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Balouei F, Armone R, Stefanon B, Randazzo A, Chiofalo B. Long-term dietary intervention of the hydrolyzed feather meal on microbiota composition of adult female dogs. Res Vet Sci 2024; 176:105340. [PMID: 38924930 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This research delves into the impact of substitution of 7% of poultry meal (PM) with hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) on the animal performance and fecal microbiota of dogs. The study was conducted on six adult female English setter dogs, split into control (CTR), and treated (TRT) dietary treatment groups, with similarity for age, initial body weight, and body condition score. During 45-days, body weight, body condition score, muscle condition score, fecal consistency score and microbiota were monitored at the beginning of the trial and after 3, 7, 15 and 45 days. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for these parameters over the whole period of the trial, neither in relation to diet, nor to time, nor to the interaction diet x time. Significant differences were observed for alpha between diets and the TRT group displayed higher evenness compared to the CTR group. Beta diversity analysis revealed distinctions in microbiota composition between the CTR and TRT groups, with the former demonstrating higher biodiversity. Discriminant analysis highlighted 9 significant taxa and 6 of them were significantly different at the Kruskal Wallis test between diets. The results showed an increase in relative abundance (RA) for the CTR group of Streptococcus, Colinsella stercoris, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Bacteroides coprophilus. Conversely, higher RA was observed in the TRT group for Peptostreptococcaceae and Bacteroides uniformis. These findings indicated that the inclusion of hydrolyzed feather meal in the diet of dogs is well accepted and do not have adverse effects in the parameters analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Balouei
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Rosangela Armone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Andrea Randazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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2
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Fu Y, Jia F, Su J, Xu X, Zhang Y, Li X, Jiang X, Schäffer A, Virta M, Tiedje JM, Wang F. Co-occurrence patterns of gut microbiome, antibiotic resistome and the perturbation of dietary uptake in captive giant pandas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134252. [PMID: 38657507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome is a key source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), significantly influenced by diet, which highlights the interconnectedness between diet, gut microbiome, and ARGs. Currently, our understanding is limited on the co-occurrence among gut microbiome, antibiotic resistome in the captive giant panda and the perturbation of dietary uptake, especially for the composition and forms in dietary nutrition. Here, a qPCR array with 384 primer sets and 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing were used to characterize the antibiotic resistome and microbiomes in panda feces, dietary bamboo, and soil around the habitat. Diet nutrients containing organic and mineral substances in soluble and insoluble forms were also quantified. Organic and mineral components in water-unextractable fractions were 7.5 to 139 and 637 to 8695 times higher than those in water-extractable portions in bamboo and feces, respectively, while the latter contributed more to the variation (67.5 %) of gut microbiota. Streptococcus, Prevotellaceae, and Bacteroides were the dominant genera in giant pandas. The ARG patterns in panda guts showed higher diversity in old individuals but higher abundance in young ones, driven directly by the bacterial community change and mobile genetic element mediation and indirectly by dietary intervention. Our results suggest that dietary nutrition mainly accounts for the shift of gut microbiota, while bacterial community and mobile genetic elements influenced the variation of gut antibiotic resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feiran Jia
- University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jingfang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyao Xu
- University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Soil Remediation of Fujian Province University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - James M Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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Bermingham EN, Patterson KA, Shoveller AK, Fraser K, Butowski CF, Thomas DG. Nutritional needs and health outcomes of ageing cats and dogs: is it time for updated nutrient guidelines? Anim Front 2024; 14:5-16. [PMID: 38910950 PMCID: PMC11188961 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keely A Patterson
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Drut A, Mkaouar H, Kriaa A, Mariaule V, Akermi N, Méric T, Sénécat O, Maguin E, Hernandez J, Rhimi M. Gut microbiota in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1346639. [PMID: 38812688 PMCID: PMC11133722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In cats and humans, several physiological and environmental factors have been shown to alter the gut microbiota of healthy individuals. Cats share several diseases with humans such as inflammatory bowel diseases and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. The physiopathology of these chronic enteropathies is poorly understood but may involve disequilibrium of the gut microbiota composition and disruption of normal microbiome activity profiles. These disorders are increasingly diagnosed in the feline species due to improved medicalization and easier access to endoscopy in veterinary practice. This review addresses the current data on the gut microbiota of cats in health and in chronic enteropathies. Such functional analysis will help the advancement of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Drut
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tristan Méric
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Odile Sénécat
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Juan Hernandez
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Tsai CW, Huang HW, Lee YJ, Chen MJ. Investigating the Efficacy of Kidney-Protective Lactobacillus Mixture-Containing Pet Treats in Feline Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Possible Mechanism. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:630. [PMID: 38396596 PMCID: PMC10886156 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-based strategies are a novel auxiliary therapeutic and preventative way of moderating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lactobacillus mixture (Lm) was previously demonstrated to exert a renal-protective function in the CKD mice model. The efficacy of probiotics in pet foods is a relatively new area of study, and thus verifying the potential health benefits is necessary. This study evaluated the efficacy of Lm treats in feline CKD and elucidated the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions. CKD cats (2 and 3 stages) were administrated probiotic pet treats daily (10 g) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated that during the eight weeks of Lm administration, creatinine was reduced or maintained in all cats with CKD. Similarly, gut-derived uremic toxin (GDUT), indoxyl sulfate (IS), were potential clinical significance in IS after Lm treatment (confidence intervals = 90%). The life quality of the cats also improved. Feline gut microbiome data, metabolic functional pathway, and renal function indicator analyses revealed the possible mechanisms involved in modulating CKD feline microbial composition. Further regulation of the microbial functions in amino acid metabolism after Lm administration contributed to downregulating deleterious GDUTs. The current study provides potential adjuvant therapeutic insights into probiotic pet foods or treats for pets with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Tsai
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106037, Taiwan; (C.-W.T.); (H.-W.H.)
| | - Hsiao-Wen Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106037, Taiwan; (C.-W.T.); (H.-W.H.)
| | - Ya-Jane Lee
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106328, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106037, Taiwan; (C.-W.T.); (H.-W.H.)
