1
|
Baghdadi M, Brassard P, Godbout S, Létourneau V, Turgeon N, Rossi F, Lachance É, Veillette M, Gaucher ML, Duchaine C. Contribution of Manure-Spreading Operations to Bioaerosols and Antibiotic Resistance Genes' Emission. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1797. [PMID: 37512969 PMCID: PMC10386661 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure spreading from farm animals can release antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) into the air, posing a potential threat to human and animal health due to the intensive use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. This study analyzed the effect of different manure types and spreading methods on airborne bacterial emissions and antibiotic resistance genes in a controlled setting. Cow, poultry manure, and pig slurry were spread in a confined environment using two types of spreaders (splash plate and dribble bar), and the resulting emissions were collected before, during, and after spreading using high-volume air samplers coupled to a particle counter. Total bacteria, fecal indicators, and a total of 38 different subtypes of ARGs were further quantified by qPCR. Spreading poultry manure resulted in the highest emission rates of total bacteria (1011 16S gene copies/kg manure spread), Archaea (106 16S gene copies/kg manure), Enterococcus (105 16S gene copies/kg manure), and E. coli (104 16S gene copies/kg manure), followed by cow manure and pig slurry with splash plates and the dribble bar. Manure spreading was associated with the highest rates of airborne aminoglycoside genes for cow and poultry (106 gene copies/kg manure), followed by pig slurry (104 gene copies/kg manure). This study shows that the type of manure and spreading equipment can affect the emission rates of airborne bacteria, and ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Baghdadi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Patrick Brassard
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Stéphane Godbout
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Québec, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Valérie Létourneau
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Turgeon
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Florent Rossi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Émie Lachance
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marc Veillette
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de L'institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Canada Research Chair on Bioaerosols, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montso PK, Bezuidenhout CC, Mienie C, Somorin YM, Odeyemi OA, Mlambo V, Ateba CN. Genetic diversity and whole genome sequence analysis data of multidrug resistant atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O177 strains: An assessment of food safety and public health implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
3
|
Navarro A, van der Ploeg C, Rogé A, Licona-Moreno D, Delgado G, Morales-Espinosa R, Cravioto A, Eslava C. Diversity of Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli O104 and O9 Serogroups Isolated before 2011 from Fecal Samples from Children from Different Geographic Regions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112227. [PMID: 34835353 PMCID: PMC8619403 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) was reported in Europe that was related to a hybrid STEAEC of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O104:H4 strain. The current study aimed to analyze strains of E. coli O104 and O9 isolated before 2011. The study included 47 strains isolated from children with and without diarrhea between 1986 and 2009 from different geographic regions, as well as seven reference strains. Serotyping was carried out on 188 anti-O and 53 anti-H sera. PCR was used to identify DEC genes and phylogenetic groups. Resistance profiles to antimicrobials were determined by diffusion in agar, while PFGE was used to analyze genomic similarity. Five serotypes of E. coli O104 and nine of O9 were identified, as well as an antigenic cross-reaction with one anti-E. coli O9 serum. E. coli O104 and O9 presented diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) genes in different combinations and were located in commensal phylogenetic groups with different antimicrobial resistance. PFGE showed that O104:H4 and O9:(H4, NM) strains from SSI, Bangladesh and México belong to a diverse group located in the same subgroup. E. coli O104 and O9 were classified as commensal strains containing DEC genes. The groups were genetically diverse with pathogenic potential making continued epidemiologic surveillance important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Navarro
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5544547025
| | - Claudia van der Ploeg
- Servicio de Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB)—ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (C.v.d.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Ariel Rogé
- Servicio de Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB)—ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (C.v.d.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Delia Licona-Moreno
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico; (G.D.); (R.M.-E.)
| | - Rosario Morales-Espinosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico; (G.D.); (R.M.-E.)
