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Liu NJ, Hou LP, Bao JJ, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Sphingolipid metabolism, transport, and functions in plants: Recent progress and future perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100214. [PMID: 34746760 PMCID: PMC8553973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, which comprise membrane systems together with other lipids, are ubiquitous in cellular organisms. They show a high degree of diversity across plant species and vary in their structures, properties, and functions. Benefiting from the development of lipidomic techniques, over 300 plant sphingolipids have been identified. Generally divided into free long-chain bases (LCBs), ceramides, glycosylceramides (GlcCers) and glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPCs), plant sphingolipids exhibit organized aggregation within lipid membranes to form raft domains with sterols. Accumulating evidence has revealed that sphingolipids obey certain trafficking and distribution rules and confer unique properties to membranes. Functional studies using sphingolipid biosynthetic mutants demonstrate that sphingolipids participate in plant developmental regulation, stimulus sensing, and stress responses. Here, we present an updated metabolism/degradation map and summarize the structures of plant sphingolipids, review recent progress in understanding the functions of sphingolipids in plant development and stress responses, and review sphingolipid distribution and trafficking in plant cells. We also highlight some important challenges and issues that we may face during the process of studying sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Li-Pan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing-Jing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Hassan AHE, Phan TN, Yoon S, Lee CJ, Jeon HR, Kim SH, No JH, Lee YS. Pyrrolidine-based 3-deoxysphingosylphosphorylcholine analogs as possible candidates against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): identification of hit compounds towards development of potential treatment of Leishmania donovani. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1922-1930. [PMID: 34425714 PMCID: PMC8386730 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1969385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A rational-based process was adopted for repurposing pyrrolidine-based 3-deoxysphingosylphosphorylcholine analogs bearing variable acyl chains, different stereochemical configuration and/or positional relationships. Structural features were highly influential on activity. Amongst, enantiomer 1e having 1,2-vicinal relationship for the -CH2O- and the N-acyl moieties, a saturated palmitoyl chain and an opposite stereochemical configuration to natural sphingolipids was the most potent hit compound against promastigotes showing IC50 value of 28.32 µM. The corresponding enantiomer 1a was 2-fold less potent showing a eudismic ratio of 0.54 in promastigotes. Compounds 1a and 1e inhibited the growth of amastigotes more potently relative to promastigotes. Amongst, enantiomer 1a as the more selective and safer. In silico docking study using a homology model of Leishmania donovani inositol phosphoceramide synthase (IPCS) provided plausible reasoning for the molecular factors underlying the found activity. Collectively, this study suggests compounds 1a and 1e as potential hit compounds for further development of new antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Trong-Nhat Phan
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Seolmin Yoon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Jung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Jeon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Identification of Metabolically Quiescent Leishmania mexicana Parasites in Peripheral and Cured Dermal Granulomas Using Stable Isotope Tracing Imaging Mass Spectrometry. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00129-21. [PMID: 33824211 PMCID: PMC8092208 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00129-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are sandfly-transmitted protists that induce granulomatous lesions in their mammalian host. Although infected host cells in these tissues can exist in different activation states, the extent to which intracellular parasites stages also exist in different growth or physiological states remains poorly defined. Here, we have mapped the spatial distribution of metabolically quiescent and active subpopulations of Leishmania mexicana in dermal granulomas in susceptible BALB/c mice, using in vivo heavy water labeling and ultra high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry. Quantitation of the rate of turnover of parasite and host-specific lipids at high spatial resolution, suggested that the granuloma core comprised mixed populations of metabolically active and quiescent parasites. Unexpectedly, a significant population of metabolically quiescent parasites was also identified in the surrounding collagen-rich, dermal mesothelium. Mesothelium-like tissues harboring quiescent parasites progressively replaced macrophage-rich granuloma tissues following treatment with the first-line drug, miltefosine. In contrast to the granulomatous tissue, neither the mesothelium nor newly deposited tissue sequestered miltefosine. These studies suggest that the presence of quiescent parasites in acute granulomatous tissues, together with the lack of miltefosine accumulation in cured lesion tissue, may contribute to drug failure and nonsterile cure.IMPORTANCE Many microbial pathogens switch between different growth and physiological states in vivo in order to adapt to local nutrient levels and host microbicidal responses. Heterogeneity in microbial growth and metabolism may also contribute to nongenetic mechanisms of drug resistance and drug failure. In this study, we have developed a new approach for measuring spatial heterogeneity in microbial metabolism in vivo using a combination of heavy water (2H2O) labeling and imaging mass spectrometry. Using this approach, we show that lesions contain a patchwork of metabolically distinct parasite populations, while the underlying dermal tissues contain a large population of metabolically quiescent parasites. Quiescent parasites also dominate drug-depleted tissues in healed animals, providing an explanation for failure of some first line drugs to completely eradicate parasites. This approach is broadly applicable to study the metabolic and growth dynamics in other host-pathogen interactions.
