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Qin Y, Dong H, Sun J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang T, Chen G, Wang S, Song S, Wang W, Fan Y, Wang J, Huang X, Shen C. Evaluation of MTBH, a novel hesperetin derivative, on the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 isoform in vitro and in vivo using a cocktail method by HPLC-MS/MS. Xenobiotica 2022; 51:1389-1399. [PMID: 34806938 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2009934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. 8-methylene-tert-butylamine-3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone (MTBH), a novel hesperidin derivative, has potential in the prevention of hepatic disease, however, its effects on cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP450s) remains unexplored. The purpose was to investigate the effects of MTBH on the mRNA, protein levels, and activities of six CYP450s (1A2, 2C11/9, 2D2/6, 3A1/4, 2C13/19, and 2E1) in vitro and in vivo.2. In vitro study, rat and human liver microsomes were adopted to elucidate the inhibitory effect of MTBH on six CYP450s using probe drugs. In vivo study, Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated with MTBH (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days), phenobarbital (80 mg/kg for 12 consecutive days), or 0.5% CMC-Na solution (control group) by intragastric administration, then, the mRNA, protein levels and activities of liver CYP450s were analysed by real-time PCR, western blotting and probe-drug incubation systems, respectively.3. The in vitro study indicated that MTBH inhibits the activities of CYP3A1/4 and CYP2E1 in rat and human liver microsomes. In vivo data showed that MTBH inhibits mRNA, protein levels, and activities of CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 in medium- and high-dose MTBH groups.4. MTBH has the potential to cause drug-drug interactions when co-administered with drugs that are metabolised by CYP3A1/4 and CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haijun Dong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Nanjing cantech Microbial Sci.& Tech. Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Genrix (Shanghai) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuru Fan
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenlin Shen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Hefei Kaifan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
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Shahrear S, Afroj Zinnia M, Sany MRU, Islam ABMMK. Functional Analysis of Hypothetical Proteins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Reveals the Presence of Virulence Factors and Growth-Related Enzymes With Therapeutic Potential. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322221136002. [PMID: 36386863 PMCID: PMC9661560 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221136002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, an aquatic pathogen, is a major concern in the shrimp aquaculture industry. Several strains of this pathogen are responsible for causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease as well as other serious illness, both of which result in severe economic losses. The genome sequence of two pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus, MSR16 and MSR17, isolated from Bangladesh, have been reported to gain a better understanding of their diversity and virulence. However, the prevalence of hypothetical proteins (HPs) makes it challenging to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus. The aim of the present study is to provide a functional annotation of the HPs to elucidate their role in pathogenesis employing several in silico tools. The exploration of protein domains and families, similarity searches against proteins with known function, gene ontology enrichment, along with protein-protein interaction analysis of the HPs led to the functional assignment with a high level of confidence for 656 proteins out of a pool of 2631 proteins. The in silico approach used in this study was important for accurately assigning function to HPs and inferring interactions with proteins with previously described functions. The HPs with function predicted were categorized into various groups such as enzymes involved in small-compound biosynthesis pathway, iron binding proteins, antibiotics resistance proteins, and other proteins. Several proteins with potential druggability were identified among them. In addition, the HPs were investigated in search of virulent factors, which led to the identification of proteins that have the potential to be exploited as vaccine candidate. The findings of the study will be effective in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. They may also provide an insight into the process of evaluating promising targets for the development of drugs and vaccines against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazzad Shahrear
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rabi Us Sany
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Olawole OI, Liu Q, Chen C, Gleason ML, Beattie GA. The Contributions to Virulence of the Effectors Eop1 and DspE Differ Between Two Clades of Erwinia tracheiphila Strains. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1399-1408. [PMID: 34505816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-21-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Erwinia tracheiphila, causal agent of bacterial wilt of cucurbits, are divided into distinct clades. Et-melo clade strains wilt Cucumis spp. but not Cucurbita spp., thus exhibiting host specificity, whereas Et-C1 clade strains wilt Cucurbita spp. more rapidly than Cucumis melo, thus exhibiting a host preference. This study investigated the contribution of the effector proteins Eop1 and DspE to E. tracheiphila pathogenicity and host adaptation. Loss of eop1 did not enable Et-melo strains to infect squash (Cucurbita pepo) or an Et-C1 strain to induce a more rapid wilt of muskmelon (Cucumis melo), indicating that Eop1 did not function in host specificity or preference as in the related pathogen E. amylovora. However, overexpression of eop1 from Et-melo strain MDCuke but not from Et-C1 strain BHKY increased the virulence of a BHKY eop1 deletion mutant on muskmelon, demonstrating that the Eop1 variants in the two clades are distinct in their virulence functions. Loss of dspE from Et-melo strains reduced but did not eliminate virulence on hosts muskmelon and cucumber, whereas loss of dspE from an Et-C1 strain eliminated pathogenicity on hosts squash, muskmelon, and cucumber. Thus, the centrality of DspE to virulence differs in the two clades. Et-melo mutants lacking the chaperone DspF exhibited similar virulence to mutants lacking DspE, indicating that DspF is the sole chaperone for DspE in E. tracheiphila, unlike in E. amylovora. Collectively, these results provide the first functional evaluation of effectors in E. tracheiphila and demonstrate clade-specific differences in the roles of Eop1 and DspE.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle I Olawole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Chiliang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Gwyn A Beattie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