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106038, Taiwan
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6
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Langon X. Validation of method for faecal sampling in cats and dogs for faecal microbiome analysis. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:274. [PMID: 38102642 PMCID: PMC10724939 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproducible and reliable studies of cat and dog faecal microbiomes are dependent on many methodology-based variables including how the faecal stools are sampled and stored prior to processing. The current study aimed to establish an appropriate method for sampling and storing faecal stools from cats and dogs which may also be applied to privately-owned pets. The approach investigated the effects of storing faeces for up to 12 h at room temperature and sampling from various locations within the stool in terms of microbial diversity, relative taxa abundances and DNA yield. Faeces were collected from 10 healthy cats and 10 healthy dogs and stored at room temperature (20 °C). Samples were taken from various locations within the stool (the first emitted part (i), the middle (ii) and the last emitted end (iii), at either surface or core) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 h, stabilised and stored at -80 °C. DNA was extracted from all samples, using Illumina NovaSeq. RESULTS Faecal bacterial composition of dogs and cats shown no statistically significant differences in alpha diversity. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most prevalent phyla. Cat and dog samples were characterized by a dominance of Prevotella, and a lack of Fusobacterium in feline stools. Room temperature storage of cat and dog faecal samples generally had no significant effect on alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance or DNA yield for up to 12 h. Sampling from regions i, ii or iii of the stool at the surface or core did not significantly influence the outcome. However, surface cat faecal samples stored at room temperature for 12 h showed a significant increase in two measures of alpha diversity and there was a tendency for a similar effect in dogs. When comparing samples with beta diversity measures, it appeared that for dog and cat samples, individual effect has the strongest impact on the observed microbial diversity (R2 0.64 and 0.88), whereas sampling time, depth and horizontal locations significantly affected the microbial diversity but with less impact. CONCLUSION Cat and dog faeces were stable at room temperature for up to 12 h, with no significant changes in alpha diversity, relative taxa abundance and DNA concentration. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated that despite an impact of the sampling storing time and the surface of the sampling, we preserved the identity of the microbial structure linked to the individual. Finally, the data suggest that faecal stools stored for > 6 h at room temperature should be sampled at the core, not the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Langon
- Royal Canin Sas, 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, AIMARGUES Cedex, CS, 10309, 30470, France.
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Rojas CA, Entrolezo Z, Jarett JK, Jospin G, Kingsbury DD, Martin A, Eisen JA, Ganz HH. Microbiome Responses to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Cats with Chronic Digestive Issues. Vet Sci 2023; 10:561. [PMID: 37756083 PMCID: PMC10537086 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the application of fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) in small animal medicine, but there are few published studies that have tested their effects in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Here we use 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine fecal microbiome changes in 46 domestic cats with chronic digestive issues that received FMTs using lyophilized stool that was delivered in oral capsules. Fecal samples were collected from FMT recipients before and two weeks after the end of the full course of 50 capsules, as well as from their stool donors (N = 10), and other healthy cats (N = 113). The fecal microbiomes of FMT recipients varied with host clinical signs and dry kibble consumption, and shifts in the relative abundances of Clostridium, Collinsella, Megamonas, Desulfovibrio and Escherichia were observed after FMT. Overall, donors shared 13% of their bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with FMT recipients and the most commonly shared ASVs were classified as Prevotella 9, Peptoclostridium, Bacteroides, and Collinsella. Lastly, the fecal microbiomes of cats with diarrhea became more similar to the microbiomes of age-matched and diet-matched healthy cats compared to cats with constipation. Overall, our results suggest that microbiome responses to FMT may be modulated by the FMT recipient's initial presenting clinical signs, diet, and their donor's microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie A. Rojas
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.R.); (J.A.E.)
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zhandra Entrolezo
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Jessica K. Jarett
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Dawn D. Kingsbury
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Alex Martin
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.R.); (J.A.E.)
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Holly H. Ganz
- AnimalBiome, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (Z.E.); (J.K.J.); (G.J.); (A.M.)
