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Zanetti RD, da Cunha GA, Moreira MB, Farias RL, de Souza RF, de Godoy PR, Brassesco MS, Rocha FV, Lima MA, Mauro AE, Netto AV. Orthopalladated N,N-Dimethyl-1-Phenethylamine Compounds Containing 2,6-Lutidine: Synthesis, Dna Binding Studies and Cytotoxicity Evaluation. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Souza TH, Sarmento-Neto JF, Souza SO, Raposo BL, Silva BP, Borges CP, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Rebouças JS, Fontes A. Advances on antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by Zn(II) porphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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New insights into the mechanism of action of the cyclopalladated complex - CP2 in Leishmania: Calcium Dysregulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0076721. [PMID: 34633848 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00767-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on few drugs that present several drawbacks such as high toxicity, difficult administration route, and low efficacy. These disadvantages raise the necessity to develop novel antileishmanial compounds allied to a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action. Here, we elucidate the probably mechanism of action of the antileishmanial binuclear cyclopalladated complex [Pd(dmba)(μ-N3)]2 (CP2) in Leishmania amazonensis. CP2 causes oxidative stress in the parasite resulting in disruption of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, cell cycle arrest at S-phase, increasing the ROS production and overexpression of stress-related and cell detoxification proteins, collapsing the Leishmania mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes apoptotic-like features in promastigotes leading to necrosis or directs programmed cell death (PCD)-committed cells toward necrotic-like destruction. Moreover, CP2 is able to reduce the parasite load in both liver and spleen in Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters when treated for 15 days with 1.5 mg/Kg/day CP2, expanding its potential application in addition to the already known effectiveness on cutaneous leishmaniasis for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, showing the broad spectrum of action of this cyclopalladated complex. The data herein presented bring new insights into the CP2 molecular mechanisms of action, assisting to promote its rational modification to improve both safety and efficacy.
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Holcomb EA, Cipriano N, Cox B, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685296. [PMID: 34169006 PMCID: PMC8217655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. The disease has high morbidity and mortality rates and is prevalent in over 80 countries, leaving more than 300 million people at risk of infection. Of all of the manifestations of this disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form and it presents as ulcerating skin lesions that can self-heal or become chronic, leading to disfiguring scars. This review focuses on the different pathologies and disease manifestations of CL, as well as their varying degrees of severity. In particular, this review will discuss self-healing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), leishmaniasis recidivans (LR), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), which is a cutaneous manifestation observed in some visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients after successful treatment. The different clinical manifestations of CL are determined by a variety of factors including the species of the parasites and the host's immune response. Specifically, the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory mediators plays a vital role in the clinical presentation and outcome of the disease. Depending upon the immune response, Leishmania infection can also transition from one form of the disease to another. In this review, different forms of cutaneous Leishmania infections and their immunology are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Erin A. Holcomb
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Natalie Cipriano
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Blake Cox
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Katz S, Barbiéri CL, Soler FPM, Soares AM, Chavantes MC, Zamuner SR. Effect of Isolated Proteins from Crotalus Durissus Terrificus Venom on Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis-Infected Macrophages. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:718-724. [PMID: 31994997 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200129152954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases characterized by skin manifestations. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is one of the etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The therapeutic arsenal routinely employed to treat infected patients is unsatisfactory, especially for pentavalent antimonials, as they are often highly toxic, poorly tolerated and of variable effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the leishmanicidal activity of toxins isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom as a new approach for the treatment of leishmaniasis. METHODS The comparative effects of crotamine, crotoxin, gyrotoxin, convulxin and PLA2 on bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with L. (L.) amazonensis as well as the release of TGF-β from the treated macrophages were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Crotamine had the strongest inhibitory effect on parasite growth rate (IC50: 25.65±0.52 μg/mL), while convulxin showed the weakest inhibitory effect (IC50: 52.7±2.21 μg/mL). In addition, TGF-β was significantly reduced after the treatment with all toxins evaluated. CONCLUSION The Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins used in this study displayed significant activity against L. (L.) amazonensis, indicating that all of them could be a potential alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Katz
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Clara Lúcia Barbiéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Paula Martins Soler
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Chavantes
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stella Regina Zamuner
