae AP to pH changes was verified using purified AP heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. These results in concert suggest OA will likely differentially impact the capacity of different phytoplankton species to utilize DOP in the projected more acidified and nutrient-limited future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chentao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Kalinina V, Berdieva M, Aksenov N, Skarlato S. Phosphorus deficiency induces sexual reproduction in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cordatum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14191. [PMID: 37648777 PMCID: PMC10468533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential elements whose availability promotes successful growth of phytoplankton and governs aquatic primary productivity. In this study, we investigated the effect of N and/or P deficiency on the sexual reproduction of Prorocentrum cordatum, the dinoflagellate with the haplontic life cycle which causes harmful algal blooms worldwide. In P. cordatum cultures, N and the combined N and P deficiency led to the arrest of the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phases and attenuation of cell culture growth. We observed, that P, but not N deficiency triggered the transition in the life cycle of P. cordatum from vegetative to the sexual stage. This resulted in a sharp increase in percentage of cells with relative nuclear DNA content 2C (zygotes) and the appearance of cells with relative nuclear DNA content 4C (dividing zygotes). Subsequent supplementation with phosphate stimulated meiosis and led to a noticeable increase in the 4C cell number (dividing zygotes). Additionally, we performed transcriptomic data analysis and identified putative phosphate transporters and enzymes involved in the phosphate uptake and regulation of its metabolism by P. cordatum. These include high- and low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporters, atypical alkaline phosphatase, purple acid phosphatases and SPX domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kalinina
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Mariia Berdieva
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aksenov
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Sergei Skarlato
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Li J, Zhang K, Li L, Wang Y, Lin S. Unsuspected functions of alkaline phosphatase PhoD in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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5
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Zhang K, Li J, Wang J, Lin X, Li L, You Y, Wu X, Zhou Z, Lin S. Functional differentiation and complementation of alkaline phosphatases and choreography of DOP scavenging in a marine diatom. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3389-3399. [PMID: 35445467 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Facing phosphate deficiency, phytoplankton use alkaline phosphatase (AP) to scavenge dissolved organophosphate (DOP). AP is a multi-type (e.g. PhoA, PhoD) family of hydrolases and is known as a promiscuous enzyme with broad DOP substrate compatibility. Yet whether the multiple types differentiate on substrates and collaborate to provide physiological flexibility remain elusive. Here we identify PhoA and PhoDs and document the functional differentiation between PhoA and a PhoD (PhoD_45757) in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. CRISPR/Cas9-based mutations and physiological analyses reveal that 1) PhoA is a secreted enzyme and contributes the majority of total AP activity whereas PhoD_45757 is intracellular and contributes a minor fraction of the total AP activity; 2) AP gene expression compensates for each other after one is disrupted; 3) the DOP→PhoA→phosphate_uptake and the DOP_uptake→PhoD→phosphate pathways function interchangeably for some DOP substrates. These findings shed light on the underpinning of AP's multiformity and have important implications in phytoplankton phosphorus-nutrient niche differentiation, physiological plasticity, and competitive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jierui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanchun You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
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6
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Serre-Fredj L, Chasselin L, Jolly O, Jacqueline F, Claquin P. Colimitation assessment of phytoplankton growth using a resource use efficiency approach in the Bay of Seine (French-English Channel). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114487. [PMID: 35065361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication and dystrophy are two of the main problems affecting coastal ecosystems. In the Bay of Seine, phosphorus (P) inputs from the Seine estuary have been largely reduced in the last decade, in contrast to nitrogen (N), which leads to high N/P ratio inputs. To study the effect of dystrophy, an enrichment bioassay using water sampled from the Bay of Seine was repeated 19 times over a period of 18 months with six different enrichments. After a few days, chlorophyll a (chl a), alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), transparent exopolymeric particles (TEPs), cytometric size structure, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were measured. The data provide strong evidence for an N & P colimitation system in the vast majority of the incubations, as only the N + P and N + P + Si enrichments supported phytoplankton growth, and Si only appeared to play a secondary role in our incubations. A N/P ratio of 16 equal to the Redfield ratio was identified as the optimum for balanced growth, as chl a was the highest and TEP and APA production was the lowest at this ratio. To fit the requirements of the colimited system, a new resource use efficiency (RUENP) calculation was developed to account for N and P colimitation instead of only one nutrient, as is usually the case. This calculation allows better representation of RUE in dystrophic conditions, as found in many highly anthropized ecosystems. The relationships between RUENP and the size structure of the phytoplankton community were explored, and a significant positive correlation between RUENP and larger cells (>2 μm) and a negative correlation with smaller cells (<2 μm) were noted, showing a better use of nutrients by larger cells. This study highlights an increase of RUENP with the phytoplankton cell size in a colimited system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Serre-Fredj
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France; Laboratoire Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR CNRS 8067), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, IRD 207, Université des Antilles. Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine, BP49, 54, Rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530, Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Léo Chasselin
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine de l'Université de Caen Normandie, BP49, 54, Rue du Docteur Charcot - 14530Ifremer LER/N, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Orianne Jolly
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine de l'Université de Caen Normandie, BP49, 54, Rue du Docteur Charcot - 14530Ifremer LER/N, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Franck Jacqueline
- Ifremer LER/N, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Pascal Claquin
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France; Laboratoire Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR CNRS 8067), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, IRD 207, Université des Antilles. Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine, BP49, 54, Rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530, Luc-sur-Mer, France.
