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Zhou M, Abid M, Cao S, Zhu S. Progress of Research into Novel Drugs and Potential Drug Targets against Porcine Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081753. [PMID: 36016377 PMCID: PMC9416328 DOI: 10.3390/v14081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR), infecting most mammals and some birds. It has been prevalent around the world and caused huge economic losses to the swine industry since its discovery. At present, the prevention of PRV is mainly through vaccination; there are few specific antivirals against PRV, but it is possible to treat PRV infection effectively with drugs. In recent years, some drugs have been reported to treat PR; however, the variety of anti-pseudorabies drugs is limited, and the underlying mechanism of the antiviral effect of some drugs is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new drug targets for PRV and develop economic and efficient drug resources for prevention and control of PRV. This review will focus on the research progress in drugs and drug targets against PRV in recent years, and discuss the future research prospects of anti-PRV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
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2
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Cao L, Fu F, Chen J, Shi H, Zhang X, Liu J, Shi D, Huang Y, Tong D, Feng L. Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Porcine Parvovirus NS1 Protein Mediated by the CRM1 Nuclear Export Pathway and the Importin α/β Nuclear Import Pathway. J Virol 2022; 96:e0148121. [PMID: 34643426 PMCID: PMC8754214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01481-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) NS1, the major nonstructural protein of this virus, plays an important role in PPV replication. We show, for the first time, that NS1 dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, although its subcellular localization is predominantly nuclear. NS1 contains two nuclear export signals (NESs) at amino acids 283 to 291 (designated NES2) and amino acids 602 to 608 (designated NES1). NES1 and NES2 are both functional and transferable NESs, and their nuclear export activity is blocked by leptomycin B (LMB), suggesting that the export of NS1 from the nucleus is dependent upon the chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) pathway. Deletion and site-directed mutational analyses showed that NS1 contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) at amino acids 256 to 274. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that NS1 interacts with importins α5 and α7 through its NLS. The overexpression of CRM1 and importins α5 and α7 significantly promoted PPV replication, whereas the inhibition of CRM1- and importin α/β-mediated transport by specific inhibitors (LMB, importazole, and ivermectin) clearly blocked PPV replication. The mutant viruses with deletions of the NESs or NLS motif of NS1 by using reverse genetics could not be rescued, suggesting that the NESs and NLS are essential for PPV replication. Collectively, these findings suggest that NS1 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, mediated by its functional NESs and NLS, via the CRM1-dependent nuclear export pathway and the importin α/β-mediated nuclear import pathway, and PPV proliferation was inhibited by blocking NS1 nuclear import or export. IMPORTANCE PPV replicates in the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope is a barrier to its entry into and egress from the nucleus. PPV NS1 is a nucleus-targeting protein that is important for viral DNA replication. Because the NS1 molecule is large (>50 kDa), it cannot pass through the nuclear pore complex by diffusion alone and requires specific transport receptors to permit its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In this study, the two functional NESs in the NS1 protein were identified, and their dependence on the CRM1 pathway for nuclear export was demonstrated. The nuclear import of NS1 utilizes importins α5 and α7 in the importin α/β nuclear import pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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3
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Packard JE, Dembowski JA. HSV-1 DNA Replication-Coordinated Regulation by Viral and Cellular Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102015. [PMID: 34696446 PMCID: PMC8539067 DOI: 10.3390/v13102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an integral step in the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) life cycle that is coordinated with the cellular DNA damage response, repair and recombination of the viral genome, and viral gene transcription. HSV-1 encodes its own DNA replication machinery, including an origin binding protein (UL9), single-stranded DNA binding protein (ICP8), DNA polymerase (UL30), processivity factor (UL42), and a helicase/primase complex (UL5/UL8/UL52). In addition, HSV-1 utilizes a combination of accessory viral and cellular factors to coordinate viral DNA replication with other viral and cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to outline the roles of viral and cellular proteins in HSV-1 DNA replication and replication-coupled processes, and to highlight how HSV-1 may modify and adapt cellular proteins to facilitate productive infection.