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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da Silva DAM, Santana FR, Katz S, Garcia DM, Teixeira D, Longo-Maugéri IM, Barbiéri CL. Protective Cellular Immune Response Induction for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by a New Immunochemotherapy Schedule. Front Immunol 2020; 11:345. [PMID: 32194563 PMCID: PMC7062680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladacycle complex DPPE 1.2 was previously shown to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection in vitro and in vivo. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of DPPE 1.2 associated with a recombinant cysteine proteinase, rLdccys1, and the adjuvant Propionibacterium acnes on L. (L.) amazonensis infection in two mouse strains, BALB/c, and C57BL/6. Treatment with this association potentiated the leishmanicidal effect of DPPE 1.2 resulting in a reduction of parasite load in both strains of mice which was higher compared to that found in groups treated with either DPPE 1.2 alone or associated with P. acnes or rLdccys1. The reduction of parasite load in both mice strains was followed by immunomodulation mediated by an increase of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, IFN-γ levels and reduction of active TGF-β in treated animals. No infection relapse was observed 1 month after the end of treatment in mice which received DPPE 1.2 associated with rLdccys1 or rLdccys1 plus P. acnes in comparison to that exhibited by animals treated with DPPE 1.2 alone. Evaluation of serum levels of AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine showed no alterations among treated groups, indicating that this treatment schedule did not induce hepato or nephrotoxicity. These data indicate the potential use of this association as a therapeutic alternative for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (L) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A M da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana R Santana
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Katz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Teixeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara L Barbiéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Araújo GMF, Barros ARA, Oshiro-Junior JA, Soares LF, da Rocha LG, de Lima ÁAN, da Silva JA, Converti A, Damasceno BPGDL. Nanoemulsions Loaded with Amphotericin B: Development, Characterization and Leishmanicidal Activity. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1616-1622. [PMID: 31298163 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190705202030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases in the world. Its most severe clinical form, called visceral, if left untreated, can be fatal. Conventional therapy is based on the use of pentavalent antimonials and includes amphotericin B (AmB) as a second-choice drug. The micellar formulation of AmB, although effective, is associated with acute and chronic toxicity. Commercially-available lipid formulations emerged to overcome such drawbacks, but their high cost limits their widespread use. Drug delivery systems such as nanoemulsions (NE) have proven ability to solubilize hydrophobic compounds, improve absorption and bioavailability, increase efficacy and reduce toxicity of encapsulated drugs. NE become even more attractive because they are inexpensive and easy to prepare. The aim of this work was to incorporate AmB in NE prepared by sonicating a mixture of surfactants, Kolliphor® HS15 (KHS15) and Brij® 52, and an oil, isopropyl myristate. NE exhibited neutral pH, conductivity values consistent with oil in water systems, spherical structures with negative Zeta potential value, monomodal size distribution and average diameter of drug-containing droplets ranging from 33 to 132 nm. AmB did not modify the thermal behavior of the system, likely due to its dispersion in the internal phase. Statistically similar antileishmanial activity of AmB-loaded NE to that of AmB micellar formulation suggests further exploring them in terms of toxicity and effectiveness against amastigotes, with the aim of offering an alternative to treat visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Muniz Félix Araújo
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Alana Rafaela Albuquerque Barros
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - João Augusto Oshiro-Junior
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Ferreira Soares
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Louisianny Guerra da Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - José Alexsandro da Silva
- Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bolívar Ponciano Goulart de Lima Damasceno
- Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Shah S, Ullah F, Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Hussain S, Ali Shah AUH, Shah S, Ullah N, Ullah F, Ullah I, Nadhman A. Benzoic Acid Derivatives of Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. as Potential Anti-Leishmanial against Leishmania tropica. Processes (Basel) 2019; 7:208. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to appraise the anti-leishmanial potentials of benzoic acid derivatives, including methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (compound 1) and octadecyl benzoate (compound 2), isolated from the ethnomedicinally important plant Ifloga spicata (I. spicata). Chemical structures were elucidated via FT-IR, mass spectrometry, and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy. Anti-leishmanial potentials of the compounds were assessed using Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Moreover, acridine orange fluorescent staining was performed to visualize the apoptosis-associated changes in promastigotes under a fluorescent microscope. A SYTOX assay was used to check rupturing of Leishmania promastigote cell membranes using 0.1% Triton X-100 as positive control. A DNA interaction assay was carried out to assess DNA attachment potential. AutoDock software was used to check the binding affinity of compounds with surface enzyme leishmanolysin gp63 (1LML). Both compounds exhibited considerable anti-leishmanial potential, with LD50 values of 10.40 ± 0.09 and 14.11 ± 0.11 μg/mL for compound 1 and compound 2, respectively. Both compounds showed higher binding affinity with the leishmanolysin (gp63) receptor/protease of Leishmania, as assessed using computational analysis. The binding scores of compounds 1 and 2 with target gp63 were −5.3 and −5.6, respectively. The attachment of compounds with this receptor resulted in their entry into the cell where they bound with Leishmania DNA, causing apoptosis. The results confirmed that the investigated compounds have anti-leishmanial potential and are potential substitutes as natural anti-leishmanial agents against L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar-ul-Haq Ali Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Suleiman Bin Abdullah Aba-Alkhail center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Institute of Integrative Biosciences IIB, CECOS University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
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