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7
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Serre-Fredj L, Jacqueline F, Navon M, Izabel G, Chasselin L, Jolly O, Repecaud M, Claquin P. Coupling high frequency monitoring and bioassay experiments to investigate a harmful algal bloom in the Bay of Seine (French-English Channel). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112387. [PMID: 33895393 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are increasingly threatened by eutrophication and dystrophy. In this context, the full pattern of a bloom dominated by the dinoflagellate, Lepidodinium chlorophorum, was investigated by a high frequency monitoring buoy equipped with sensors allowing nutrients and photosynthesis measurements. An increase of the N/P ratio affected phytoplankton physiology leading to bloom collapse with a slight oxygen depletion. In parallel, enrichment experiments were performed on the natural bloom population. After 5 days of incubation the community structure, using flow cytometry and several physiological parameters were analysed. The data reveal a potential N and P co-limitation and a decoupling between primary production and productivity in fully enriched conditions. Under unbalanced N/P inputs, high level of alkaline phosphatase activity and transparent exopolymeric particle production, which favour phytoplankton sedimentation, were observed. Nutrient inputs and their stoichiometry control phytoplankton growth, the community structure, physiological regulations, the fate of the bloom and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Serre-Fredj
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Laboratoire Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 8067), Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, IRD 207, Université des Antilles. Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC), Station Marine, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Franck Jacqueline
- Ifremer LER/N, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520 Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Maxime Navon
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Laboratoire Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 8067), Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, IRD 207, Université des Antilles. Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC), Station Marine, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Guillaume Izabel
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine de l'Université de Caen Normandie, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530, France
| | - Léo Chasselin
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine de l'Université de Caen Normandie, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530, France
| | - Orianne Jolly
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC) - Station Marine de l'Université de Caen Normandie, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530, France
| | - Michel Repecaud
- Ifremer Centre de Brest REM/RDT/DCM, ZI de la pointe du Diable CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Pascal Claquin
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032, Caen, France; Laboratoire Biologie des ORganismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 8067), Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, IRD 207, Université des Antilles. Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier (CREC), Station Marine, BP49, 54, rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France.
