1
|
Miao J, Li C, Liu X, Zhang X, Li G, Xu W, Zhang C, Liu X. Activity and Resistance-Related Point Mutations in Target Protein PcORP1 of Fluoxapiprolin in Phytophthora capsici. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3827-3835. [PMID: 33764782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxapiprolin is a new piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline fungicide developed by Bayer Crop Science in 2012, but the sensitivity and resistance mechanism of fluoxapiprolin are unclear. In this study, the sensitivities of 130 Phytophthora capsici isolates to fluoxapiprolin were determined, and a unimodal distribution was observed with a mean EC50 value of 0.00043 μg/mL. Nine stable fluoxapiprolin-resistant mutants were obtained by fungicide adaption. The fitness of mutants was similar to or lower than that of the corresponding parental isolate. Seven heterozygous point mutations in the target protein PcORP1 were found in these mutants. These point mutations were confirmed in PsORP1 of P. sojae homologue positions using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. G770V and N835S+I877F do confer high fluoxapiprolin resistance (resistance factor, RF > 1000), and ΔN835, N767I, and N837T+S910C lead to low resistance (RF < 100). P. sojae transformants containing L733W, S768F, S768Y, ΔG818/F819, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, and I877Y in PsORP1 were also associated with high fluoxapiprolin resistance (RF > 100). In conclusion, the resistance risk of P. capsici to fluoxapiprolin is moderate, and multiple point mutations in PcORP1 could confer different resistance levels to fluoxapiprolin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao W, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Advances in Understanding Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea in China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:455-463. [PMID: 33174825 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0313-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is a devastating disease that causes significant yield losses in various economically important plants. Fungicide application is one of the main strategies for management of gray mold; however, B. cinerea has developed resistance to various groups of fungicide. In China, benzimidazole-, dicarboximide-, and quinone outside inhibitor-resistant populations of B. cinerea have become dominant. Substitute mutations in fungicide target genes are responsible for resistance in B. cinerea. Based on known resistance mechanisms, molecular methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification have been developed for rapid detection of resistant isolates of B. cinerea. Because B. cinerea is able to quickly develop resistance to various fungicides, various integrated strategies have been implemented in the last decade, including biological and agricultural practices, to manage fungicide resistance in B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia XX, Yao ZY, Gao ZX, Fan ZC. The Role of Suspension Array Technology in Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pollutants: Applications and Future Challenges. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1408-1421. [PMID: 33611988 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1882833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is an important livelihood issue, which has always been focused attention by countries and governments all over the world. As food supply chains are becoming global, food quality control is essential for consumer protection as well as for the food industry. In recent years, a great part of food analysis is carried out using new techniques for rapid detection. As the first biochip technology that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there is an increasing interest in suspension array technology (SAT) for food and environmental analysis with advantages of rapidity, high accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput. Therefore, it is important for researchers to understand the development and application of this technology in food industry. Herein, we summarized the principle and composition of SAT and its application in food safety monitoring. The utility of SAT in detection of foodborne microorganisms, residues of agricultural and veterinary drugs, genetically modified food and allergens in recent years is elaborated, and the further development direction of SAT is envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, China International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base for Health Biotechnology, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China.,Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Yao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xian Gao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, China International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base for Health Biotechnology, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng T, Li J, Sun M, Peng J, Li X, Qi Z. SYAUP-CN-26 applies its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea by disrupting mitochondrial structure and function. Biochimie 2020; 176:162-168. [PMID: 32726595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of SYAUP-CN-26 on mitochondrial structure and function of Botrytis cinerea. The mitochondria, with the addition of SYAUP-CN-26 (EC50 [1.823 mg/L], EC90 [19.263 mg/L], and minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] [79.754 