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Bian Z, Jian X, Liu G, Jian S, Wen J, Zhang H, Lin X, Huang H, Deng J, Deng B, Zhang L. Wet-food diet promotes the recovery from surgery of castration and control of body weight in adult young cats. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad039. [PMID: 36734030 PMCID: PMC9997781 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate dietary management may lead to delayed recovery from castration surgery and significant weight gain in cats after castration. Wet canned food often exhibits more advantageous characteristics than dry food (e.g., higher palatability and digestibility, and lower energy density). This study compared the effects of canned and dry food on surgical recovery and weight management in cats after castration. Eighteen healthy cats (weighed 4.33 ± 1.04 kg and aged 18-months old) were allocated to one of the two dietary treatments (N = 9/group), dry (CON) and canned food (CAN) balanced for sex and initial BW. Cats were fed ad libitum for 7 weeks, including one week before surgery (week 0) and 6 weeks after surgery (week 1-6). Daily dry matter intake (DMI), and weekly body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) was obtained. Feces were collected for measuring nutrient digestibility and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA). Physical pain and wound surface assessment were performed at week 1. Blood was also collected intermittently for measuring biochemical indices and untargeted metabolomics analysis. Results indicated that BW, BCS and daily DMI in CON group increased (P < 0.05) over time after castration, but were maintained relatively stable in CAN group. Cats in CAN group exhibited less pain-related behavior as reflected by lower score of comfort (P < 0.05) and vocalization (P < 0.10), improved wound surface assessment (P < 0.10), lower level of lipase (P < 0.10) and ratio of blood urea nitrogen/serum creatinine (BUN/SC; P < 0.05), and higher level of superoxide dismutase (SOD; P < 0.05) in week 1 than CON cats. Meanwhile, the CAN group had significantly higher concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on days 5 and 7, and higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P < 0.10) but lower triglyceride (TG; P < 0.05) than CON group on day 20 and 48. Fecal total and most individual SCFA increased significantly from week 1 to week 6 regardless of diet, but the increase of butyric acid over time only occurred in CON group (P < 0.05). Also, serum metabolomic analysis revealed differential metabolic pathways between the two groups. Overall, compared with the dry food, the canned food tested in our study promoted cat wound recovery by reducing pain and increasing immune and antioxidative capacity after sterilizing surgery, and helped to maintain healthy body condition in cats after castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Bian
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoying Jian
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guanbao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiyan Jian
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiawei Wen
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinye Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongcan Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Munchkin Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lingna Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Companion Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dainton AN, White B, Lambrakis L, Aldrich CG. Impacts of vitamin premix and/or yeast ingredient inclusion in a canned cat food on thiamin retention during 6 months of storage. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1090695. [PMID: 36570508 PMCID: PMC9771992 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low thiamin levels in thermally processed canned cat foods are concerning for the pet food industry. However, there is little information on storage stability of thiamin in this food format or if inclusion of select ingredients, such as dried yeasts, has an effect. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the storage stability of thiamin when a vitamin premix and/or yeasts ingredients were included in a canned cat food. Materials and methods The factorial treatment arrangement consisted of 2 levels of vitamin premix (with or without) and 4 inclusions of yeast (NY = none, LBV = Lalmin B Complex Vitamins, BY = product #1064B, or EA = BGYADVANTAGE). Diets were stored for 6 months and analyzed every month for thiamin. Data were analyzed as a mixed model (SAS v. 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with fixed effects (vitamin premix, yeast, time, and their two-way and three-way interactions) and random effects (production day and the interaction of production day, vitamin premix, and yeast). Significance was set at P < 0.05 and Fisher's LSD was used to separate means. Results and discussion Diets including the vitamin premix [average 55.1 mg/kg dry matter basis (DMB)] contained more (P < 0.05) thiamin than diets that did not (average 7.5 mg/kg DMB). Inclusion of LBV (average 40.3 mg/kg DMB) resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) levels of thiamin, followed by BY (P < 0.05; average 26.9 mg/kg DMB). Diets with NY and EA contained the lowest (P < 0.05) levels of thiamin and were not different from each other (P > 0.05; average 19.3 mg/kg DMB). The diet containing vitamin premix without yeast lost (P < 0.05) 17.8% thiamin while diets containing a yeast ingredient maintained thiamin levels better during storage. This suggested that thiamin from yeast ingredients was more resistant to degradation during storage and should be considered when designing new canned cat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Dainton
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brittany White
- Simmons Pet Food, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, United States
| | - Leah Lambrakis
- Simmons Pet Food, Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, United States
| | - Charles Gregory Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States,*Correspondence: Charles Gregory Aldrich
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The Kitty Microbiome Project: Defining the Healthy Fecal "Core Microbiome" in Pet Domestic Cats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110635. [PMID: 36423084 PMCID: PMC9698023 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a taxonomically defined fecal microbiome dataset for healthy domestic cats (Felis catus) fed a range of commercial diets. We used this healthy reference dataset to explore how age, diet, and living environment correlate with fecal microbiome composition. Thirty core bacterial genera were identified. Prevotella, Bacteroides, Collinsella, Blautia, and Megasphaera were the most abundant, and Bacteroides, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Sutterella, and Ruminococcus gnavus were the most prevalent. While community composition remained relatively stable across different age classes, the number of core taxa present decreased significantly with age. Fecal microbiome composition varied with host diet type. Cats fed kibble had a slightly, but significantly greater number of core taxa compared to cats not fed any kibble. The core microbiomes of cats fed some raw food contained taxa not as highly prevalent or abundant as cats fed diets that included kibble. Living environment also had a large effect on fecal microbiome composition. Cats living in homes differed significantly from those in shelters and had a greater portion of their microbiomes represented by core taxa. Collectively our work reinforces the findings that age, diet, and living environment are important factors to consider when defining a core microbiome in a population.