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8
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Zhang K, Zhou Z, Li J, Wang J, Yu L, Lin S. SPX-related genes regulate phosphorus homeostasis in the marine phytoplankton, Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Commun Biol 2021; 4:797. [PMID: 34172821 PMCID: PMC8233357 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton. Maintaining intracellular P homeostasis against environmental P variability is critical for phytoplankton, but how they achieve this is poorly understood. Here we identify a SPX gene and investigate its role in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. SPX knockout led to significant increases in the expression of phosphate transporters, alkaline phosphatases (the P acquisition machinery) and phospholipid hydrolases (a mechanism to reduce P demand). These demonstrate that SPX is a negative regulator of both P uptake and P-stress responses. Furthermore, we show that SPX regulation of P uptake and metabolism involves a phosphate starvation response regulator (PHR) as an intermediate. Additionally, we find the SPX related genes exist and operate across the phytoplankton phylogenetic spectrum and in the global oceans, indicating its universal importance in marine phytoplankton. This study lays a foundation for better understanding phytoplankton adaptation to P variability in the future changing oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Zhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingtian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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9
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Zhang K, Li J, Zhou Z, Huang R, Lin S. Roles of Alkaline Phosphatase PhoA in Algal Metabolic Regulation under Phosphorus-replete Conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:703-707. [PMID: 33608874 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) in plants and algae is known to hydrolyze dissolved organophosphate (DOP) in order to obtain phosphorus when the preferred dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is present in limited supply. By conducting comparative analyses of physiologies and transcriptomes on a mutant of PhoA type AP (mPhoA) and wild type (WT) of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum CCAP 1055/1 under P-replete and P-depleted conditions, we document other roles of this gene than DOP scavenging. PhoA mutation created by CRISPR/Cas9 diminished its DOP hydrolase activity but led to significant increases in cellular contents of pigment, carbon, and lipids, photosynthetic rate, growth rate, and the transcriptional levels of their corresponding metabolic pathways. All the results in concert indicate that besides P-nutrient scavenging under DIP deficiency, AP also functions, under the P-replete condition, to constrain pigment biosynthesis, photosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and cell division. These functions have important implications in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preventing premature cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ruiping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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10
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Gaiero JR, Tosi M, Bent E, Boitt G, Khosla K, Turner BL, Richardson AE, Condron LM, Dunfield KE. Soil microbial communities influencing organic phosphorus mineralization in a coastal dune chronosequence in New Zealand. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6145523. [PMID: 33609120 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Haast chronosequence in New Zealand is an ∼6500-year dune formation series, characterized by rapid podzol development, phosphorus (P) depletion and a decline in aboveground biomass. We examined bacterial and fungal community composition within mineral soil fractions using amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). We targeted bacterial non-specific acid (class A, phoN/phoC) and alkaline (phoD) phosphomonoesterase genes and quantified specific genes and transcripts using real-time PCR. Soil bacterial diversity was greatest after 4000 years of ecosystem development and associated with an increased richness of phylotypes and a significant decline in previously dominant taxa (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria). Soil fungal communities transitioned from predominantly Basidiomycota to Ascomycota along the chronosequence and were most diverse in 290- to 392-year-old soils, coinciding with maximum tree basal area and organic P accumulation. The Bacteria:Fungi ratio decreased amid a competitive and interconnected soil community as determined by network analysis. Overall, soil microbial communities were associated with soil changes and declining P throughout pedogenesis and ecosystem succession. We identified an increased dependence on organic P mineralization, as found by the profiled acid phosphatase genes, soil acid phosphatase activity and function inference from predicted metagenomes (PICRUSt2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Gaiero
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Micaela Tosi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bent
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Boitt
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kamini Khosla
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Leo M Condron
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Kari E Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Kumar Sharma A, Mühlroth A, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Alipanah L, Kissen R, Brembu T, Bones AM, Winge P. The Myb-like transcription factor phosphorus starvation response (PtPSR) controls conditional P acquisition and remodelling in marine microalgae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2380-2395. [PMID: 31598973 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting macronutrients for algal growth in marine environments. Microalgae have developed adaptation mechanisms to P limitation that involve remodelling of internal phosphate resources and accumulation of lipids. Here, we used in silico analyses to identify the P-stress regulator PtPSR (Phaeodactylum tricornutum phosphorus starvation response) in the diatom P. tricornutum. ptpsr mutant lines were generated using gene editing and characterised by various molecular, genetics and biochemical tools. PtPSR belongs to a clade of Myb transcription factors that are conserved in stramenopiles and distantly related to plant P-stress regulators. PtPSR bound specifically to a conserved cis-regulatory element found in the regulatory region of P-stress-induced genes. ptpsr knockout mutants showed reduction in cell growth under P limitation. P-stress responses were impaired in ptpsr mutants compared with wild-type, including reduced induction of P-stress response genes, near to complete loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced phospholipid degradation. We conclude that PtPSR is a key transcription factor influencing P scavenging, phospholipid remodelling and cell growth in adaptation to P stress in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sharma
