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Khan A, Singh P, Kumar R, Das S, Singh RK, Mina U, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Sarkar A, Srivastava A. Antifungal Activity of Siderophore Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Aspergillus nidulans via Iron-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729032. [PMID: 34803944 PMCID: PMC8596375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms produce various secondary metabolites for growth and survival. During iron stress, they produce secondary metabolites termed siderophores. In the current investigation, antifungal activity of catecholate siderophore produced by Escherichia coli has been assessed against Aspergillus nidulans. Exogenous application of the bacterial siderophore to fungal cultures resulted in decreased colony size, increased filament length, and changes in hyphal branching pattern. Growth inhibition was accompanied with increased intracellular iron content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dose-dependent alteration in fungal morphology. Fluorescent staining by propidium iodide revealed cell death in concert with growth inhibition with increasing siderophore concentration. Antioxidative enzyme activity was also compromised with significant increase in catalase activity and decrease in ascorbate peroxidase activity. Siderophore-treated cultures showed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species as observed by fluorescence microscopy and enhanced membrane damage in terms of malondialdehyde content. Antifungal property might thus be attributed to xenosiderophore-mediated iron uptake leading to cell death. STRING analysis showed interaction of MirB (involved in transport of hydroxamate siderophore) and MirA (involved in transport of catecholate siderophore), confirming the possibility of uptake of iron-xenosiderophore complex through fungal transporters. MirA structure was modeled and validated with 95% residues occurring in the allowed region. In silico analysis revealed MirA-Enterobactin-Fe3+ complex formation. Thus, the present study reveals a promising antifungal agent in the form of catecholate siderophore and supports involvement of MirA fungal receptors in xenosiderophore uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Ravinsh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Usha Mina
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
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Bond R, Morris DO, Guillot J, Bensignor EJ, Robson D, Mason KV, Kano R, Hill PB. Biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:28-74. [PMID: 31957204 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Malassezia is comprised of a group of lipophilic yeasts that have evolved as skin commensals and opportunistic cutaneous pathogens of a variety of mammals and birds. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide the veterinary community and other interested parties with current information on the ecology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIAL The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to October 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) Clinical Consensus Guideline committee provided guidance and oversight for this process. The document was presented at two international meetings of veterinary dermatology societies and one international mycology workshop; it was made available for comment on the WAVD website for a period of six months. Comments were shared with the GP electronically and responses incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There has been a remarkable expansion of knowledge on Malassezia yeasts and their role in animal disease, particularly since the early 1990's. Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats has evolved from a disease of obscurity and controversy on its existence, to now being a routine diagnosis in general veterinary practice. Clinical signs are well recognised and diagnostic approaches are well developed. A range of topical and systemic therapies is known to be effective, especially when predisposing factors are identified and corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancy Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques Guillot
- École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, EA 7380 Dynamyc, UPEC, EnvA, Maisons Alfort, Ile-de-France, France
| | | | - David Robson
- Animal Skin and Ear Specialists, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, 70 Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, Victoria, 3150, Australia
| | - Kenneth V Mason
- Dermcare-vet PTY LTD, 7 Centenary Road, Slacks Creek, Queensland, 4127, Australia
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Peter B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Carreira A, Ferreira JB, Pereira I, Ferreira J, Filipe P, Ferreira RB, Monteiro S. Blad-containing oligomer: a novel fungicide used in crop protection as an alternative treatment for tinea pedis and tinea versicolor. