1
|
Collins JH, Kunyeit L, Weintraub S, Sharma N, White C, Haq N, Anu-Appaiah KA, Rao RP, Young EM. Genetic basis for probiotic yeast phenotypes revealed by nanopore sequencing. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad093. [PMID: 37103477 PMCID: PMC10411601 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic yeasts are emerging as preventative and therapeutic solutions for disease. Often ingested via cultured foods and beverages, they can survive the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and adhere to it, where they provide nutrients and inhibit pathogens like Candida albicans. Yet, little is known of the genomic determinants of these beneficial traits. To this end, we have sequenced 2 food-derived probiotic yeast isolates that mitigate fungal infections. We find that the first strain, KTP, is a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae within a small clade that lacks any apparent ancestry from common European/wine S. cerevisiae strains. Significantly, we show that S. cerevisiae KTP genes involved in general stress, pH tolerance, and adherence are markedly different from S. cerevisiae S288C but are similar to the commercial probiotic yeast species S. boulardii. This suggests that even though S. cerevisiae KTP and S. boulardii are from different clades, they may achieve probiotic effect through similar genetic mechanisms. We find that the second strain, ApC, is a strain of Issatchenkia occidentalis, one of the few of this family of yeasts to be sequenced. Because of the dissimilarity of its genome structure and gene organization, we infer that I. occidentalis ApC likely achieves a probiotic effect through a different mechanism than the Saccharomyces strains. Therefore, this work establishes a strong genetic link among probiotic Saccharomycetes, advances the genomics of Issatchenkia yeasts, and indicates that probiotic activity is not monophyletic and complimentary mixtures of probiotics could enhance health benefits beyond a single species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Collins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Lohith Kunyeit
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR—Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Sarah Weintraub
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Charlotte White
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Nabeeha Haq
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - K A Anu-Appaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR—Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Reeta P Rao
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Eric M Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Xu W, Gao Y, Zha M, Zhang D, Peng X, Zhang H, Wang C, Xu C, Zhou T, Liu D, Niu H, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhu C, Guo T, Ying H. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved biofilm formation and ethanol production in continuous fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:119. [PMID: 37525255 PMCID: PMC10391976 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation has the potential to enhance cellular environmental tolerance, maintain cell activity and improve production efficiency. RESULTS In this study, different biofilm-forming genes (FLO5, FLO8 and FLO10) were integrated into the genome of S. cerevisiae for overexpression, while FLO5 and FLO10 gave the best results. The biofilm formation of the engineered strains 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was improved by 31.3% and 58.7% compared to that of the WT strain, respectively. The counts of cells adhering onto the biofilm carrier were increased. Compared to free-cell fermentation, the average ethanol production of 1308, 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was increased by 17.4%, 20.8% and 19.1% in the biofilm-immobilized continuous fermentation, respectively. Due to good adhering ability, the fermentation broth turbidity of 1308-FLO5 and 1308-FLO10 was decreased by 22.3% and 59.1% in the biofilm-immobilized fermentation, respectively. Subsequently, for biofilm-immobilized fermentation coupled with membrane separation, the engineered strain significantly reduced the pollution of cells onto the membrane and the membrane separation flux was increased by 36.3%. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, enhanced biofilm-forming capability of S. cerevisiae could offer multiple benefits in ethanol fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Weikai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mingwei Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Tingqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Huanqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qingguo Liu
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andreu C, Del Olmo ML. Biotechnological applications of biofilms formed by osmotolerant and halotolerant yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12589-y. [PMID: 37233754 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms are capable of developing biofilms under adverse conditions usually related to nutrient limitation. They are complex structures in which cells (in many cases of different species) are embedded in the material that they secrete, the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. The ECM has several functions including adhesion, cellular communication, nutrient distribution, and increased community resistance, this being the main drawback when these microorganisms are pathogenic. However, these structures have also proven useful in many biotechnological applications. Until now, the most interest shown in these regards has focused on bacterial biofilms, and the literature describing yeast biofilms is scarce, except for pathological strains. Oceans and other saline reservoirs are full of microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions, and the discovery and knowledge of their properties can be very interesting to explore new uses. Halotolerant and osmotolerant biofilm-forming yeasts have been employed for many years in the food and wine industry, with very few applications in other areas. The experience gained in bioremediation, food production and biocatalysis with bacterial biofilms can be inspiring to find new uses for halotolerant yeast biofilms. In this review, we focus on the biofilms formed by halotolerant and osmotolerant yeasts such as those belonging to Candida, Saccharomyces flor yeasts, Schwannyomyces or Debaryomyces, and their actual or potential biotechnological applications. KEY POINTS: • Biofilm formation by halotolerant and osmotolerant yeasts is reviewed. • Yeasts biofilms have been widely used in food and wine production. • The use of bacterial biofilms in bioremediation can be expanded to halotolerant yeast counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Andreu
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Vicent Andrés Estellés S/N, 46100, València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Marcel Lí Del Olmo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, València, Burjassot, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen T, Wang S, Niu H, Yang G, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhou C, Yu B, Yang P, Sun W, Liu D, Ying H, Chen Y. Biofilm-Based Biocatalysis for Galactooligosaccharides Production by the Surface Display of β-Galactosidase in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076507. [PMID: 37047479 PMCID: PMC10094928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are one of the most important functional oligosaccharide prebiotics. The surface display of enzymes was considered one of the most excellent strategies to obtain these products. However, a rough industrial environment would affect the biocatalytic process. The catalytic process could be efficiently improved using biofilm-based fermentation with high resistance and activity. Therefore, the combination of the surface display of β-galactosidase and biofilm formation in Pichia pastoris was constructed. The results showed that the catalytic conversion rate of GOS was up to 50.3% with the maximum enzyme activity of 5125 U/g by screening the anchorin, and the number of the continuous catalysis batches was up to 23 times. Thus, surface display based on biofilm-immobilized fermentation integrated catalysis and growth was a co-culture system, such that a dynamic equilibrium in the consolidated integrative process was achieved. This study provides the basis for developing biofilm-based surface display methods in P. pastoris during biochemical production processes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Britton SJ, Rogers LJ, White JS, Neven H, Maskell DL. Disparity in pseudohyphal morphogenic switching response to the quorum sensing molecule 2-phenylethanol in commercial brewing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS MICROBES 2023; 4:xtad002. [PMID: 37333439 PMCID: PMC10117810 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo filamentous growth in response to specific environmental stressors, particularly nitrogen-limitation, whereby cells undergo pseudohyphal differentiation, a process where cells transition from a singular ellipsoidal appearance to multicellular filamentous chains from the incomplete scission of the mother-daughter cells. Previously, it was demonstrated that filamentous growth in S. cerevisiae is co-regulated by multiple signaling networks, including the glucose-sensing RAS/cAMP-PKA and SNF pathways, the nutrient-sensing TOR pathway, the filamentous growth MAPK pathway, and the Rim101 pathway, and can be induced by quorum-sensing aromatic alcohols, such as 2-phenylethanol. However, the prevalent research on the yeast-pseudohyphal transition and its induction by aromatic alcohols in S. cerevisiae has been primarily limited to the strain Σ1278b. Due to the prospective influence of quorum sensing on commercial fermentation, the native variation of yeast-to-filamentous phenotypic transition and its induction by 2-phenylethanol in commercial brewing strains was investigated. Image analysis software was exploited to enumerate the magnitude of whole colony filamentation in 16 commercial strains cultured on nitrogen-limiting SLAD medium; some supplemented with exogenous 2-phenylethanol. The results demonstrate that phenotypic switching is a generalized, highly varied response occurring only in select brewing strains. Nevertheless, strains exhibiting switching behavior altered their filamentation response to exogenous concentrations of 2-phenylethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Britton
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Research & Development, Brewery Duvel Moortgat, 2870 Puurs-Sint-Amands, Belgium
| | | | - Jane S White
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hedwig Neven
- Research & Development, Brewery Duvel Moortgat, 2870 Puurs-Sint-Amands, Belgium
- Department M2S, Centre for Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dawn L Maskell