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Cui Z, Huntley RB, Schultes NP, Kakar KU, Yang CH, Zeng Q. Expression of the Type III Secretion System Genes in Epiphytic Erwinia amylovora Cells on Apple Stigmas Benefits Endophytic Infection at the Hypanthium. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1119-1127. [PMID: 34698527 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-21-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight on rosaceous plants. One of the major entry points of E. amylovora into hosts is flowers, where E. amylovora proliferates epiphytically on stigmatic and hypanthium surfaces and, subsequently, causes endophytic infection at the hypanthium. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is an important virulence factor in E. amylovora. Although the role of T3SS during endophytic infection is well characterized, its expression during epiphytic colonization and role in the subsequent infection is less understood. Here, we investigated T3SS gene expression in epiphytic E. amylovora on stigma and hypanthium of apple flowers under different relative humidities (RH). On stigma surfaces, T3SS was expressed in a high percentage of E. amylovora cells, and its expression promoted epiphytic growth. On hypanthium surfaces, however, T3SS was expressed in fewer E. amylovora cells than on the stigma, and displayed no correlation with epiphytic growth, even though T3SS expression is essential for infection. E. amylovora cells grown on stigmatic surfaces and then flushed down to the hypanthium displayed a higher level of T3SS expression than cells grown on the hypanthium surface alone. Furthermore, E. amylovora cells precultured on stigma had a higher potential to infect flowers than E. amylovora cells precultured in a T3SS-repressive medium. This suggests that T3SS induction during the stigmatic epiphytic colonization may be beneficial for subsequent infection. Finally, epiphytic expression of T3SS was influenced by RH. Higher percentage of stigmatic E. amylovora cells expressed T3SS under high RH than under low RH.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqi Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Regan B Huntley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Neil P Schultes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
| | - Kaleem U Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ching-Hong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, U.S.A
| | - Quan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, U.S.A
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Zhang WB, Yan HL, Zhu ZC, Zhang C, Du PX, Zhao WJ, Li WM. Genome-wide identification of the Sec-dependent secretory protease genes in Erwinia amylovora and analysis of their expression during infection of immature pear fruit. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:716-726. [PMID: 32893528 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The general secretory (Sec) pathway represents a common mechanism by which bacteria secrete proteins, including virulence factors, into the extracytoplasmic milieu. However, there is little information about this system, as well as its associated secretory proteins, in relation to the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. In this study, data mining revealed that E. amylovora harbors all of the essential components of the Sec system. Based on this information, we identified putative Sec-dependent secretory proteases in E. amylovora on a genome-wide scale. Using the programs SignalP, LipoP, and Phobius, a total of 15 putative proteases were predicted to contain the N-terminal signal peptides (SPs) that might link them to the Sec-dependent pathway. The activities of the predicted SPs were further validated using an Escherichia coli-based alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) gene fusion system that confirmed their extracytoplasmic property. Transcriptional analyses showed that the expression of 11 of the 15 extracytoplasmic protease genes increased significantly when E. amylovora was used to inoculate immature pears, suggesting their potential roles in plant infection. The results of this study support the suggestion that E. amylovora might employ the Sec system to secrete a suite of proteases to enable successful infection of plants, and shed new light on the interaction of E. amylovora with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Bin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Southern Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Hai-Lin Yan
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zong-Cai Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pei-Xiu Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wei-Min Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Emeriewen OF, Wöhner T, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Malus Hosts- Erwinia amylovora Interactions: Strain Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:551. [PMID: 31105734 PMCID: PMC6499002 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium, Erwinia amylovora, deposits effector proteins such as AvrRpt2EA into hosts through the type III secretion pathogenicity island to cause fire blight in susceptible Malus genotypes. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the AvrRpt2EA effector plays a key role in pathogen virulence on Malus hosts by exchanging one cysteine to serine in the effector protein sequence. Fire blight resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in a few apple cultivars and wild Malus genotypes with the resistance of wild apples generally found to be stronger than their domestic relatives. The only candidate and functionally analyzed fire blight resistance genes proposed are from wild apple genotypes. Nevertheless, the aforementioned AvrRpt2EA SNP and a couple of effector mutants of E. amylovora are responsible for the breakdown of resistance from a few Malus donors including detected QTLs and underlying R-genes. This review summarizes a key finding related to the molecular basis underpinning an aspect of virulence of E. amylovora on Malus genotypes, as well as mechanisms of host recognition and specificity, and their implications on the results of genetic mapping and phenotypic studies within the last 5-6 years. Although the knowledge gained has improved our understanding of the Malus-E. amylovora system, more research is required to fully grasp the resistance mechanisms in this genus especially as they pertain to direct interactions with pathogen effectors.
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