mg/L]), emerged malformed shape, rough surface and unordered structure. As the concentration of SYAUP-CN-26 increases, the decrease in ATP content and the enhancement in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes function confirmed that mitochondrial function was disrupted. And the respiratory superposing inhibition showed that SYAUP-CN-26 inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) pathway of B. cinerea cells. Overall, these results indicated that SYAUP-CN-26 could inhibit mitochondrial structure and function to effect the growth of B. cinerea cells, and inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was a key factor for disruption of B. cinerea mitochondrial function and antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyue Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jialun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mingfan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jingnan Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xinghai Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhiqiu Qi
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miao J, Liu X, Li G, Du X, Liu X. Multiple point mutations in PsORP1 gene conferring different resistance levels to oxathiapiprolin confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9 in Phytophthora sojae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2434-2440. [PMID: 32057173 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxathiapiprolin is among the first commercial oxysterol-binding protein inhibitors (OSBPIs) developed by DuPont Corporation and shows excellent activity against plant-pathogenic oomycetes. Although more than 21 target site mutations have been identified in insensitive oomycetes, only G770V, G839W, and ΔN837 have been verified to confer oxathiapiprolin resistance in Phytophthora capsici or P. sojae. The effect of other mutations on OSBPIs sensitivity requires urgent investigation. RESULTS P. sojae transformants containing 16 mutations of PsORP1 were recovered using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Transformants containing L733W, S768F, S768Y, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, or I877Y showed high oxathiapiprolin resistance, with resistant factors (RFs) > 3000. Point mutations S768K, S768I, G770L, G770P, G770A, ΔG818/F819, N837I, and I877F exhibited low resistance, with RFs < 80. Phenotype assays revealed that the most highly resistant transformants showed enhanced or similar pathogenicity, oospore production, and cyst gemination. However, most transformants displayed decreased sporangia and zoospore production compared with parental wild-type P6497. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that L733W, S768F, S768Y, N837Y, N837F, P861H, L863W, and I877Y in PsORP1 confer high oxathiapiprolin resistance in P. sojae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoran Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
DeLong JA, Saito S, Xiao CL, Naegele RP. Population Genetics and Fungicide Resistance of Botrytis cinerea on Vitis and Prunus spp . in California. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:694-702. [PMID: 32017671 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0362-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, has high genetic diversity and a broad host range. In Vitis sp. and Prunus spp., B. cinerea causes pre- and postharvest diseases, and fungicides are routinely applied to prevent yield loss. In total, 535 isolates of B. cinerea collected from Vitis sp. and Prunus spp. in 2012, 2016, and 2017 were genotyped using 18 microsatellite markers and the transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper. Only nine of the polymorphic markers and the two TEs were considered informative and retained for the final analyses. Of the 532 isolates, 297 were tested for resistance to seven fungicides representing six Fungicide Resistance Action Committee classes. After clone correction, 295 multilocus genotype groups were retained across the 3 years in 326 individuals, and four genetic subpopulations were detected. High levels of clonality were observed across the dataset. Significant pairwise differentiation was detected among years, locations, and TE composition. However, most of the diversity observed was within a subpopulation and not among subpopulations. No genetic differentiation was detected among resistant and sensitive isolates for individual fungicide classes. When resistance to the total number of fungicides was compared, regardless of the fungicide class, significant differentiation was detected among isolates that are resistant to two fungicide classes and those resistant to three or four fungicide groups. Fungicide resistance frequencies were stable for most chemistries evaluated with the exception of fluopyram, which increased from 2012 to 2016/2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A DeLong
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetic Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Seiya Saito
- Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Rachel P Naegele