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Zhang R, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang M, Qin C, Yu C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen L, Zhang X, Yuan X, Tang J. Pseudorabies Virus DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor UL42 Inhibits Type I IFN Response by Preventing ISGF3-ISRE Interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:613-625. [PMID: 34272232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are large dsDNA viruses with an ability to establish persistent infection in hosts, which rely partly on their ability to evade host innate immune responses, notably the type I IFN response. However, the relevant molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we report the UL42 proteins of alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) and HSV type 1 (HSV1) as a potent antagonist of the IFN-I-induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We found that ectopic expression of UL42 in porcine macrophage CRL and human HeLa cells significantly suppresses IFN-α-mediated activation of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE), leading to a decreased transcription and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Mechanistically, UL42 directly interacts with ISRE and interferes with ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) from binding to ISRE for efficient gene transcription, and four conserved DNA-binding sites of UL42 are required for this interaction. The substitution of these DNA-binding sites with alanines results in reduced ISRE-binding ability of UL42 and impairs for PRV to evade the IFN response. Knockdown of UL42 in PRV remarkably attenuates the antagonism of virus to IFN in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Our results indicate that the UL42 protein of alphaherpesviruses possesses the ability to suppress IFN-I signaling by preventing the association of ISGF3 and ISRE, thereby contributing to immune evasion. This finding reveals UL42 as a potential antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shifan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Mengdong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Cuilian Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Liankai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
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5
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Surnar B, Kamran MZ, Shah AS, Dhar S. Clinically Approved Antiviral Drug in an Orally Administrable Nanoparticle for COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020. [PMID: 33330844 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c0017910.1021/acsptsci.0c00179.s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
There is urgent therapeutic need for COVID-19, a disease for which there are currently no widely effective approved treatments and the emergency use authorized drugs do not result in significant and widespread patient improvement. The food and drug administration-approved drug ivermectin has long been shown to be both antihelmintic agent and a potent inhibitor of viruses such as Yellow Fever Virus. In this study, we highlight the potential of ivermectin packaged in an orally administrable nanoparticle that could serve as a vehicle to deliver a more potent therapeutic antiviral dose and demonstrate its efficacy to decrease expression of viral spike protein and its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), both of which are keys to lowering disease transmission rates. We also report that the targeted nanoparticle delivered ivermectin is able to inhibit the nuclear transport activities mediated through proteins such as importin α/β1 heterodimer as a possible mechanism of action. This study sheds light on ivermectin-loaded, orally administrable, biodegradable nanoparticles to be a potential treatment option for the novel coronavirus through a multilevel inhibition. As both ACE2 targeting and the presence of spike protein are features shared among this class of virus, this platform technology has the potential to serve as a therapeutic tool not only for COVID-19 but for other coronavirus strains as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Mohammad Z Kamran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Anuj S Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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6
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Surnar B, Kamran MZ, Shah AS, Dhar S. Clinically Approved Antiviral Drug in an Orally Administrable Nanoparticle for COVID-19. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1371-1380. [PMID: 33330844 PMCID: PMC7724756 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
There is urgent therapeutic need
for COVID-19, a disease for which
there are currently no widely effective approved treatments and the
emergency use authorized drugs do not result in significant and widespread
patient improvement. The food and drug administration-approved drug
ivermectin has long been shown to be both antihelmintic agent and
a potent inhibitor of viruses such as Yellow Fever Virus. In this
study, we highlight the potential of ivermectin packaged in an orally
administrable nanoparticle that could serve as a vehicle to deliver
a more potent therapeutic antiviral dose and demonstrate its efficacy
to decrease expression of viral spike protein and its receptor angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2), both of which are keys to lowering disease transmission
rates. We also report that the targeted nanoparticle delivered ivermectin
is able to inhibit the nuclear transport activities mediated through
proteins such as importin α/β1 heterodimer as a possible
mechanism of action. This study sheds light on ivermectin-loaded,
orally administrable, biodegradable nanoparticles to be a potential
treatment option for the novel coronavirus through a multilevel inhibition.