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:198-207. [PMID: 29388537 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of novel antifungal drugs and the increasing incidence and severity of fungal infections are major concerns worldwide. Herein, we tested the activity of the Blad-containing oligomer (BCO), a new antifungal molecule already in use for agriculture, on Malassezia spp. and dermatophytes, the causal agents of human tinea versicolor and tinea pedis. Given the lack of a standard method for Malassezia susceptibility testing and the plethora of published methods, we also developed an improved method for this genus. METHODOLOGY The efficacy of BCO was assessed in vitro and compared to that of the drugs currently utilized in the treatment of tinea versicolor (fluconazole and itraconazole) and tinea pedis (itraconazole and terbinafine). For dermatophytes, the standard microdilution broth-based method was used, with small adjustments, and several broth formulations and inocula sizes were tested to develop an improved susceptibility method for Malassezia spp. RESULTS We successfully developed a microdilution broth-based method with considerable advantages over other available methods, and used it for all in vitro susceptibility tests of Malassezia spp. isolates. We report that, on a molar basis, BCO was more effective than fluconazole or itraconazole on most strains of Malassezia spp. isolated from clinical samples (n=29). By contrast, BCO was less effective than itraconazole or terbinafine on the common dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. CONCLUSION These data place BCO as a promising drug for the treatment of Malassezia-associated skin diseases. Further in vivo studies are now required to ascertain its applicability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Carreira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - João Boavida Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Iliana Pereira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Clínica Dermatológica Universitária, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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Pinheiro AM, Carreira A, Ferreira RB, Monteiro S. Fusion proteins towards fungi and bacteria in plant protection. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2018; 164:11-19. [PMID: 29239714 PMCID: PMC5892777 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, although fungi are considered the foremost problem, infections by bacteria also cause significant economical losses. The presence of different diseases in crops often leads to a misuse of the proper therapeutic, or the combination of different diseases forces the use of more than one pesticide. This work concerns the development of a 'super-Blad': a chimeric protein consisting of Blad polypeptide, the active ingredient of a biological fungicide already on the market, and two selected peptides, SP10-5 and Sub5, proven to possess biological potential as antibacterial agents. The resulting chimeric protein obtained from the fusion of Blad with SP10-5 not only maintained strong antibacterial activity, especially against Xanthomonas spp. and Pseudomonas syringae, but was also able to retain the ability to inhibit the growth of both yeast and filamentous fungi. However, the antibacterial activity of Sub5 was considerably diminished when fused with Blad, which seems to indicate that not all fusion proteins behave equally. These newly designed drugs can be considered promising compounds for use in plant protection. A deeper and focused development of an appropriate formulation may result in a potent biopesticide that can replace, per se, two conventional chemistries with less impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pinheiro
- LEAF – Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Carreira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ricardo B. Ferreira
- LEAF – Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro
- LEAF – Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-Park, lote 120, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
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Pinheiro AM, Carreira A, Prescott TAK, Ferreira RB, Monteiro SA. Bridging the Gap to Non-toxic Fungal Control: Lupinus-Derived Blad-Containing Oligomer as a Novel Candidate to Combat Human Pathogenic Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1182. [PMID: 28702011 PMCID: PMC5487463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of antifungal drugs with novel modes of action reaching the clinic is a serious concern. Recently a novel antifungal protein referred to as Blad-containing oligomer (BCO) has received regulatory approval as an agricultural antifungal agent. Interestingly its spectrum of antifungal activity includes human pathogens such as Candida albicans, however, its mode of action has yet to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that BCO exerts its antifungal activity through inhibition of metal ion homeostasis which results in apoptotic cell death in C. albicans. HIP HOP profiling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a panel of signature strains that are characteristic for common modes of action identified hypersensitivity in yeast lacking the iron-dependent transcription factor Aft1 suggesting restricted iron uptake as a mode of action. Furthermore, global transcriptome profiling in C. albicans also identified disruption of metal ion homeostasis as a potential mode of action. Experiments were carried out to assess the effect of divalent metal ions on the antifungal activity of BCO revealing that BCO activity is antagonized by metal ions such as Mn2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+. The transcriptome profile also implicated sterol synthesis as a possible secondary mode of action which was subsequently confirmed in sterol synthesis assays in C. albicans. Animal models for toxicity showed that BCO is generally well tolerated and presents a promising safety profile as a topical applied agent. Given its potent broad spectrum antifungal activity and novel multitarget mode of action, we propose BCO as a promising new antifungal agent for the topical treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Pinheiro
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Carreira
- CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-ParkCantanhede, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo B Ferreira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara A Monteiro
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal.,CEV, SA, Parque Industrial de Cantanhede/Biocant-ParkCantanhede, Portugal
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