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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease which can cause death if left untreated. In this study, a collection of clinical and environmental V. cholerae serogroup O1 isolates from Australia (1977 to 1987) (from local cases and cases acquired through international travel) and publicly available international isolates were characterized for genotypic features (virulence genes, mobile genetic elements [MGEs], and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to investigate and compare the genetic relatedness between the 44 Australian and nine travel-associated isolates and the 60 publicly available international V. cholerae sequences representing pre-seventh-pandemic (pre-7PET) isolates and different waves of 7PET isolates. In this study, 36 (81%) Australian clinical and aquatic isolates harbored the cholera toxin-producing genes located in the CTX bacteriophage region. All the Australian environmental and clinical isolates lacked the seventh-pandemic virulence-associated genomic islands (VSP-I and -II). In silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) classified all nine internationally acquired isolates as sequence type 69 (ST69), 36 clinical and aquatic isolates as ST70, and eight isolates from Australia as ST71. Most of the nontoxigenic clinical and aquatic isolates of ST71 had diverse genetic variations compared to ST70 Australian strains. The antimicrobial resistance-associated genes gyrA, parC, and parE had no mutations in all the environmental and clinical isolates from Australia. The SXT genetic element and class 1 integron gene sequences were not detected in Australian strains. Moreover, in this study, a Bayesian evolutionary study suggests that two distinct lineages of ST71 (new set of strains) and ST70 strains were prevalent around similar times in Australia, in ~1973 and 1969. IMPORTANCE Australia has its own indigenous V. cholerae strains, both toxigenic and nontoxigenic, that are associated with disease. Exotic strains are also detected in Australian patients returning from overseas travel. The clinical and aquatic V. cholerae O1 toxin gene-positive isolates from Australia responsible for cases in 1977 to 1987 were linked to acquisition from Queensland waterways but until now had not been characterized genetically. It is important to determine the genetic relatedness of Australian strains to international strains to assist in understanding their origin. This is the first extensive study to provide sequences and genomic analysis focused on toxigenic O1 V. cholerae clinical and environmental strains from Australia and its possible evolutionary relationship with other publicly available pre-7PET and 7PET V. cholerae strains. It is important to understand the population genetics of Australian V. cholerae from a public health perspective to assist in devising control measures and management plans for reducing V. cholerae exposure in Australia, given previous Australian disease clusters.
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Molina-Quiroz RC, Camilli A, Silva-Valenzuela CA. Role of Bacteriophages in the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrios and Lessons for Phage Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:149-173. [PMID: 36792875 PMCID: PMC10587905 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of bacteria, i.e., bacteriophages (or phages for short), were discovered over a century ago and have played a major role as a model system for the establishment of the fields of microbial genetics and molecular biology. Despite the relative simplicity of phages, microbiologists are continually discovering new aspects of their biology including mechanisms for battling host defenses. In turn, novel mechanisms of host defense against phages are being discovered at a rapid clip. A deeper understanding of the arms race between bacteria and phages will continue to reveal novel molecular mechanisms and will be important for the rational design of phage-based prophylaxis and therapies to prevent and treat bacterial infections, respectively. Here we delve into the molecular interactions of Vibrio species and phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Molina-Quiroz
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (Levy CIMAR), Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Nawel Z, Rima O, Amira B. An overview on Vibrio temperate phages: Integration mechanisms, pathogenicity, and lysogeny regulation. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li N, Zeng Y, Hu B, Zhu T, Svenningsen SL, Middelboe M, Tan D. Interactions between the Prophage 919TP and Its Vibrio cholerae Host: Implications of gmd Mutation for Phage Resistance, Cell Auto-Aggregation, and Motility. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122342. [PMID: 34960610 PMCID: PMC8706939 DOI: 10.3390/v13122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophage 919TP is widely distributed among Vibrio cholera and is induced to produce free φ919TP phage particles. However, the interactions between prophage φ919TP, the induced phage particle, and its host remain unknown. In particular, phage resistance mechanisms and potential fitness trade-offs, resulting from phage resistance, are unresolved. In this study, we examined a prophage 919TP-deleted variant of V. cholerae and its interaction with a modified lytic variant of the induced prophage (φ919TP cI-). Specifically, the phage-resistant mutant was isolated by challenging a prophage-deleted variant with lytic phage φ919TP cI-. Further, the comparative genomic analysis of wild-type and φ919TP cI--resistant mutant predicted that phage φ919TP cI- selects for phage-resistant mutants harboring a mutation in key steps of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen biosynthesis, causing a single-base-pair deletion in gene gmd. Our study showed that the gmd-mediated O-antigen defect can cause pleiotropic phenotypes, e.g., cell autoaggregation and reduced swarming motility, emphasizing the role of phage-driven diversification in V. cholerae. The developed approach assists in the identification of genetic determinants of host specificity and is used to explore the molecular mechanism underlying phage-host interactions. Our findings contribute to the understanding of prophage-facilitated horizontal gene transfer and emphasize the potential for developing new strategies to optimize the use of phages in bacterial pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | - Yigang Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
| | - Bijie Hu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (N.L.); (B.H.); (T.Z.)
| | | | - Mathias Middelboe
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Demeng Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (D.T.)