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11
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Li Z, Di D, Sun Q, Yao X, Wei J, Li B, Liu K, Shao D, Qiu Y, Liu H, Cheng Z, Ma Z. Comparative Analyses of the Gut Microbiota in Growing Ragdoll Cats and Felinae Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182467. [PMID: 36139326 PMCID: PMC9494971 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accumulating studies have revealed that the gut microbiota had intimate relations with the animal gastrointestinal tract diseases. Through regulating the development of the host’s intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota could directly influence the host’s intestinal function. In the current study, the gut microbiota of Ragdoll cats and Felinae cats were investigated and compared. Results demonstrated the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota in the Felinae cats were much higher than in the Ragdoll cats. However, the relative abundances of beneficial microbes in the Ragdoll cats were much higher than those in the Felinae cats. In all, different genetic portraits determined the different microbial communities in the feline gut. The candidate probiotics isolated in the growing cat’s gut might be applied to treat the gastrointestinal tract diseases. Abstract Today, domestic cats are important human companion animals for their appearance and favorable personalities. During the history of their domestication, the morphological and genetic portraits of domestic cats changed significantly from their wild ancestors, and the gut microbial communities of different breeds of cats also apparently differ. In the current study, the gut microbiota of Ragdoll cats and Felinae cats were analyzed and compared. Our data indicated that the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota in the Felinae cats were much higher than in the Ragdoll cats. The taxonomic analyses revealed that the most predominant phyla of the feline gut microbiota were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Campilobacterota, and others, while the most predominant genera were Anaerococcus, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, Finegoldia, Porphyromonas, Collinsella, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Prevotella, and others. Different microbial communities between the Ragdoll group and the Felinae group were observed, and the compared results demonstrated that the relative abundances of beneficial microbes (such as Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Blautia, Roseburia, and so on) in the Ragdoll group were much higher than in the Felinae group. The co-occurrence network revealed that the number of nodes and links in the Felinae group was significantly higher than the Ragdoll group, which meant that the network of the Felinae group was larger and more complex than that of the Ragdoll group. PICRUSt function analyses indicated that the differences in microbial genes might influence the energy metabolism and immune functions of the host. In all, our data demonstrated that the richness and diversity of beneficial microbes in the Ragdoll group were much higher than the Felinae group. Therefore, it is possible to isolate and identify more candidate probiotics in the gut microbiota of growing Ragdoll cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- Nanjing Policedog Insitute of the Ministry of Public Security, Nanjing 210012, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-21-3429-3139 (Z.M.); Fax: +86-21-5408-1818 (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-21-3429-3139 (Z.M.); Fax: +86-21-5408-1818 (Z.M.)
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12
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The Effects of Bacillus licheniformis—Fermented Products on the Microbiota and Clinical Presentation of Cats with Chronic Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172187. [PMID: 36077904 PMCID: PMC9454741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) are probiotics with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve growth performance. This study aimed to compare the fecal microbiota of diarrheal cats with chronic diarrhea (n = 8) with that of healthy cats (n = 4) from the same household using next-generation sequencing, and evaluate the effectiveness of oral administration of BLFP in relieving clinical signs and altering the intestinal microbiota in diarrheal cats. Six out of eight diarrheal cats showed clinical improvement after BLFP administration for 7 days, and the stool condition of the other two was normal. A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was noted in the feces of diarrheal cats without clinical improvement as compared with those in the healthy cats and in the diarrheal cats with clinical improvement after receiving BLFP. The phylum Bacteroidetes and class Bacteroidia decreased significantly in diarrheal cats regardless of BLFP administration. Blautia spp., Ruminococcus torques, and Ruminococcus gnavus, which belong to the Clostridium cluster XIVa and have been reported as beneficial to intestinal health, increased significantly in feces after treatment. Furthermore, Clostridium perfringens also significantly decreased in diarrheal cats after BLFP administration. Overall, BLFP could be a potential probiotic to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms and improve fecal microbiota in cats with chronic diarrhea.
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Abstract
At birth, neonates provide a vast habitat awaiting microbial colonization. Microbiome assembly is a complex process involving microbial seeding and succession driven by ecological forces and subject to environmental conditions. These successional events not only significantly affect the ecology and function of the microbiome, but also impact host health. While the establishment of the infant microbiome has been a point of interest for decades, an integrated view focusing on strain level colonization has been lacking until recently. Technological and computational advancements enabling strain-level analyses of the infant microbiome have demonstrated the immense complexity of this system and allowed for an improved understanding of how strains of the same species spread, colonize, evolve, and affect the host. Here, we review the current knowledge of the establishment and maturation of the infant gut microbiome with particular emphasis on newer discoveries achieved through strain-centric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagay Enav
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany.
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14
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Azadian A, Gunn-Moore DA. Age-related cognitive impairments in domestic cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1683. [PMID: 35512238 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related dementia has been documented in domestic cats; however, its interaction with naturally occurring feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection has been investigated minimally. METHODS Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and problem-solving (PS) ability were evaluated in FIV-infected (n = 37) and control cats (n = 39) using two cognitive tasks tested serially, which assessed the ability of cats to remember the location of a baited container after a set delay, then evaluated the capability of the cats to manipulate the container to obtain the food within a time limit. Cats were categorized using 7 years of age as a cut-off to determine age-related differences. The relationship between cognitive performance and FIV viral load was investigated using real-time PCR cycle threshold (Ct ) values. RESULTS Age significantly affected VSWM and PS ability. Younger cats had better VSWM performance and PS ability compared to older cats with the same FIV status. There was no difference between younger FIV-positive and negative cats in either part of the task. While older FIV-positive cats had significantly worse VSWM than older FIV-negative cats, no differences were found in PS ability. Additionally, Ct values predicted VSWM but not PS ability. CONCLUSION Age-related cognitive impairments and FIV infection appear synergetic, causing greater cognitive deficits in older FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Azadian
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food System, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Division of Companion Animals, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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15
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Whole-Genome Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals Distinct Gut Microbiome Signatures of Obese Cats. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0083722. [PMID: 35467389 PMCID: PMC9241680 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00837-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are growing health problems in domestic cats, increasing the risks of insulin resistance, lipid dyscrasias, neoplasia, cardiovascular disease, and decreasing longevity. The signature of obesity in the feline gut microbiota has not been studied at the whole-genome metagenomic level. We performed whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing in the fecal samples of eight overweight/obese and eight normal cats housed in the same research environment. We obtained 271 Gbp of sequences and generated a 961-Mbp de novo reference contig assembly, with 1.14 million annotated microbial genes. In the obese cat microbiome, we discovered a significant reduction in microbial diversity (P < 0.01) and Firmicutes abundance (P = 0.005), as well as decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios (P = 0.02), which is the inverse of obese human/mouse microbiota. Linear discriminant analysis and quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation revealed significant increases of Bifidobacterium sp., Olsenella provencensis, Dialister sp.CAG:486, and Campylobacter upsaliensis as the hallmark of obese microbiota among 400 enriched species, whereas 1,525 bacterial species have decreased abundance in the obese microbiome. Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and an uncharacterized Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium are highly abundant (>0.05%) in the normal gut with over 400-fold depletion in the obese microbiome. Fatty acid synthesis-related pathways are significantly overrepresented in the obese compared with the normal cat microbiome. In conclusion, we discovered dramatically decreased microbial diversity in obese cat gut microbiota, suggesting potential dysbiosis. A panel of seven significantly altered, highly abundant species can serve as a microbiome indicator of obesity. Our findings in the obese cat microbiome composition, abundance, and functional capacities provide new insights into feline obesity. IMPORTANCE Obesity affects around 45% of domestic cats, and licensed drugs for treating feline obesity are lacking. Physical exercise and calorie restrictions are commonly used for weight loss but with limited efficacy. Through comprehensive analyses of normal and obese cat gut bacteria flora, we identified dramatic shifts in the obese gut microbiome, including four bacterial species significantly enriched and two species depleted in the obese cats. The key bacterial community and functional capacity alterations discovered from this study will inform new weight management strategies for obese cats, such as evaluations of specific diet formulas that alter the microbiome composition, and the development of prebiotics and probiotics that promote the increase of beneficial species and the depletion of obesity-associated species. Interestingly, these bacteria identified in our study were also reported to affect the weight loss success in human patients, suggesting translational potential in human obesity.