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Eslava
- Peripheral Unit of Basic and Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases, Public Health Department, Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Hemato-Oncology and Research Unit, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Col. De los Doctores, México City 06720, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Segura A, Bertin Y, Durand A, Benbakkar M, Forano E. Transcriptional analysis reveals specific niche factors and response to environmental stresses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine digestive contents. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:284. [PMID: 34663220 PMCID: PMC8524897 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for severe diseases in humans, and the ruminant digestive tract is considered as their main reservoir. Their excretion in bovine feces leads to the contamination of foods and the environment. Thus, providing knowledge of processes used by EHEC to survive and/or develop all along the bovine gut represents a major step for strategies implementation. Results We compared the transcriptome of the reference EHEC strain EDL933 incubated in vitro in triplicate samples in sterile bovine rumen, small intestine and rectum contents with that of the strain grown in an artificial medium using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), focusing on genes involved in stress response, adhesion systems including the LEE, iron uptake, motility and chemotaxis. We also compared expression of these genes in one digestive content relative to the others. In addition, we quantified short chain fatty acids and metal ions present in the three digestive contents. RNA-seq data first highlighted response of EHEC EDL933 to unfavorable physiochemical conditions encountered during its transit through the bovine gut lumen. Seventy-eight genes involved in stress responses including drug export, oxidative stress and acid resistance/pH adaptation were over-expressed in all the digestive contents compared with artificial medium. However, differences in stress fitness gene expression were observed depending on the digestive segment, suggesting that these differences were due to distinct physiochemical conditions in the bovine digestive contents. EHEC activated genes encoding three toxin/antitoxin systems in rumen content and many gene clusters involved in motility and chemotaxis in rectum contents. Genes involved in iron uptake and utilization were mostly down-regulated in all digestive contents compared with artificial medium, but feo genes were over-expressed in rumen and small intestine compared with rectum. The five LEE operons were more expressed in rectum than in rumen content, and LEE1 was also more expressed in rectum than in small intestine content. Conclusion Our results highlight various strategies that EHEC may implement to survive in the gastrointestinal environment of cattle. These data could also help defining new targets to limit EHEC O157:H7 carriage and shedding by cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mhammed Benbakkar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Projahn M, Lamparter MC, Ganas P, Goehler A, Lorenz-Wright SC, Maede D, Fruth A, Lang C, Schuh E. Genetic diversity and pathogenic potential of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) derived from German flour. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 347:109197. [PMID: 33895597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe human illness, which are frequently linked to the consumption of contaminated beef or dairy products. However, recent outbreaks associated with contaminated flour and undercooked dough in the United States and Canada, highlight the potential of plant based food as transmission routes for STEC. In Germany STEC has been isolated from flour, but no cases of illness have been linked to flour. In this study, we characterized 123 STEC strains isolated from flour and flour products collected between 2015 and 2019 across Germany. In addition to determination of serotype and Shiga toxin subtype, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used for isolates collected in 2018 to determine phylogenetic relationships, sequence type (ST), and virulence-associated genes (VAGs). We found a high diversity of serotypes including those frequently associated with human illness and outbreaks, such as O157:H7 (stx2c/d, eae), O145:H28 (stx2a, eae), O146:H28 (stx2b), and O103:H2 (stx1a, eae). Serotypes O187:H28 (ST200, stx2g) and O154:H31 (ST1892, stx1d) were most prevalent, but are rarely linked to human cases. However, WGS analysis revealed that these strains, as well as, O156:H25 (ST300, stx1a) harbour high numbers of VAGs, including eae, nleB and est1a/sta1. Although STEC-contaminated flour products have yet not been epidemiologically linked to human clinical cases in Germany, this study revealed that flour can serve as a vector for STEC strains with a high pathogenic potential. Further investigation is needed to determine the sources of STEC contamination in flour and flour products particularly in regards to these rare serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Projahn
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina C Lamparter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Ganas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Goehler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra C Lorenz-Wright
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich Maede
- Institute for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt, Halle, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Robert Koch Institute, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enterics, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Robert Koch Institute, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enterics, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schuh