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Warrier A, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. Quorum-sensing regulation of virulence factors in bacterial biofilm. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1003-1021. [PMID: 34414776 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial wound infections are often characterized by the presence of bacterial biofilms. They show considerable structural and functional heterogeneity, which influences the choice of antimicrobial therapy and wound healing dynamics. The hallmarks of biofilm-associated bacterial infections include elevated antibiotic resistance and extreme pathogenicity. Biofilm helps bacteria to evade the host defense mechanisms and persist longer in the host. Quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated cell signaling primarily regulates biofilm formation in chronic infections and plays a major role in eliciting virulence. This review focuses on the QS mechanisms of two major bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and explains how they interact in the wound microenvironment to regulate biofilm development and virulence. The review also provides an insight into the treatment modalities aimed at eradicating polymicrobial biofilms. This information will help us develop better diagnostic modalities and devise effective treatment regimens to successfully manage and overcome severe life-threatening bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases (MAC ID), Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Fu Y, Wu Y, Yuan Y, Gao M. Prevalence and Diversity Analysis of Candidate Prophages to Provide An Understanding on Their Roles in Bacillus Thuringiensis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040388. [PMID: 31027262 PMCID: PMC6521274 DOI: 10.3390/v11040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used in producing biological insecticides. Phage contaminations during Bt fermentation can cause severe losses of yields. Lots of strategies have been engaged to control extrinsic phage contamination during Bt fermentation, but their effectiveness is low. In this study, the candidate endogenous prophages (prophages) in 61 Bt chromosomes that had been deposited in GenBank database were analyzed. The results revealed that all chromosomes contained prophage regions, and 398 candidate prophage regions were predicted, including 135 putative complete prophages and 263 incomplete prophage regions. These putative complete prophages showed highly diverse genetic backgrounds. The inducibility of the prophages of ten Bt strains (4AJ1, 4BD1, HD-1, HD-29, HD-73, HD-521, BMB171, 4CC1, CT-43, and HD-1011) was tested, and the results showed that seven of the ten strains’ prophages were inducible. These induced phages belonged to the Siphoviridae family and exhibited a broad host spectrum against the non-original strains. The culture supernatants of the two strains (BMB171, 4CC1) could lyse Bt cells, but no virions were observed, which was speculated to be caused by lysin. The functional analysis of the putative complete prophage proteins indicated that some proteins, such as antibiotic resistance-associated proteins and restriction endonucleases, might increase the fitness of the Bt strains to different environments. The findings of this study provided understanding on the high prevalence and diversity of Bt prophages, as well as pointed out the role of prophages in the life cycle of Bt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Fu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yihui Yuan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Meiying Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Bacteriophage Interactions with Marine Pathogenic Vibrios: Implications for Phage Therapy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7010015. [PMID: 29495270 PMCID: PMC5872126 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A global distribution in marine, brackish, and freshwater ecosystems, in combination with high abundances and biomass, make vibrios key players in aquatic environments, as well as important pathogens for humans and marine animals. Incidents of Vibrio-associated diseases (vibriosis) in marine aquaculture are being increasingly reported on a global scale, due to the fast growth of the industry over the past few decades years. The administration of antibiotics has been the most commonly applied therapy used to control vibriosis outbreaks, giving rise to concerns about development and spreading of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. Hence, the idea of using lytic bacteriophages as therapeutic agents against bacterial diseases has been revived during the last years. Bacteriophage therapy constitutes a promising alternative not only for treatment, but also for prevention of vibriosis in aquaculture. However, several scientific and technological challenges still need further investigation before reliable, reproducible treatments with commercial potential are available for the aquaculture industry. The potential and the challenges of phage-based alternatives to antibiotic treatment of vibriosis are addressed in this review.
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Sen A, Ghosh AN. Visualizing a Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor typing bacteriophage belonging to the Myoviridae group and the packaging of its genomic ends inside the phage capsid. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2831-2844. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1368416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindito Sen
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P-33 C.I.T Road, Scheme XM, Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Amar N. Ghosh
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P-33 C.I.T Road, Scheme XM, Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Hughes G, Webber MA. Novel approaches to the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2237-2246. [PMID: 28063237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection remains a major challenge to healthcare and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. This situation is becoming complicated by an increasingly ageing and susceptible population and large numbers of bacterial isolates, which have developed resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria that form biofilms and colonize or infect medical devices or wounds are particularly hard to treat as biofilms are inherently highly antibiotic resistant. Most infections have a component where bacteria exist as a biofilm and as a result, prevention or treatment of biofilm-associated infections is highly important. A number of novel strategies to kill biofilms have been in development; these include the use of weak organic acids, photo irradiation and the application of bacteriophage. All have promise and are able to effectively kill biofilms in model systems, but for each there are still unanswered questions. This review summarizes the main features of biofilm infections, each of these novel approaches and the evidence that is still lacking before these potential treatments can be incorporated into clinical usage. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Hughes
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK
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