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alice Mühlroth
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Leila Alipanah
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tore Brembu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Winge
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Ou L, Qin X, Shi X, Feng Q, Zhang S, Lu S, Qi Y. Alkaline phosphatase activities and regulation in three harmful Prorocentrum species from the coastal waters of the East China Sea. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:459-471. [PMID: 31267157 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful blooms of Prorocentrum donghaiense occur annually in the phosphorus-scarce coastal waters of the East China Sea (ECS). The enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its regulation by external phosphorus were studied during a P. donghaiense bloom in this area. The AP characteristics of P. donghaiense was further compared with Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum micans in monocultures with both bulk and single-cell enzyme-labeled fluorescence AP assays. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) varied between 0.04 and 0.73 μmol l-1, with more than half recording stations registering concentrations below 0.10 μmol l-1. Concentrations of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were comparable or even higher than those of DIP. P. donghaiense suffered phosphorus stress and expressed abundant AP, especially when DIP was lower than 0.10 μmol l-1. The AP activities showed a negative correlation with DIP but a positive correlation with DOP. The AP activities were also regulated by internal phosphorus pool. The sharp increase in AP activities was observed until cellular phosphorus was exhausted. Most AP of P. donghaiense was located on the cell surface and some were released into the water with time. Compared with P. minimum and P. micans, P. donghaiense showed a higher AP affinity for organic phosphorus substrates, a more efficient and energy-saving AP expression quantity as a response to phosphorus deficiency. The unique AP characteristic of P. donghaiense suggests that it benefits from the efficient utilization of DOP, and outcompete other species in the phosphorus-scarce ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianling Qin
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, and Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Beijing, 100194, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingliang Feng
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuzao Qi
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
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13
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Teoh F, Shah B, Ostrowski M, Paulsen I. Comparative membrane proteomics reveal contrasting adaptation strategies for coastal and oceanic marine Synechococcus cyanobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1816-1828. [PMID: 31769166 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria genus Synechococcus are among the most abundant and widespread primary producers in the open ocean. Synechococcus strains belonging to different clades have adapted distinct strategies for growth and survival across a range of marine conditions. Clades I and IV are prevalent in colder, mesotrophic, coastal waters, while clades II and III prefer warm, oligotrophic open oceans. To gain insight into the cellular resources these unicellular organisms invest in adaptation strategies we performed shotgun membrane proteomics of four Synechococcus spp. strains namely CC9311 (clade I), CC9605 (clade II), WH8102 (clade III) and CC9902 (clade IV). Comparative membrane proteomes analysis demonstrated that CC9902 and WH8102 showed high resource allocation for phosphate uptake, accounting for 44% and 38% of overall transporter protein expression of the species. WH8102 showed high expression of the iron uptake ATP-binding cassette binding protein FutA, suggesting that a high binding affinity for iron is possibly a key adaptation strategy for some strains in oligotrophic ocean environments. One protein annotated as a phosphatase 2c (Sync_2505 and Syncc9902_0387) was highly expressed in the coastal mesotrophic strains CC9311 and CC9902, constituting 14%-16% of total membrane protein, indicating a vital, but undefined function, for strains living in temperate mesotrophic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallen Teoh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bhumika Shah
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Non-Conventional Metal Ion Cofactor Requirement of Dinoflagellate Alkaline Phosphatase and Translational Regulation by Phosphorus Limitation. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7080232. [PMID: 31374942 PMCID: PMC6723241 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) enables marine phytoplankton to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) when dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) is depleted in the ocean. Dinoflagellate AP (Dino-AP) represents a newly classified atypical type of AP, PhoAaty. Despite While being a conventional AP, PhoAEC is known to recruit Zn2+ and Mg2+ in the active center, and the cofactors required by PhoAaty have been contended and remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the metal ion requirement of AP in five dinoflagellate species. After AP activity was eliminated by using EDTA to chelate metal ions, the enzymatic activity could be recovered by the supplementation of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ in all cases but not by that of Zn2+. Furthermore, the same analysis conducted on the purified recombinant ACAAP (AP of Amphidinium carterae) verified that the enzyme could be activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ but not Zn2+. We further developed an antiserum against ACAAP, and a western blot analysis using this antibody showed a remarkable up-regulation of ACAAP under a phosphate limitation, consistent with elevated AP activity. The unconventional metal cofactor requirement of Dino-AP may be an adaptation to trace metal limitations in the ocean, which warrants further research to understand the niche differentiation between dinoflagellates and other phytoplankton that use Zn–Mg AP in utilizing DOP.