As both ACE2 targeting and the presence of spike protein are features
shared among this class of virus, this platform technology has the
potential to serve as a therapeutic tool not only for COVID-19 but
for other coronavirus strains as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Mohammad Z Kamran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Anuj S Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:593-602. [PMID: 32533071 PMCID: PMC7290143 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin proposes many potentials effects to treat a range of diseases, with its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties as a wonder drug. It is highly effective against many microorganisms including some viruses. In this comprehensive systematic review, antiviral effects of ivermectin are summarized including in vitro and in vivo studies over the past 50 years. Several studies reported antiviral effects of ivermectin on RNA viruses such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Hendra, Newcastle, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, chikungunya, Semliki Forest, Sindbis, Avian influenza A, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Furthermore, there are some studies showing antiviral effects of ivermectin against DNA viruses such as Equine herpes type 1, BK polyomavirus, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 1. Ivermectin plays a role in several biological mechanisms, therefore it could serve as a potential candidate in the treatment of a wide range of viruses including COVID-19 as well as other types of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. In vivo studies of animal models revealed a broad range of antiviral effects of ivermectin, however, clinical trials are necessary to appraise the potential efficacy of ivermectin in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Heidary
- Head of Ophthalmology Division, Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Reza Gharebaghi
- Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. .,International Virtual Ophthalmic Research Center (IVORC), Austin, TX, USA.
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Mechanisms Mediating Nuclear Trafficking Involved in Viral Propagation by DNA Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111035. [PMID: 31703327 PMCID: PMC6893576 DOI: 10.3390/v11111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical viral propagation involves sequential viral entry, uncoating, replication, gene transcription and protein synthesis, and virion assembly and release. Some viral proteins must be transported into host nucleus to facilitate viral propagation, which is essential for the production of mature virions. During the transport process, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) play an important role in guiding target proteins into nucleus through the nuclear pore. To date, some classical nuclear localization signals (cNLSs) and non-classical NLSs (ncNLSs) have been identified in a number of viral proteins. These proteins are involved in viral replication, expression regulation of viral genes and virion assembly. Moreover, other proteins are transported into nucleus with unknown mechanisms. This review highlights our current knowledge about the nuclear trafficking of cellular proteins associated with viral propagation.
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Yang L, Yang Q, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang S, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Cheng A. Terminase Large Subunit Provides a New Drug Target for Herpesvirus Treatment. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030219. [PMID: 30841485 PMCID: PMC6466031 DOI: 10.3390/v11030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infection is an orderly, regulated process. Among these viruses, the encapsidation of viral DNA is a noteworthy link; the entire process requires a powered motor that binds to viral DNA and carries it into the preformed capsid. Studies have shown that this power motor is a complex composed of a large subunit, a small subunit, and a third subunit, which are collectively known as terminase. The terminase large subunit is highly conserved in herpesvirus. It mainly includes two domains: the C-terminal nuclease domain, which cuts the viral concatemeric DNA into a monomeric genome, and the N-terminal ATPase domain, which hydrolyzes ATP to provide energy for the genome cutting and transfer activities. Because this process is not present in eukaryotic cells, it provides a reliable theoretical basis for the development of safe and effective anti-herpesvirus drugs. This article reviews the genetic characteristics, protein structure, and function of the herpesvirus terminase large subunit, as well as the antiviral drugs that target the terminase large subunit. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Pandey U, Bell AS, Renner DW, Kennedy DA, Shreve JT, Cairns CL, Jones MJ, Dunn PA, Read AF, Szpara ML. DNA from Dust: Comparative Genomics of Large DNA Viruses in Field Surveillance Samples. mSphere 2016; 1:e00132-16. [PMID: 27747299 PMCID: PMC5064450 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00132-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensification of the poultry industry over the last 60 years facilitated the evolution of increased virulence and vaccine breaks in Marek's disease virus (MDV-1). Full-genome sequences are essential for understanding why and how this evolution occurred, but what is known about genome-wide variation in MDV comes from laboratory culture. To rectify this, we developed methods for obtaining high-quality genome sequences directly from field samples without the need for sequence-based enrichment strategies prior to sequencing. We applied this to the first characterization of MDV-1 genomes from the field, without prior culture. These viruses were collected from vaccinated hosts that acquired naturally circulating field strains of MDV-1, in the absence