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sha Y, Zhao C, Zhuang W, Chen J, Liu D, Chen Y, Ge L, Wu J, Zhu C, Liu J, Ying H. Reversible Adsorption and Detachment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Thermoresponsive Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Grafted Fibers for Continuous Immobilized Fermentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15827-15838. [PMID: 36484487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated continuous fermentation with cells immobilized has gained much attention in recent years. In this study, thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted cotton fibers (PNIPAM-CF) were prepared via an improved surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The modification process imparted switchable wettability to the surface while maintaining the thermal stability and biocompatibility of the CF. During the ethanol transformation, the rapid, reversible cell adsorption and detachment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were performed through the modulation of wettability, displaying the enhancement of immobilized biomass and immobilization efficiency from 2.20 g/L and 59.43% to 2.81 g/L and 93.32%, respectively. Moreover, the biofilm adsorption matched well with the Freundlich model, indicating that multilayer adhesion was the main mode of biofilm formation. Based on the accumulation of the biofilm, the fabrication and utilization of PNIPAM-CF improved the efficiency of continuous immobilized fermentation, making the ethanol production reach 26.34 g/L in the sixth batch of fermentation. Meanwhile, wettability regulation further enhanced the reusability of the carrier. Therefore, the findings of this study revealed that the application of smart materials in cell immobilization systems had broad prospects for achieving sustainable and continuous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sha
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Lei Ge
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD4300, Australia
| | - Jinglan Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| | - Jinle Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng Q, Lei X, Zhang H, Deng L, Yi L, Zeng K. Phenylalanine Promotes Biofilm Formation of Meyerozyma caribbica to Improve Biocontrol Efficacy against Jujube Black Spot Rot. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121313. [PMID: 36547646 PMCID: PMC9786301 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During storage and transportation after harvest, the jujube fruit is susceptible to black spot rot, which is caused by Alternaria alternata. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the yeast Meyerozyma caribbica in controlling A. alternata in postharvest jujube fruits, and to explore the biofilm formation mechanism. The results showed that M. caribbica treatment significantly reduced the A. alternata decay in jujube fruits. M. caribbica could rapidly colonize jujube fruit wounds, adhering tightly to hyphae of A. alternata, and accompanied by the production of extracellular secretions. In in vitro experiments, we identified that M. caribbica adhered to polystyrene plates, indicating a strong biofilm-forming ability. Furthermore, we demonstrated that M. caribbica can secrete phenylethanol, a quorum sensing molecule which can affect biofilm development. Phenylalanine (a precursor substance for phenylethanol synthesis) enhanced the secretion of phenylethanol and promoted the formation of M. caribbica biofilms. Meanwhile, phenylalanine enhanced the biological control performance of M. caribbica against jujube black spot rot. Our study provided new insights that enhance the biological control performance of antagonistic yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingmeng Lei
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heterologous Expression of CFL1 Confers Flocculating Ability to Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus Lipid-Rich Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121293. [PMID: 36547626 PMCID: PMC9786196 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid extraction from microbial and microalgae biomass requires the separation of oil-rich cells from the production media. This downstream procedure represents a major bottleneck in biodiesel production, increasing the cost of the final product. Flocculation is a rapid and cheap system for removing solid particles from a suspension. This natural characteristic is displayed by some microorganisms due to the presence of lectin-like proteins (called flocculins/adhesins) in the cell wall. In this work, we showed, for the first time, that the heterologous expression of the adhesin Cfl1p endows the oleaginous species Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus with the capacity of cell flocculation. We used Helm's test to demonstrate that the acquisition of this trait allows for reducing the time required for the separation of lipid-rich cells from liquid culture by centrifugation without altering the productivity. This improves the lipid production process remarkably by providing a more efficient downstream.
Collapse
|
9
|
Biofilm Formation of Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii on Glass Surface during Beer Bottle Ageing. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
While brewing probiotic beer using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, we noticed the yeast potentially makes biofilm in glass bottles as the bottles get hazy. In this study, S. cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 was used as a starter culture to produce probiotic beer. We studied the biofilm parameters combined with FLO11 mRNA expression and used light and scanning electron microscopy to document biofilm formation and structure. Our results revealed that ageing the beer and maturing from a sugar-rich to a sugar-limited beer, along with the stress factors from the brewing process (pH reduction and produced metabolites), led to an increase in biofilm mass; however, the viable count remained relatively stable (approximately 7.1 log10 cells/mL). Biofilm S. boulardii cells showed significantly higher FLO11 mRNA expression in the exponential and stationary phase compared to the planktonic cells. This study, therefore, provides evidence that S. cerevisiae var. boulardii makes biofilm on glass surfaces during beer bottle ageing. The impact of complications caused by formed biofilms on returnable bottles emphasizes the significance of this study.