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15
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Shikata T, Takahashi F, Nishide H, Shigenobu S, Kamei Y, Sakamoto S, Yuasa K, Nishiyama Y, Yamasaki Y, Uchiyama I. RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Genes Related to Photoreception, Nutrient Uptake, and Toxicity in a Noxious Red-Tide Raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1764. [PMID: 31417538 PMCID: PMC6685483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture industries are under threat from noxious red tides, but harm can be mitigated by precautions such as early harvesting and restricting fish feeding to just before the outbreak of a red tide. Therefore, accurate techniques for forecasting red-tide outbreaks are strongly needed. Omics analyses have the potential to expand our understanding of the eco-physiology of these organisms at the molecular level, and to facilitate identification of molecular markers for forecasting their population dynamics and occurrence of damages to fisheries. Red tides of marine raphidophytes, especially Chattonella species, often extensively harm aquaculture industries in regions with a temperate climate around the world. A red tide of Chattonella tends to develop just after an input of nutrients along the coast. Chattonella displays diurnal vertical migration regulated by a weak blue light, so it photosynthesizes in the surface layer during the daytime and takes up nutrients in the bottom layer during the nighttime. Superoxide produced by Chattonella cells is a strong candidate for the cause of its toxicity to bacteria and fishes. Here we conducted mRNA-seq of Chattonella antiqua to identify genes with functions closely related to the dynamics of the noxious red tide, such as photosynthesis, photoreception, nutrient uptake, and superoxide production. The genes related to photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and nutrient uptake had high similarity with those of model organisms of plants and algae and other red-tide microalgae. We identified orthologous genes of photoreceptors such as aureochrome (newly five genes), the cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PHR) family (6-4PHR, plant CRY or cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer [CPD] Class III, CPD Class II, and CRY-DASH), and phytochrome (four genes), which regulate various physiological processes such as flagellar motion and cell cycle in model organisms. Six orthologous genes of NADPH oxidase, which produces superoxide on the cell membrane, were found and divided into two types: one with 5-6 transmembrane domains and another with 11 transmembrane domains. The present study should open the way for analyzing the eco-physiological features of marine raphidophytes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Shikata
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaiti, Japan
| | - Fumio Takahashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Nishide
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaiti, Japan
| | - Kouki Yuasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Genome Informatics, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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16
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Zheng L, Ren M, Xie E, Ding A, Liu Y, Deng S, Zhang D. Roles of Phosphorus Sources in Microbial Community Assembly for the Removal of Organic Matters and Ammonia in Activated Sludge. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1023. [PMID: 31156575 PMCID: PMC6532738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various phosphorus sources are utilized by microbes in WWTPs, eventually affecting microbial assembly and functions. This study identified the effects of phosphorus source on microbial communities and functions in the activated sludge. By cultivation with 59 phosphorus sources, including inorganic phosphates (IP), nucleoside-monophosphates (NMP), cyclic-nucleoside-monophosphates (cNMP), and other organophosphates (OP), we evaluated the change in removal efficiencies of total organic carbon (TOC) and ammonia, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, microbial community structure, and AKP-associated genes. TOC and ammonia removal efficiency was highest in IP (64.8%) and cNMP (52.3%) treatments. Microbial community structure changed significantly across phosphorus sources that IP and cNMP encouraged Enterobacter and Aeromonas, respectively. The abundance of phoA and phoU genes was higher in IP treatments, whereas phoD and phoX genes dominated OP treatments. Our findings suggested that the performance of WWTPs was dependent on phosphorus sources and provided new insights into effective WWTP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengli Ren
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - En Xie
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Lin S, Yu L, Zhang H. Transcriptomic Responses to Thermal Stress and Varied Phosphorus Conditions in Fugacium kawagutii. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040096. [PMID: 30987028 PMCID: PMC6517890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef-associated Symbiodiniaceae live in tropical and oligotrophic environments and are prone to heat and nutrient stress. How their metabolic pathways respond to pulses of warming and phosphorus (P) depletion is underexplored. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analysis to investigate transcriptomic responses to thermal stress, phosphate deprivation, and organic phosphorus (OP) replacement in Fugacium kawagutii. Using dual-algorithm (edgeR and NOIseq) to remedy the problem of no replicates, we conservatively found 357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under heat stress, potentially regulating cell wall modulation and the transport of iron, oxygen, and major nutrients. About 396 DEGs were detected under P deprivation and 671 under OP utilization, both mostly up-regulated and potentially involved in photosystem and defensome, despite different KEGG pathway enrichments. Additionally, we identified 221 genes that showed relatively stable expression levels across all conditions (likely core genes), mostly catalytic and binding proteins. This study reveals a wide range of, and in many cases previously unrecognized, molecular mechanisms in F. kawagutii to cope with heat stress and phosphorus-deficiency stress. Their quantitative expression dynamics, however, requires further verification with triplicated experiments, and the data reported here only provide clues for generating testable hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underpinning responses and adaptation in F. kawagutii to temperature and nutrient stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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18