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Su Z, Zhang L, Sun H, Hu Y, Fanning S, Du P, Cui S, Bai L. Characterization of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Cultured from Cattle Farms in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, During 2016-2017. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:761-770. [PMID: 33524305 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Most outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are attributed to consumption of contaminated foodstuffs including beef and dairy products. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of non-O157 STEC cultured from beef and dairy cattle and collected in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. Results identified 67 non-O157 STEC recovered from the 793 samples including beef cattle (10.28%, 43/418) and dairy cattle (6.40%, 24/375). A total of 67 non-O157 STEC was sequenced allowing for in silico analyses of their serotypes, virulence genes, and identification of the corresponding multilocus sequence types (STs). Twenty-one O serogroups and nine H serotypes were identified and the dominant serotype identified was O22:H8. One stx1 subtype (stx1a) and four stx2 subtypes (2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d) were found in the 67 non-O157 STEC isolates. The results revealed that stx1a+stx2a-positive STEC isolates were predominant (32.83%, 22/67), followed by stx1a+stx2d (29.85%, 20/67) and stx2a alone (17.91%, 12/67). Non-O157 STEC isolates carried virulence genes ehxA (98.51%), subA (53.73%), and cdtB (17.91%). Of the four adherence-associated genes tested, eaeA was absent, whereas lpfA and iha were present in 67 and 55 non-O157 STEC isolates, respectively. The STEC isolates were divided into 48 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns and 10 STs, and ST446 (O22:H8) was the dominant clone (22.38%). Our results revealed that there was a high genetic diversity among non-O157 STEC isolated from beef and dairy cattle, some of which have potential to cause human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqiang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Honghu Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Food Microbiology Lab, Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Food Science, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teng L, Lee S, Park D, Jeong KC. Genetic and Functional Analyses of Virulence Potential of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain Isolated From Super-Shedder Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:271. [PMID: 32582570 PMCID: PMC7289925 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is an enteric pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in humans, with cattle being major natural reservoirs. A group of STEC O157:H7 with a dramatic combination of high virulence potentials and super-shedder bovine origin have been isolated. Here, an STEC O157:H7 isolate, JEONG-1266, was analyzed by comparative genomics, stx genotyping, and phenotypic analyses. The phylogenetic typing and whole-genome comparison consistently showed that JEONG-1266 is genetically close to EC4115 (one of 2006 Spinach outbreak isolates) and SS17 (an isolate from super-shedder cattle) strains, all of which belong to lineage I/II and Clade 8. Both lineage I/II and Clade 8 are known to be mostly associated with clinical strains with high virulence and severe clinical symptoms. Further, JEONG-1266, like EC4115 and SS17, harbors stx2a/stx2c genes, and carries Stx-encoding prophages, specifically the φstx2a-γ subtype. Possession of the φstx2a-γ subtype of Stx-encoding prophages and production of Stx2a have been shown to be a key signature associated with hypervirulent STEC O157:H7 strains. In silico virulence typing elucidated JEONG-1266, EC4115, and SS17 shared a highly conserved profile of key virulence genes at the nucleotide sequence level. Consistently, phenotypic data showed that JEONG-1266 expressed a high level of Stx2 toxins and had the full capacity of adhesion in vitro. Taken together, our study suggests that JEONG-1266 may represent an emerging STEC O157:H7 group, which are hypervirulent strains that originate from super-shedders, that can be a threat to food safety and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongjin Park
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Navarro A, Cauich-Sánchez PI, Trejo A, Gutiérrez A, Díaz SP, Díaz C M, Cravioto A, Eslava C. Characterization of Diarrheagenic Strains of Escherichia coli Isolated From Cattle Raised in Three Regions of Mexico. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2373. [PMID: 30364318 PMCID: PMC6193479 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infections represent an important public health concern worldwide. Escherichia coli is one of the main bacterial agents involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Germany was related to a non-O157 STEC strain of O104:H4 serotype. The difficulty in identifying the origin of the bacteria related to the outbreak showed the importance of having epidemiological information from different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis to determine if E. coli strains isolated from cattle from different locations in Mexico have similar characteristics to those isolated in other countries. Samples obtained in different years from 252 cows belonging to 5 herds were analyzed. A total of 1,260 colonies were selected from the 252 samples, 841 (67%) of which corresponded to E. coli and 419 (33%) to other enterobacteria. In total, 78% (656) of the E. coli strains could be serotyped, of which 393 (59.9%) belonged to 5 diarrheagenic (DEC) pathotypes. Serotyping showed STEC (40.7%) and ETEC (26.7%) strains were more common. PCR assays were used to determine the presence of STEC (eae, stx1, stx2, and ehxA) and EAEC (aatA, aggR, and aapA) genes, and phylogenetic groups. The results showed that 70 strains belonging to 23 serogroups were stx1 and stx2 positive, while 13 strains from the O9 serogroup were ehxA, aggR, and eae positive. Phylogenetic analysis showed 58 (82.9%) strains belonged to A and B1 commensal phylogroups and 12 (17.1%) to B2, D and E virulent phylogroups. An assay to evaluate cross-antigenic reactivity in the serum of cattle between K9 capsular antigen and O104 LPS by ELISA showed similar responses against both antigens (p > 0.05). The antimicrobial sensitivity assay of the strains showed resistance to AM, CEP, CXM, TE, SXT, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The results show that cattle are carriers and potential transmitters of STEC and ETEC strains containing virulence genes. Epidemiological retrospective studies in different countries are of great help for identifying virulent bacterial strains with the potential to cause outbreaks that may have epidemiological impact in susceptible countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Isidra Cauich-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alvaro Gutiérrez
- Laboratorios Veterinarios Halvet SA de CV, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Paz Díaz
- Unidad de Investigación en Salud Pública Kaethe Willms, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Martha Díaz C
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Eslava
- Peripheral Unit of Basic and Clinical Research in Infectious Diseases, Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Hemato Oncology and Research Unit, Department of Public Health/Research Division Medicine Faculty, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|