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16
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Lee D, Goh TW, Kang MG, Choi HJ, Yeo SY, Yang J, Huh CS, Kim YY, Kim Y. Perspectives and Advances in Probiotics and the Gut Microbiome in
Companion Animals. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:197-217. [PMID: 35530406 PMCID: PMC9039956 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the number of households that raise dogs and cats is increasing, there is
growing interest in animal health. The gut plays an important role in animal
health. In particular, the microbiome in the gut is known to affect both the
absorption and metabolism of nutrients and the protective functions of the host.
Using probiotics on pets has beneficial effects, such as modulating the immune
system, helping to reduce stress, protecting against pathogenic bacteria and
developing growth performance. The goals of this review are to summarize the
relationship between probiotics/the gut microbiome and animal health, to feature
technology used for identifying the diversity of microbiota composition of
canine and feline microbiota, and to discuss recent reports on probiotics in
canines and felines and the safety issues associated with probiotics and the gut
microbiome in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Goh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Young Yeo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul
National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding author: Younghoon Kim, Department of
Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. Tel: +82-2-880-4808,
E-mail:
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17
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The Serum and Fecal Metabolomic Profiles of Growing Kittens Treated with Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid or Doxycycline. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030330. [PMID: 35158655 PMCID: PMC8833518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated the impact of antibiotic treatment οn the serum and fecal metabolome (the collection of all small molecules produced by the gut bacteria and the host) of young cats. Thirty 2-month-old cats with an upper respiratory tract infection were treated with either amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 20 days or doxycycline for 28 days. In addition, another 15 control cats that did not receive antibiotics were included. Blood was collected on days 0 (before treatment), 20/28 (last day of treatment), and 300 (10 months after the end of treatment), while feces were collected on days 0, 20/28, 60, 120, and 300. Seven serum and fecal metabolites differed between cats treated with antibiotics and control cats at the end of treatment period. Ten months after treatment, no metabolites differed from healthy cats, suggesting that amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or doxycycline treatment only temporarily affects the abundance of the serum and fecal metabolome. Abstract The long-term impact of antibiotics on the serum and fecal metabolome of kittens has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the serum and fecal metabolome of kittens with an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) before, during, and after antibiotic treatment and compare it with that of healthy control cats. Thirty 2-month-old cats with a URTI were randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 20 days or doxycycline for 28 days, and 15 cats of similar age were enrolled as controls. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 20/28, 60, 120, and 300, while serum was collected on days 0, 20/28, and 300. Untargeted and targeted metabolomic analyses were performed on both serum and fecal samples. Seven metabolites differed significantly in antibiotic-treated cats compared to controls on day 20/28, with two differing on day 60, and two on day 120. Alterations in the pattern of serum amino acids, antioxidants, purines, and pyrimidines, as well as fecal bile acids, sterols, and fatty acids, were observed in antibiotic-treated groups that were not observed in control cats. However, the alterations caused by either amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or doxycycline of the fecal and serum metabolome were only temporary and were resolved by 10 months after their withdrawal.