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Zhang SF, Chen Y, Xie ZX, Zhang H, Lin L, Wang DZ. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of the response to changing ambient phosphorus in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella with quantitative proteomics. J Proteomics 2019; 196:141-149. [PMID: 30414514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key macronutrient limiting cell growth and bloom formation of marine dinoflagellates. Physiological responses to changing ambient P have been investigated in dinoflagellates; however, the molecular mechanisms behind these responses remain limited. Here, we compared the protein expression profiles of a marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella grown in inorganic P-replete, P-deficient, and inorganic- and organic-P resupplied conditions using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic approach. P deficiency inhibited cell growth and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) but had no effect on photosynthetic efficiency. After P resupply, the P-deficient cells recovered growth rapidly and APA decreased. Proteins involved in sphingolipid metabolism, organic P utilization, starch and sucrose metabolism, and photosynthesis were up-regulated in the P-deficient cells, while proteins associated with protein synthesis, nutrient assimilation and energy metabolism were down-regulated. The responses of the P-deficient A. catenella to the resupply of organic and inorganic P presented significant differences: more biological processes were enhanced in the organic P-resupplied cells than those in the inorganic P-resupplied cells; A. catenella might directly utilize G-6-P for nucleic acid synthesis through the pentose phosphate pathway. Our results indicate that A. catenella has evolved diverse adaptive strategies to ambient P deficiency and specific mechanisms to utilize dissolved organic P, which might be an important reason resulting in A. catenella bloom in the low inorganic P environment. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The ability of marine dinoflagellates to utilize different phosphorus (P) species and adapt to ambient P deficiency determines their success in the ocean. In this study, we investigated the response mechanisms of a dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella to ambient P deficiency, and resupply of inorganic- and organic-P at the proteome level. Our results indicated that A. catenella initiated multiple adaptive strategies to ambient P deficiency, e.g. utilizing nonphospholipids and glycosphingolipids instead of phospholipids, enhancing expression of acid phosphatase to utilize organic P, and reallocating intracellular energy. Proteome responses of the P-deficient A. catenella to resupply of inorganic- and organic-P differed significantly, indicating different utilization pathways of inorganic and organic P, A. catenella might directly utilize low molecular weight organic P, such as G-6-P as both P and carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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19
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Zhang Y, Lin X, Shi X, Lin L, Luo H, Li L, Lin S. Metatranscriptomic Signatures Associated With Phytoplankton Regime Shift From Diatom Dominance to a Dinoflagellate Bloom. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:590. [PMID: 30967855 PMCID: PMC6439486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms and dinoflagellates dominate coastal marine phytoplankton communities as major players of marine biogeochemical cycles and their seasonal succession often leads to harmful algal blooms (HABs). What regulates their respective dominances and the development of the HABs remains elusive. Here we conducted time-sequential metatranscriptomic profiling on a natural assemblage that evolved from diatom dominance to a dinoflagellate bloom to interrogate the underlying major metabolic and ecological drivers. Data reveals similarity between diatoms and dinoflagellates in exhibiting high capacities of energy production, nutrient acquisition, and stress protection in their respective dominance stages. The diatom-to-dinoflagellate succession coincided with an increase in turbidity and sharp declines in silicate and phosphate availability, concomitant with the transcriptomic shift from expression of silicate uptake and urea utilization genes in diatoms to that of genes for light harvesting, diversified phosphorus acquisition and autophagy-based internal nutrient recycling in dinoflagellates. Furthermore, the diatom-dominant community featured strong potential to carbohydrate metabolism and a strikingly high expression of trypsin potentially promoting frustule building. In contrast, the dinoflagellate bloom featured elevated expression of xanthorhodopsin, and antimicrobial defensin genes, indicating potential importance of energy harnessing and microbial defense in bloom development. This study sheds light on mechanisms potentially governing diatom- and dinoflagellate-dominance and regulating bloom development in the natural environment and raises new questions to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinguo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingxiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States
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20