of a disease outbreak. This reflects the current issue afflicting the poultry industry, where virulent field strains continue to circulate despite vaccination and can remain undetected due to the lack of overt disease symptoms. We found that viral genomes from adjacent field sites had high levels of overall DNA identity, and despite strong evidence of purifying selection, had coding variations in proteins associated with virulence and manipulation of host immunity. Our methods empower ecological field surveillance, make it possible to determine the basis of viral virulence and vaccine breaks, and can be used to obtain full genomes from clinical samples of other large DNA viruses, known and unknown. IMPORTANCE Despite both clinical and laboratory data that show increased virulence in field isolates of MDV-1 over the last half century, we do not yet understand the genetic basis of its pathogenicity. Our knowledge of genome-wide variation between strains of this virus comes exclusively from isolates that have been cultured in the laboratory. MDV-1 isolates tend to lose virulence during repeated cycles of replication in the laboratory, raising concerns about the ability of cultured isolates to accurately reflect virus in the field. The ability to directly sequence and compare field isolates of this virus is critical to understanding the genetic basis of rising virulence in the wild. Our approaches remove the prior requirement for cell culture and allow direct measurement of viral genomic variation within and between hosts, over time, and during adaptation to changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bell
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel W. Renner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Kennedy
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jacob T. Shreve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris L. Cairns
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J. Jones
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia A. Dunn
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moriah L. Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Wang YP, Huang LP, Du WJ, Wei YW, Wu HL, Feng L, Liu CM. Targeting the pseudorabies virus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL42 by RNA interference efficiently inhibits viral replication. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:219-24. [PMID: 27387827 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved gene-silencing mechanism in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induce the sequence-specific degradation of homologous RNAs. It has been shown to be a novel and effective antiviral therapy against a wide range of viruses. The pseudorabies virus (PRV) processivity factor UL42 can enhance the catalytic activity of the DNA polymerase and is essential for viral replication, thus it may represent a potential drug target of antiviral therapy against PRV infection. Here, we synthesized three siRNAs (siR-386, siR-517, and siR-849) directed against UL42 and determined their antiviral activities in cell culture. We first examined the kinetics of UL42 expression and found it was expressed with early kinetics during PRV replication. We verified that siR-386, siR-517, and siR-849 efficiently inhibited UL42 expression in an in vitro transfection system, thereby validating their inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we confirmed that these three siRNAs induced potent inhibitory effects on UL42 expression after PRV infection, comparable to the positive control siRNA, siR-1046, directed against the PRV DNA polymerase, the UL30 gene product, which is essential for virus replication. In addition, PRV replication was markedly reduced upon downregulation of UL42 expression. These results indicate that UL42-targeted RNAi efficiently inhibits target gene expression and impairs viral replication. This study provides a new clue for the design of an intervention strategy against herpesviruses by targeting their processivity factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wen-Juan Du
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan-Wu Wei
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hong-Li Wu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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12
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Wang YP, Huang LP, Du WJ, Wei YW, Xia DL, Wu HL, Feng L, Liu CM. The pseudorabies virus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL42 exists as a monomer in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1027-31. [PMID: 26733297 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The processivity factors (PFs) of herpesviruses confer processivity to the DNA polymerase. Understanding whether the herpesvirus PFs function as monomers or multimers is important for clarifying the mechanism by which they provide the DNA polymerase with processivity. Herpes simplex virus type 1 UL42 is a monomer, whereas human cytomegalovirus UL44, Epstein-Barr virus BMRF1, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus PF-8 exist as dimers. However, the oligomeric status of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) DNA polymerase PF UL42 has not been determined. Using fluorescence confocal microscopy and chemical crosslinking, we confirmed that UL42 is a monomer when expressed in vitro. Crosslinking of nuclear extracts from PRV-infected or uninfected PK-15 cells verified that UL42 exists as a monomer in vivo. Our demonstration that UL42 exists as a monomer in vitro and in vivo contributes to the further investigation of the mechanism used by UL42 to achieve processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Du
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Wu Wei
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Li Xia
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Wu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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