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetic Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su Z, Zhang X, Zhao J, Wang W, Shang L, Ma S, Adzavon YM, Lu F, Weng M, Han X, Yang L, Zhao Q, Zhao P, Xie F, Ma X. Combination of Suspension Array and Mycelial Growth Assay for Detecting Multiple-Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea in Hebei Province in China. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1213-1219. [PMID: 30964418 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1269-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To provide a high-throughput, efficient, and accurate method to monitor multiple-fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in the field, we used the suspension array, sequencing, and mycelial growth assay in our research. Discriminating-dose bioassays for detecting carbendazim, diethofencarb, boscalid, and iprodione resistance (CarR, DieR, BosR, and IprR, respectively) were used to analyze 257 isolates collected from Hebei Province in China during 2016 and 2017. High resistance frequencies to carbendazim (100%), diethofencarb (92.08%), and iprodione (86.59%) were detected. BosR isolates accounted for 11.67% of the total. In addition, 103 isolates were randomly selected for phenotype and genotype detection. The high-throughput suspension array was utilized to detect eight genotypes simultaneously, including BenA-E198, BenA-198A, SdhB-H272, SdhB-272Y, BcOS1-I365, BcOS1-365S, erg27-F412, and erg27-412S, which were associated with resistance toward carbendazim or diethofencarb, boscalid, iprodione, and fenhexamid (FenR), respectively. Most of the benzimidazole-resistant isolates (81.55%) possessed the E198V mutation in the BenA gene. Ninety-three isolates with dual resistance to carbendazim and diethofencarb showed the E198V/K mutation. All BosR isolates carried the H272R mutation in the SdhB gene. The I365S and Q369P+N373S (66.99%) mutations in the BcOS1 gene were more frequently observed. No mutation was detected in the erg27 gene in Hebei isolates. There were 13 resistance profile phenotypes. Phenotypes with triple resistance were the most common (83.50%), and CarRDieRBosSIprRFenS was the major type. CarR isolates that carried E198V/K/A were all highly resistant (HR) and only one F200Y mutant was moderately resistant (MR) to carbendazim. Isolates that possessed E198V/K were MR or HR to diethofencarb. BosR isolates that possessed H272R mutation were lowly resistant (LR). IprR isolates were all LR or MR. The distribution of half maximal effective concentrations of CarR isolates with E198V/K mutations and IprR isolates with Q369P+N373S mutations significantly increased from 2016 to 2017. Combined with our observations, a combination method of the high-throughput suspension array and the mycelial growth assay was suggested to accurately monitor multiple resistance of B. cinerea in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Su
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- 2 College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; and
| | - Jianjiang Zhao
- 3 Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- 3 Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lei Shang
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shengnan Ma
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yao Mawulikplimi Adzavon
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fen Lu
- 3 Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mantian Weng
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiuying Han
- 3 Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qinghui Zhao
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fei Xie
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- 1 College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malarczyk D, Panek J, Frąc M. Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops-A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071200. [PMID: 30934757 PMCID: PMC6479758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Malarczyk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Panek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu G, Arnaud P, Offmann B, Picimbon JF. Genotyping and Bio-Sensing Chemosensory Proteins in Insects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1801. [PMID: 28777348 PMCID: PMC5579523 DOI: 10.3390/s17081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up of an individual and comparing it to that of another individual. Focus on the family of chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in insects reveals differences at the genomic level across various strains and biotypes, but none at the level of individuals, which could be extremely useful in the biotyping of insect pest species necessary for the agricultural, medical and veterinary industries. Proposed methods of genotyping CSPs include not only restriction enzymatic cleavage and amplification of cleaved polymorphic sequences, but also detection of retroposons in some specific regions of the insect chromosome. Design of biosensors using CSPs addresses tissue-specific RNA mutations in a particular subtype of the protein, which could be used as a marker of specific physiological conditions. Additionally, we refer to the binding properties of CSP proteins tuned to lipids and xenobiotic insecticides for the development of a new generation of biosensor chips, monitoring lipid blood concentration and chemical environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- Protein Engineering and Functionality Unit, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France.
| | - Bernard Offmann
- Protein Engineering and Functionality Unit, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France.
| | - Jean-François Picimbon
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
- QILU University of Technology, School of Bioengineering, Jinan 250353, China.
| |
Collapse
|