Collapse
|
10
|
Britton SJ, Rogers LJ, White JS, Maskell DL. HYPHAEdelity: a quantitative image analysis tool for assessing peripheral whole colony filamentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6832773. [PMID: 36398755 PMCID: PMC9697609 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer's yeast, can undergo a reversible stress-responsive transition from individual ellipsoidal cells to chains of elongated cells in response to nitrogen- or carbon starvation. Whole colony morphology is frequently used to evaluate phenotypic switching response; however, quantifying two-dimensional top-down images requires each pixel to be characterized as belonging to the colony or background. While feasible for a small number of colonies, this labor-intensive assessment process is impracticable for larger datasets. The software tool HYPHAEdelity has been developed to semi-automate the assessment of two-dimensional whole colony images and quantify the magnitude of peripheral whole colony yeast filamentation using image analysis tools intrinsic to the OpenCV Python library. The software application functions by determining the total area of filamentous growth, referred to as the f-measure, by subtracting the area of the inner colony boundary from the outer-boundary area associated with hyphal projections. The HYPHAEdelity application was validated against automated and manually pixel-counted two-dimensional top-down images of S. cerevisiae colonies exhibiting varying degrees of filamentation. HYPHAEdelity's f-measure results were comparable to areas determined through a manual pixel enumeration method and found to be more accurate than other whole colony filamentation software solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Britton
- Corresponding author: Institute for Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, John Muir Building, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH14 4AS. Tel: +32470205380; E-mail:
| | | | - Jane S White
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH14 4AS
| | - Dawn L Maskell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH14 4AS
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan Y, Xia S, Dong C, Pan H, Cai J, Huang L, Xu Z, Lian J. Random Base Editing for Genome Evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2440-2446. [PMID: 34542280 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the limited understanding of cellular metabolism and regulatory networks, the rational engineering of complex industrial traits remains a grand challenge for the construction of microbial cell factories. Thus the development of simple, efficient, and programmable genome evolution techniques is still in high demanded for industrial biotechnology. In the present study, we established a random base editing (rBE) system for genome evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By fusing an unspecific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein to a cytidine deaminase, rBE introduced C to T mutations in a genome-wide manner. Specifically, we chose DNA-replication-related proteins, including replication factor A (RFA1, RFA2, and RFA3), DNA primase (PRI1), DNA helicase A (HCS1), and topoisomerase I (TOP1), to mediate the deamination of genomic ssDNA. As a proof of concept, we roughly estimated the rBE-mediated yeast genome mutation rate using the CAN1 mutation/canavanine resistance reporter system. We then evaluated the performance of these rBEs in improving the resistance against isobutanol and acetate and increasing the production of β-carotene. Finally, we employed the optimal rBE for the continuous genome evolution of a yeast cell factory resistant to 9% isobutanol. Owing to the conservation of DNA replication mechanisms, rBE is generally applicable and theoretically can be adopted for the continuous genome evolution of all organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Siyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haojie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palková Z, Váchová L. Spatially structured yeast communities: Understanding structure formation and regulation with omics tools. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5613-5621. [PMID: 34712401 PMCID: PMC8529026 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-celled yeasts form spatially structured populations - colonies and biofilms, either alone (single-species biofilms) or in cooperation with other microorganisms (mixed-species biofilms). Within populations, yeast cells develop in a coordinated manner, interact with each other and differentiate into specialized cell subpopulations that can better adapt to changing conditions (e.g. by reprogramming metabolism during nutrient deficiency) or protect the overall population from external influences (e.g. via extracellular matrix). Various omics tools together with specialized techniques for separating differentiated cells and in situ microscopy have revealed important processes and cell interactions in these structures, which are summarized here. Nevertheless, current knowledge is still only a small part of the mosaic of