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18
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Dreisbach C, Morgan H, Cochran C, Gyamfi A, Henderson WA, Prescott S. Metabolic and Microbial Changes Associated With Diet and Obesity During Pregnancy: What Can We Learn From Animal Studies? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:795924. [PMID: 35118010 PMCID: PMC8804207 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.795924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota changes throughout pregnancy and influences maternal metabolic adaptations to support fetal growth. Obesity induces alterations to the microbiota that include decreased microbial diversity and shifts in microbial composition, though specific species changes are inconsistent between published studies. In animal models, probiotics and exercise moderate maternal weight gain and partially correct the maternal microbiota. Supplemental Escherichia coli, however, exacerbate maternal obesity during the perinatal period, lending weight to the theory that inflammation-induced gut epithelial barrier leak influences metabolic dysregulation. Although birth weight is not always altered when offspring are exposed to an obesogenic diet during gestation, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism are impacted through adulthood in association with this exposure and can lead to increased body weight in adulthood. Postnatal offspring growth is accelerated in response to maternal overnutrition during lactation. Offspring microbiota, metabolism, and behavior are altered in response to early exposure to high fat and high sucrose diets. Consequences to this exposure include impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis, fatty liver, and neurobehavioral deficits that can be ameliorated by improving the microbial environment. In this mini review, we provide an overview of the use of translational animal models to understand the mechanisms associated with changes to the gastrointestinal microbiota due to maternal obesity and the microbial impact on the metabolic changes of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Dreisbach
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hailey Morgan
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Caroline Cochran
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adwoa Gyamfi
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Wendy Ann Henderson
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Stephanie Prescott
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie Prescott,
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19
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Effect of Nutrition on Age-Related Metabolic Markers and the Gut Microbiota in Cats. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122430. [PMID: 34946032 PMCID: PMC8706506 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites are associated with the increased risk of detrimental conditions also seen with age. This study evaluated whether a test food with potential anti-aging benefits results in favorable changes in plasma and fecal metabolites and the fecal microbiota in senior cats. Forty healthy domestic cats aged 8.3–13.5 years were fed a washout food for 30 days, then control or test food for 30 days. After another 30-day washout, cats were switched to the other study food for 30 days. Assessment of plasma and fecal metabolites showed lower levels of metabolites associated with detrimental processes (e.g., uremic toxins) and higher levels of metabolites associated with beneficial processes (e.g., tocopherols) after cats consumed the test food compared with the control food. A shift toward proteolysis with the control food is supported by higher levels of amino acid metabolites and lower levels of carbohydrate metabolites. Operational taxonomic units of greater abundance with the test food positively correlated with carbohydrate and nicotinic acid metabolites, and negatively correlated with uremic toxins, amino acid metabolism, secondary bile salts, and branched-chain fatty acids. Taken together, the test food appears to result in greater levels of metabolites and microbiota associated with a healthier state.
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20
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Li C, Liu Y, Gong M, Zheng C, Zhang C, Li H, Wen W, Wang Y, Liu G. Diet-induced microbiome shifts of sympatric overwintering birds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5993-6005. [PMID: 34272578 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota have a significant impact on host physiology and health, and host genetics and diet are considered as two important factors, but it is difficult to discriminate the influence of each single factor (host or diet) on gut microbiota under natural conditions. Moreover, current studies of avian microbiota mainly focus on domestic or captive birds, and it is still uncertain how host and diet take part in changing avian gut microbiota composition, diversity, and function in the wild. Here, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to identify the gut microbiota communities for sympatric wintering Great Bustards and Common Cranes at different diets. The results showed that 8.87% operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared among all sampling birds; in contrast, 39.43% of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional pathways were common among all individuals, indicating the existence of gut microbiota conservatism both in microbiota structure and function. Microbiota abundance and diversity differed between Great Bustards and Common Cranes in a specific wintering site, and microbiota variation was detected for the same host species under two different sites, suggesting that the change of gut microbiota was induced by both host and diet. Furthermore, we found that changes of both microbial communities and functional pathways were larger between hosts than those between diets, which revealed that host might be the dominant factor determining microbiota characteristics and function, while diet further drove the divergence of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota functions appeared to be more conserved than bacterial community structure, indicating that different bacteria may function in a similar way, while microbiota OTU diversity might not be necessarily associated with functional diversity. With diet shifting, gut microbiota changed both in terms of microbial communities and functional pathways for the sympatric birds, which implies that avian habitats and their physiological microbiota would be influenced by different farmland management regimes. KEY POINTS: • Gut microbiota can be shaped by both diets and hosts in sympatric species. • Host was the dominant factor shaping the gut microbiota communities and functional pathways. • Gut microbiota were conservative both in structure and in function, but more conservative in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Minghao Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wanyu Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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21