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4
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Calvano CD, Coniglio D, D'Alesio PE, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. The occurrence of inositolphosphoceramides in spirulina microalgae. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1760-1767. [PMID: 32297342 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina microalga (Arthrospira platensis) is an interesting phototrophic organism because of its high content of nutrients including proteins, lipids, essential amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, polysaccharides, and minerals. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to linear ion trap (LIT) and Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) via ESI was employed for the separation and characterization of lipid species in A. platensis. Inositolphosphoceramides (IPC) are minor but important constituents of spirulina; their investigation was accomplished by HILIC-ESI-MS including collision-induced dissociation (MS2 , MS3 ) of deprotonated molecules in the LIT analyzer and a schematic fragmentation pattern is described. All four commercial spirulina samples revealed the occurrence of the same IPC species at m/z 796.6 (d18:0/16:0;1), 810.6 (d18:0/17:0;1), 824.6 (d18:0/18:0;1), and 826.6 (d18:0/17:0;2) but in diverse relative abundance. This study sets the stage for future investigations on IPC in other algae and microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Calvano
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia- Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - D Coniglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - P E D'Alesio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - I Losito
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - T R I Cataldi
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Laha B, Verma AK, Biswas B, Sengodan SK, Rastogi A, Willard B, Ghosh M. Detection and characterization of an albumin-like protein in Leishmania donovani. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1609-1623. [PMID: 30903348 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, undergoes several molecular adaptations and secretes many effector molecules for host cell manipulation and successful parasitism. The current study identifies an albumin-like secretory protein, expressed in its extracellular promastigote forms. A leishmanial complementary DNA sequence of a partial gene has been cloned, and the encoded peptide (14 kD) is used for the production of polyclonal antibody. This targeted antibody identifies a large native protein (66.421 kD), expressed stage-specifically in promastigotes. Through electron microscopic studies, the native protein is found to be localized in the flagellar pocket and flagella and at the surface of the promastigotes. This native protein is purified with the same customized antibody for future characterization and sequencing. The sequence analysis reveals its homology with the mammalian serum albumin. It is evidenced from in silico studies that this albumin-like protein remains associated with long-chain fatty acids while in vitro studies indicate its close association with membrane cholesterol. Since antibody-mediated blocking compromises the parasite infectivity, these leishmanial albumin-like molecules are hereby proposed to play an instrumental role in the infectivity of L. donovani to peripheral blood monocyte cells. Thus, identification and characterization of an albumin-like protein in L. donovani promastigotes may be interpreted as a molecular adaptation candidate. It may be hypothesized that the parasite mimics the mammalian system for importing fatty acids into the intracellular amastigotes, facilitating its host cell infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Laha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Bapi Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Sengodan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Akanksha Rastogi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Belinda Willard
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Protein Sequencing, Cleveland Clinic - Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Monidipa Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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