complexity and diversity of the multicellular structures that yeasts form in different environments. Future challenges include the use of integrated multi-omics approaches and a greater emphasis on the analysis of differentiated cell subpopulations with specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Palková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Váchová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Z, Dai H, Zhang X, Wang Q, Sun J, Deng Y, Shi P. BSC2 induces multidrug resistance via contributing to the formation of biofilm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13391. [PMID: 34482605 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm plays an important role in fungal multidrug resistance (MDR). Our previous studies showed that BSC2 is involved in resistance to amphotericin B (AMB) through antioxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, the overexpression of BSC2 and IRC23 induced strong MDR in S. cerevisiae. BSC2-overexpression affected cellular flocculation, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and invasive growth. However, it failed to induce caspofungin (CAS) resistance and affect the invasive growth in FLO mutant strains (FLO11Δ, FLO1Δ, FLO8Δ and TUP1Δ). Furthermore, the overexpression of BSC2 compensated for chitin synthesis defects to maintain the cell wall integrity and significantly reduced the cell morphology abnormality induced by CAS. However, it could not repair the cell wall damage caused by CAS in the FLO mutant strains. Although BSC2 overexpression increased the level of mannose in the cell wall, DPM1 overexpression in both BY4741 and bsc2∆ could confer resistance to CAS and AMB. In addition, BSC2 overexpression significantly increased the mRNA expression of FLO11, FLO1, FLO8 and TUP1. BSC2 may function as a regulator of FLO genes and be involved in cell wall integrity in yeast. Taken together, our data demonstrate that BSC2 induces MDR in a FLO pathway-dependent manner via contributing to the formation of biofilms in S. cerevisiae. TAKE AWAYS: Overexpression of BSC2 induced strong MDR in S. cerevisiae. BSC2 affected cellular flocculation, CSH, biofilm formation and invasive growth. BSC2 could not repair the cell wall damage caused by CAS in the FLO mutants. BSC2 may function as a regulator of FLO genes to maintain cell wall integrity. BSC2 promotes biofilm formation in a FLO pathway-dependent manner to induce MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Dai
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Yunxia Deng
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sácký J, Černý J, Šantrůček J, Borovička J, Leonhardt T, Kotrba P. Cadmium hyperaccumulating mushroom Cystoderma carcharias has two metallothionein isoforms usable for cadmium and copper storage. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 153:103574. [PMID: 34015433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystoderma carcharias is one of the few macrofungal species that can hyperaccumulate Cd. As we have previously documented in C. carcharias collected from a smelter-polluted area, it stores 40% of Cd and nearly 90% of Cu in sporocarps in complex(es) of identical size. In this paper we examined whether metallothionein (MT) peptides that bind Cd and Cu through cysteinyl-thiolate bonds were associated with the metals in these complexes. Screening of a sporocarp cDNA expression library in yeasts allowed the identification of two transcripts, CcMT1 and CcMT2, encoding functional 34-amino acid (AA) MTs sharing 56% identity and appearing to be encoded by duplicate genes. CcMT1 conferred reasonable tolerance to Cu and a substantially higher tolerance to Cd than CcMT2, while CcMT2 clearly protected the yeasts better against Cu toxicity. While size-exclusion chromatography revealed that CcMT1 was contained in all Cd/Cu complexes isolated from wild grown sporocarps, CcMT2 was detected in a much narrower subset of the fractions. The striking difference between the CcMTs is that CcMT1 lacks the third metal-biding cysteinyl (C) within an otherwise highly conserved-in-agaricomycetes-MTs C-AA4-C-AA-C-AA3-C-AA-C-AA4-C-AA-C motif. The elimination of the corresponding cysteinyl in CcMT2 only reduced the Cu-tolerant phenotype in yeasts to the levels observed with CcMT1. Altogether, these results indicate that CcMT2 is rather adjusted to perform Cu-related tasks and point to CcMT1 as the ligand for the storage of both Cd and Cu in C.carcharias, which is the first macrofungal species in which the potential of MT in Cd handling can be seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Černý