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Kumar S, Khan MA, Beijer E, Liu J, Lowe KK, Young W, Mills DA, Moon CD. Effect of milk replacer allowance on calf faecal bacterial community profiles and fermentation. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:27. [PMID: 33795026 PMCID: PMC8017768 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nutrition of calves from birth until weaning is predominantly from liquid (milk or milk-based) feeds. Liquid feed allowances are often restricted during artificial rearing to accelerate the development of the rumen by promoting solid feed intake. Liquid feeds bypass the rumen and are digested in the lower digestive tract, however, the influence of different types of milk feeds, and their allowances, on the calf hindgut microbiota is not well understood. In this study, faecal samples from 199 calves raised on three different allowances of milk replacer: 10% of initial bodyweight (LA), 20% of initial bodyweight (HA), and ad libitum (ADLIB), were collected just prior to weaning. Bacterial community structures and fermentation products were analysed, and their relationships with calf growth and health parameters were examined to identify potential interactions between diet, gut microbiota and calf performance. Results Differences in the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were not observed, but higher milk replacer allowances increased the concentrations of branched short-chain fatty acids and decreased acetate to propionate ratios. The bacterial communities were dominated by Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroides, and the bacterial diversity of the ADLIB diet group was greater than that of the other diet groups. Faecalibacterium was over three times more abundant in the ADLIB compared to the LA group, and its abundance correlated strongly with girth and body weight gains. Milk replacer intake correlated strongly with Peptococcus and Blautia, which also correlated with body weight gain. Bifidobacterium averaged less than 1% abundance, however its levels, and those of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, correlated strongly with initial serum protein levels, which are an indicator of colostrum intake and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in early life. Conclusions Higher milk replacer intakes in calves increased hindgut bacterial diversity and resulted in bacterial communities and short chain fatty acid profiles associated with greater protein fermentation. Increased abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, were also observed, which may contribute to development and growth. Moreover, correlations between microbial taxa and initial serum protein levels suggest that colostrum intake in the first days of life may influence microbiota composition at pre-weaning. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00088-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Ajmal Khan
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emma Beijer
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Katherine K Lowe
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Viticulture and Enology, Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christina D Moon
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Gut Microbiome of Dogs and Cats, and the Influence of Diet. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:605-621. [PMID: 33653538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a functional organ, and responds metabolically to the nutrient composition within the diet. Fiber, starch, and protein content have strong effects on the microbiome composition, and changes in these nutrient profiles can induce rapid shifts. Due to functional redundancy of bacteria within microbial communities, important metabolites for health can be produced by different bacteria. Microbiome alterations associated with disease are of greater magnitude than those seen in healthy dogs on different diets. Dietary changes, addition of prebiotics, and probiotics, can be beneficial to improve microbial diversity and to normalize metabolite production in diseased dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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23
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Bierlein M, Hedgespeth BA, Azcarate-Peril MA, Stauffer SH, Gookin JL. Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in cats with naturally occurring and experimentally induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246957. [PMID: 33606740 PMCID: PMC7894905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus infects the colon of domestic cats and is a major cause of chronic colitis and diarrhea. Treatment failure is common, but antibiotics may improve clinical signs in a subset of cats, leading researchers to question involvement of the colonic microbiota in disease pathogenesis. Studies performed in women with venereal Trichomonas vaginalis infections have revealed that dysbiosis of host microbiota contributes to pathogenicity with similar findings also found in mice with intestinal Tritrichomonas musculis The aim of this study was to characterize differences in the fecal microbiota of cats with and without naturally occurring T. foetus infection and in a group of kittens prior to and after experimentally induced infection. Archived fecal DNA from cats undergoing testing for T. foetus infection (n = 89) and experimentally infected kittens (n = 4; at pre-, 2 weeks, and 9 weeks post-infection) were analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Amongst the naturally infected population, the genera Megamonas and Helicobacter were significantly increased in prevalence and abundance in cats testing positive for T. foetus infection. In the group of four experimentally infected kittens, fecal samples post-infection had significantly lower abundance of genus Dialister and Megamonas and greater abundance of the class Betaproteobacteria and family Succinivibrionaceae. We hypothesize that T. foetus promotes dysbiosis by competition for fermentable substrates used by these bacteria and that metabolic byproducts may contribute to the pathogenesis of colonic inflammation and diarrhea. Future studies are warranted for the measurement of fecal concentrations of microbial and protozoal metabolites in cats with T. foetus infection for the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barry A. Hedgespeth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Stauffer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jody L. Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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24
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Multiple omental hemangiomas in a Himalayan cat: Incidental finding in a laparotomy. VETERINARSKI GLASNIK 2021. [DOI: 10.2298/vetgl210611013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the occurrence of omental hemangioma in a five-year-old
Himalayan cat. The cat was affected by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis caused by
Fusobacterium necrophorum. Also, chronic renal failure (CRF) was
demonstrated according to high levels of blood urine nitrogen (BUN),
creatinine (Cr), as well as hypoproteinemia and anemia. In this respect, in
urinalysis, urine specific gravity (USG) decreased while urea, creatinine
and total protein levels increased. Moreover, the complete blood count (CBC)
tests showed neutrophilia, monocytosis and lymphopenia. During an
exploratory laparotomy, nine masses with a size of 1-5 mm and firm
consistency were found to be scattered on the omentum. Histologically, the
masses consisted of capillary-cavernous vessels with well-differentiated
endothelial cells. No mitotic figures, hemorrhage, or necrosis were found,
but there was focal lymphocytic infiltration in the parenchyma of the
masses. Immunohistochemically, expression of vimentin and von Willebrand
factor (vWF) was found in the endothelial cells, while the immunoreaction to
smooth muscle actin (?SMA) was negative. These findings confirmed the
diagnosis of hemangioma. To the best of the authors? knowledge, this is the
first report of feline omental hemangioma.
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25
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Pet-Human Gut Microbiome Host Classifier Using Data from Different Studies. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101591. [PMID: 33076521 PMCID: PMC7602744 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: microbiome host classification can be used to identify sources of contamination in environmental data. However, there is no ready-to-use host classifier. Here, we aimed to build a model that would be able to discriminate between pet and human microbiomes samples. The challenge of the study was to build a classifier using data solely from publicly available studies that normally contain sequencing data for only one type of host. (2) Results: we have developed a random forest model that distinguishes human microbiota from domestic pet microbiota (cats and dogs) with 97% accuracy. In order to prevent overfitting, samples from several (at least four) different projects were necessary. Feature importance analysis revealed that the model relied on several taxa known to be key components in domestic cat and dog microbiomes (such as Fusobacteriaceae and Peptostreptococcaeae), as well as on some taxa exclusively found in humans (as Akkermansiaceae). (3) Conclusion: we have shown that it is possible to make a reliable pet/human gut microbiome classifier on the basis of the data collected from different studies.