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Li T, Guo C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Lin X, Lin S. Identification and Expression Analysis of an Atypical Alkaline Phosphatase in Emiliania huxleyi. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2156. [PMID: 30283412 PMCID: PMC6156274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan coccolithophore in the modern ocean, plays an important role in the carbon cycle and local climate feedback as it can form extensive blooms, calcify, and produce dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) leading to the generation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) which affects climate when oxidized in the atmosphere. It is known to be able to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) by expressing a specific type of alkaline phosphatase (EHAP1) under phosphorus-limited conditions. In this study, we identified a new alkaline phosphatase (EH-PhoAaty) in this species, which we found belongs to the newly classified PhoAaty family. The expression of this atypical phosphatase was up-regulated under P-depleted conditions at both the transcriptional and translational levels, suggesting that E. huxleyi is able to express this AP to cope with phosphorus limitation. Comparative analysis revealed different transcriptional expression dynamics between eh-PhoAaty and ehap1, although both genes exhibited inducible expression under phosphate deficiency. In addition, after AP activity was eliminated by using EDTA to chelate metal ions, we found that AP activity was recovered with the supplement of Ca2+ and Zn2+, indicative of the adoption of Ca2+ as the cofactor under Zn-P co-limited conditions, likely a result of adaptation to oceanic environments where Zn2+ is often limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chentao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Xiamen City Key Laboratory of Urban Sea Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States
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21
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Cao X, Wan L, Xiao J, Chen X, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Song C. Environmental effects by introducing Potamogeton crispus to recover a eutrophic Lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:360-367. [PMID: 29190559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Re-establishing submerged vegetation is considered an important tool to restore shallow eutrophic lakes. A whole year comparative field study was performed in a eutrophic lake and its connected pond with Potamogeton crispus in order to determine the effects of the growth and senescence of submerged macrophytes on structure of phytoplankton. P. crispus improved the water quality at the growing season in terms of improving transparency, decreasing total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and chlorophyll a concentrations and slowering turnover rate of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Meanwhile, dominant species shift from Chlorophyta to Diatom. Notably, senescence and decomposition of P. crispus in late spring resulted in an abrupt increase of DOP, providing a suitable growing environment for Euglena and dinoflagellates and a Peridiniopsis bloom occurred owing to their advantage in utilizing DOP. Peridiniopsis excreted phosphatase as evidence by simultaneously in situ enzyme labelled fluorescence (ELF) labelling and main alkaline phosphatase activity contributed by large particles, suggesting that the dominance of dinoflagellate with low SRP is enabled by its ability to efficiently hydrolyze DOP. Under the scenario of worldwide application of re-establishing submerged vegetation, our results provide the evidence of the negative environmental effects that occurred when transplanting P. crispus to recover a eutrophic lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lingling Wan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhicong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Chunlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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22
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Luo H, Lin X, Li L, Lin L, Zhang C, Lin S. Transcriptomic and physiological analyses of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi reveal non-alkaline phosphatase-based molecular machinery of ATP utilisation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4506-4518. [PMID: 28856827 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to utilize dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is important for phytoplankton to survive the scarcity of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been the major research focus as a facilitating mechanism. Here, we employed a unique molecular ecological approach and conducted a broader search for underpinning molecular mechanisms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) utilisation. Cultures of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were set up in L1 medium (+P), DIP-depleted L1 medium (-P) and ATP-replacing-DIP medium (ATP). Differential gene expression was profiled for ATP and +P cultures using suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) followed by 454 pyrosequencing, and RT-qPCR methods. We found that ATP supported a similar growth rate and cell yield as L1 medium and observed DIP release from ATP into the medium, suggesting that K. mikimotoi cells were expressing extracellular hydrolases to hydrolyse ATP. However, our SSH, qPCR and enzymatic activity assays indicated that 5'-nucleotidase (5NT), rather than AP, was responsible for ATP hydrolysis. Further gene expression analyses uncovered that intercellular purine metabolism was significantly changed following the utilisation of ATP. Our findings reveal a multi-faceted machinery regulating ATP utilisation and P metabolism in K. mikimotoi, and underscore AP activity is not the exclusive indicator of DOP utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Marine Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Marine Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Marine Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingxiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Marine Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Province Key Laboratory of Biochip, School of Basic Medical Science and Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Marine Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06405, USA
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23