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boulton C. Provocation: all yeast cells are born equal, but some grow to be more equal than others. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Zhang D, Wang F, Yu Y, Ding S, Chen T, Sun W, Liang C, Yu B, Ying H, Liu D, Chen Y. Effect of quorum-sensing molecule 2-phenylethanol and ARO genes on Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3635-3648. [PMID: 33852023 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are a form of microbial community that can be beneficial for industrial fermentation because of their remarkable environmental resistance. However, the mechanism of biofilm formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains to be fully explored, and this may enable improved industrial applications for this organism. Although quorum-sensing (QS) molecules are known to be involved in bacteria biofilm formation, few studies have been undertaken with these in fungi. 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is considered a QS molecule in S. cerevisiae. Here, we found that exogenous 2-PE could stimulate biofilm formation at low cell concentrations. ARO8p and ARO9p are responsible for the synthesis of 2-PE and were crucial to the formation of biofilm. Deletion of the ARO8 and ARO9 genes reduced the content of 2-PE in the early stage of fermentation, reduced ethanol yield and decreased biofilm formation. The expression of FLOp, which is involved in cell adhesion, and the content of extracellular polysaccharides of mutant strains ΔARO8 and ΔARO9 were also significantly reduced. These findings indicate that the production of 2-PE had a positive effect on biofilm formation in S. cerevisiae, thereby providing further key details for studying the formation of biofilm mechanism in the future. KEY POINTS: • Quorum-sensing molecule 2-PE positively affects biofilm formation in S. cerevisiae. • 2-PE synthetic genes ARO8 and ARO9 deletion reduced extracellular polysaccharide. • ARO8 and ARO9 deletion reduced the gene expression of the FLO family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deli Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangjuan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianpeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caice Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Dong Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ren P, Chen T, Liu N, Sun W, Hu G, Yu Y, Yu B, Ouyang P, Liu D, Chen Y. Efficient Biofilm-Based Fermentation Strategies by eDNA Formation for l-Proline Production with Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33314-33322. [PMID: 33403293 PMCID: PMC7774248 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms could provide favorable conditions for the growth of cells during industrial fermentation. However, biofilm-immobilized fermentation has not yet been reported in Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum), one of the main strains for amino acid production. This is mainly because C. glutamicum has a poor capability of adsorption onto materials or forming an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Here, an engineered strain, C. glutamicum Pro-ΔexeM, was created by removing the extracellular nuclease gene exeM, which effectively increased extracellular DNA (eDNA) in the EPS and cell adhesiveness onto carrier materials. In repeated-batch fermentation using the biofilm, l-proline production increased from 10.2 to 17.1 g/L. In summary, this research demonstrated that a synthetic C. glutamicum biofilm could be favorable for l-proline production, which could be extended to other industrial applications of C. glutamicum, and the strategy may also be applicable to the engineering of other strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Tianpeng Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hu
- Nanjing
Iaso Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Porras-Agüera JA, Mauricio JC, Moreno-García J, Moreno J, García-Martínez T. A Differential Proteomic Approach to Characterize the Cell Wall Adaptive Response to CO 2 Overpressure during Sparkling Wine-Making Process. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1188. [PMID: 32759881 PMCID: PMC7465653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a first proteomic approach was carried out to characterize the adaptive response of cell wall-related proteins to endogenous CO2 overpressure, which is typical of second fermentation conditions, in two wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (P29, a conventional second fermentation strain, and G1, a flor yeast strain implicated in sherry wine making). The results showed a high number of cell wall proteins in flor yeast G1 under pressure, highlighting content at the first month of aging. The cell wall proteomic response to pressure in flor yeast G1 was characterized by an increase in both the number and content of cell wall proteins involved in glucan remodeling and mannoproteins. On the other hand, cell wall proteins responsible for glucan assembly, cell adhesion, and lipid metabolism stood out in P29. Over-represented proteins under pressure were involved in cell wall integrity (Ecm33p and Pst1p), protein folding (Ssa1p and Ssa2p), and glucan remodeling (Exg2p and Scw4p). Flocculation-related proteins were not identified under pressure conditions. The use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine elaboration and improvement is proposed. Further research based on the genetic engineering of wine yeast using those genes from protein biomarkers under pressure alongside the second fermentation in bottle is required to achieve improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Porras-Agüera