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Lyu Y, Su C, Verbrugghe A, Van de Wiele T, Martos Martinez-Caja A, Hesta M. Past, Present, and Future of Gastrointestinal Microbiota Research in Cats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1661. [PMID: 32793152 PMCID: PMC7393142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between microbial community and host has profound effects on the health of animals. A balanced gastrointestinal (GI) microbial population provides nutritional and metabolic benefits to its host, regulates the immune system and various signaling molecules, protects the intestine from pathogen invasion, and promotes a healthy intestinal structure and an optimal intestinal function. With the fast development of next-generation sequencing, molecular techniques have become standard tools for microbiota research, having been used to demonstrate the complex intestinal ecosystem. Similarly to other mammals, the vast majority of GI microbiota in cats (over 99%) is composed of the predominant bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Many nutritional and clinical studies have shown that cats' microbiota can be affected by several different factors including body condition, age, diet, and inflammatory diseases. All these factors have different size effects, and some of these may be very minor, and it is currently unknown how important these are. Further research is needed to determine the functional variations in the microbiome in disease states and in response to environmental and/or dietary modulations. Additionally, further studies are also needed to explain the intricate relationship between GI microbiota and the genetics and immunity of its host. This review summarizes past and present knowledge of the feline GI microbiota and looks into the future possibilities and challenges of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Martos Martinez-Caja
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Guo W, Chen Y, Wang C, Ning R, Zeng B, Tang J, Li C, Zhang M, Li Y, Ni Q, Ni X, Zhang H, li D, Zhao J, Li Y. The carnivorous digestive system and bamboo diet of giant pandas may shape their low gut bacterial diversity. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coz104. [PMID: 32190328 PMCID: PMC7066643 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota diversity of eight panda cubs was assessed during a dietary switch.Gut microbiota diversity of panda cubs significantly decreased after bamboo consumption.Carnivorous species living on a plant-based diet possess low microbial diversity.Mice were fed a bamboo diet but did not display low gut microbiota diversity. Giant pandas have an exclusive diet of bamboo; however, their gut microbiotas are more similar to carnivores than herbivores in terms of bacterial composition and their functional potential. This is inconsistent with observations that typical herbivores possess highly diverse gut microbiotas. It is unclear why the gut bacterial diversity of giant pandas is so low. Herein, the dynamic variations in the gut microbiota of eight giant panda cubs were measured using 16S rRNA gene paired-end sequencing during a dietary switch. Similar data from red panda (an herbivorous carnivore) and carnivorous species were compared with that of giant pandas. In addition, mice were fed a high-bamboo diet (80% bamboo and 20% rat feed) to determine whether a bamboo diet could lower the gut bacterial diversity in a non-carnivorous digestive tract. The diversity of giant panda gut microbiotas decreased significantly after switching from milk and complementary food to bamboo diet. Carnivorous species living on a plant-based diet, including giant and red pandas, possess a lower microbial diversity than other carnivore species. Mouse gut microbiota diversity significantly increased after adding high-fibre bamboo to their diet. Findings suggest that a very restricted diet (bamboo) within a carnivorous digestive system might be critical for shaping a low gut bacterial diversity in giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, 783 Xindu Road, Xindu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Yinfeng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Department of Feeding, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 155 Xianfeng Road, Ya’an, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Ruihong Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, 783 Xindu Road, Xindu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingsi Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- Department of Feeding, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 155 Xianfeng Road, Ya’an, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Department of animal medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Department of Feeding, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 155 Xianfeng Road, Ya’an, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Desheng li
- Department of Feeding, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, 155 Xianfeng Road, Ya’an, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, 2404 North University Avenue Little Rock, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72207, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Animal Science, Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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28
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Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:498. [PMID: 31993446 PMCID: PMC6971114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome contributes to host metabolism, protects against pathogens, educates the immune system, and, through these basic functions, affects directly or indirectly most physiologic functions of its host. Molecular techniques have allowed us to expand our knowledge by unveiling a wide range of unculturable bacteria that were previously unknown. Most bacterial sequences identified in the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract fall into five phyla: Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. While there are variations in the microbiome composition along the GI tract, most clinical studies concentrate on fecal microbiota. Age, diet, and many other environmental factors may play a significant role in the maintenance of a healthy microbiome, however, the alterations they cause pale in comparison with the alterations found in diseased animals. GI dysfunctions are the most obvious association with gut dysbiosis. In dogs, intestinal inflammation, whether chronic or acute, is associated with significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Gut dysbiosis happens when such alterations result in functional changes in the microbial transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome. Commonly affected metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, and amino acids, including tryptophan and its catabolites. A recently developed PCR-based algorithm termed “Dysbiosis Index” is a tool that allows veterinarians to quantify gut dysbiosis and can be used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Alterations or imbalances in the microbiota affect immune function, and strategies to manipulate the gut microbiome may be useful for GI related diseases. Antibiotic usage induces a rapid and significant drop in taxonomic richness, diversity, and evenness. For that reason, a renewed interest has been put on probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although probiotics are typically unable to colonize the gut, the metabolites they produce during their transit through the GI tract can ameliorate clinical signs and modify microbiome composition. Another interesting development is FMT, which may be a promising tool to aid recovery from dysbiosis, but further studies are needed to evaluate its potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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29
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Summers S, Quimby JM, Phillips RK, Stockman J, Isaiah A, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski J. Preliminary evaluation of fecal fatty acid concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and correlation with indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:206-215. [PMID: 31693251 PMCID: PMC6979089 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Straight- and branched-chain (BCFA) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by colonic microbiota and have both beneficial and deleterious effects in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fecal SCFAs in cats with CKD have not been described. OBJECTIVE To characterize fecal SCFA concentrations in cats with CKD as compared to healthy geriatric cats and correlate SCFA to serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) concentrations. ANIMALS Twenty-eight cats with CKD (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] stages 2, 3, and 4) and 11 older (≥ 8 years) healthy geriatric cats. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Voided feces were analyzed using stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine fecal concentrations of SCFAs. Serum concentrations of IS and pCS were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were significantly higher in CKD cats(P = .02) Cats with IRIS CKD stage 3 and 4 had significantly higher fecal isovaleric acid concentrations compared to healthy geriatric cats (P = .03), but not compared to IRIS CKD stage 2 cats. Total fecal concentrations of BCFAs were found to correlate weakly with serum creatinine concentration (rho, 0.33; P = .05), blood urea nitrogen concentration (rho, 0.40; P = .01), and pCS concentration (rho, 0.35; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were higher in CKD cats, particularly in late stage disease, compared to healthy geriatric cats. Fecal BCFA concentrations correlated with pCS and were higher in cats with muscle wasting, providing evidence for malassimilation of protein in CKD cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Summers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jessica M Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert Kyle Phillips
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jonathan Stockman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anitha Isaiah
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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