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Browning TJ, Achterberg EP, Yong JC, Rapp I, Utermann C, Engel A, Moore CM. Iron limitation of microbial phosphorus acquisition in the tropical North Atlantic. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15465. [PMID: 28524880 PMCID: PMC5454538 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In certain regions of the predominantly nitrogen limited ocean, microbes can become co-limited by phosphorus. Within such regions, a proportion of the dissolved organic phosphorus pool can be accessed by microbes employing a variety of alkaline phosphatase (APase) enzymes. In contrast to the PhoA family of APases that utilize zinc as a cofactor, the recent discovery of iron as a cofactor in the more widespread PhoX and PhoD implies the potential for a biochemically dependant interplay between oceanic zinc, iron and phosphorus cycles. Here we demonstrate enhanced natural community APase activity following iron amendment within the low zinc and moderately low iron Western North Atlantic. In contrast we find no evidence for trace metal limitation of APase activity beneath the Saharan dust plume in the Eastern Atlantic. Such intermittent iron limitation of microbial phosphorus acquisition provides an additional facet in the argument for iron controlling the coupling between oceanic nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Browning
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - E. P. Achterberg
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - J. C. Yong
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - I. Rapp
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - C. Utermann
- Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - A. Engel
- Marine Biogeochemistry Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel 24148, Germany
| | - C. M. Moore
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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24
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Cooper JT, Sinclair GA, Wawrik B. Transcriptome Analysis of Scrippsiella trochoidea CCMP 3099 Reveals Physiological Changes Related to Nitrate Depletion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:639. [PMID: 27242681 PMCID: PMC4860509 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a major component of marine phytoplankton and many species are recognized for their ability to produce harmful algal blooms (HABs). Scrippsiella trochoidea is a non-toxic, marine dinoflagellate that can be found in both cold and tropic waters where it is known to produce “red tide” events. Little is known about the genomic makeup of S. trochoidea and a transcriptome study was conducted to shed light on the biochemical and physiological adaptations related to nutrient depletion. Cultures were grown under N and P limiting conditions and transcriptomes were generated via RNAseq technology. De novo assembly reconstructed 107,415 putative transcripts of which only 41% could be annotated. No significant transcriptomic response was observed in response to initial P depletion, however, a strong transcriptional response to N depletion was detected. Among the down-regulated pathways were those for glutamine/glutamate metabolism as well as urea and nitrate/nitrite transporters. Transcripts for ammonia transporters displayed both up- and down-regulation, perhaps related to a shift to higher affinity transporters. Genes for the utilization of DON compounds were up-regulated. These included transcripts for amino acids transporters, polyamine oxidase, and extracellular proteinase and peptidases. N depletion also triggered down regulation of transcripts related to the production of Photosystems I & II and related proteins. These data are consistent with a metabolic strategy that conserves N while maximizing sustained metabolism by emphasizing the relative contribution of organic N sources. Surprisingly, the transcriptome also contained transcripts potentially related to secondary metabolite production, including a homolog to the Short Isoform Saxitoxin gene (sxtA) from Alexandrium fundyense, which was significantly up-regulated under N-depletion. A total of 113 unique hits to Sxt genes, covering 17 of the 34 genes found in C. raciborskii were detected, indicating that S. trochoidea has previously unrecognized potential for the production of secondary metabolites with potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Sinclair
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Boris Wawrik
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, USA
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25
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Lin S, Litaker RW, Sunda WG. Phosphorus physiological ecology and molecular mechanisms in marine phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:10-36. [PMID: 26987085 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all life forms. Current data show that P availability is growth-limiting in certain marine systems and can impact algal species composition. Available P occurs in marine waters as dissolved inorganic phosphate (primarily orthophosphate [Pi]) or as a myriad of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds. Despite numerous studies on P physiology and ecology and increasing research on genomics in marine phytoplankton, there have been few attempts to synthesize information from these different disciplines. This paper is aimed to integrate the physiological and molecular information on the acquisition, utilization, and storage of P in marine phytoplankton and the strategies used by these organisms to acclimate and adapt to variations in P availability. Where applicable, we attempt to identify gaps in our current knowledge that warrant further research and examine possible metabolic pathways that might occur in phytoplankton from well-studied bacterial models. Physical and chemical limitations governing cellular P uptake are explored along with physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt and acclimate to temporally and spatially varying P nutrient regimes. Topics covered include cellular Pi uptake and feedback regulation of uptake systems, enzymatic utilization of DOP, P acquisition by phagotrophy, P-limitation of phytoplankton growth in oceanic and coastal waters, and the role of P-limitation in regulating cell size and toxin levels in phytoplankton. Finally, we examine the role of P and other nutrients in the transition of phytoplankton communities from early succession species (diatoms) to late succession ones (e.g., dinoflagellates and haptophytes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Richard Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - William G Sunda
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
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