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C3 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Teresa García-Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Yu B, Sun W, Liang C, Ying H, Zhou S, Niu H, Wang Y, Liu D, Chen Y. Calcineurin signaling pathway influences Aspergillus niger biofilm formation by affecting hydrophobicity and cell wall integrity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32190119 PMCID: PMC7075038 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms, as a kind of fixed-cell community, can greatly improve industrial fermentation efficiency in immobilized fermentation, but the regulation process is still unclear, which restricts their application. Ca2+ was reported to be a key factor affecting biofilm formation. However, the effect of Ca2+ on biofilm structure and microbiology was yet only studied in bacteria. How Ca2+-mediated calcineurin signaling pathway (CSP) alters biofilm formation in bacteria and fungi has rarely been reported. On this basis, we investigated the regulation of CSP on the formation of biofilm in Aspergillus niger. RESULTS Deletion of the key genes MidA, CchA, CrzA or CnaA in the CSP lowered the Ca2+ concentration in the mycelium to a different extent, inhibited the formation of A. niger biofilm, reduced the hydrophobicity and adhesion of spores, destroyed the cell wall integrity of hyphae, and reduced the flocculation ability of hyphae. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of spore hydrophobic protein RodA, galactosaminogalactan (GAG) biosynthesis genes (uge3, uge5, agd3, gtb3), and α-1,3-glucan biosynthesis genes (ags1, ags3) in the ∆MidA, ∆CchA, ∆CrzA, ∆CnaA strains were significantly down-regulated compared with those of the wild type (WT). In addition, the transcription levels of the chitin synthesis gene (chsB, chsD) and β-1,3-glucan synthesis gene (FksA) were consistent with the change in chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents in mutant strains. CONCLUSION These results indicated that CSP affected the hydrophobicity and adhesion of spores, the integrity of mycelial cell walls and flocculation by affecting Ca2+ levels in mycelium, which in turn affected biofilm formation. This work provides a possible explanation for how CSP changes the formation of A. niger biofilm, and reveals a pathway for controlling biofilm formation in industrial immobilized fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Caice Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Huanqing Niu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Dong Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Q, Zhao L, Li Y, Wang F, Li S, Shi G, Ding Z. Comparative transcriptomics and transcriptional regulation analysis of enhanced laccase production induced by co-culture of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:241-255. [PMID: 31735984 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The co-culturing of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was confirmed in our previous studies to be an efficient strategy to improve laccase production by submerged fermentation. To determine the possible regulation principles underlying this behaviour, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed on P. eryngii var. ferulae to investigate the differential expression of genes in co-culture. RNA-seq analysis showed that genes concerning xenobiotic biodegradation and expenditure of energy were upregulated. However, genes related to oxidative stress were downregulated. In addition, the transcription levels of laccase isoenzymes were not consistent in the co-culture system: 3 laccase genes (lacc1, lacc2, lacc12) were upregulated, and 3 laccase genes (lacc4, lacc6, lacc9) were downregulated. The enhancement in laccase activity can be due to upregulation of a laccase heterodimer encoded by the genes lacc2 and ssPOXA3a (or ssPOXA3b), whose expression levels were increased by 459% and 769% (or 585% for ssPOXA3b) compared with those of a control, respectively. β-Carotene produced by R. mucilaginosa upregulated the transcription of lacc2 only. Combining these results with an analysis of cis-acting responsive elements indicated that four transcription factors (TFs) had potential regulatory effects on the transcription of laccase genes. It was supposed that TFa regulated lacc transcription by binding with methyl jasmonate and heat shock response elements. The expression of TFb, TFc, and TFd was regulated by β-carotene. However, β-carotene had no effect on TFa expression. These results provide a possible mechanism for the regulation of laccase gene transcription in the co-culture system and are also beneficial for the future intensification of fungal laccase production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - YouRan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen T, Liu N, Ren P, Xi X, Yang L, Sun W, Yu B, Ying H, Ouyang P, Liu D, Chen Y. Efficient Biofilm-Based Fermentation Strategies for L-Threonine Production by Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1773. [PMID: 31428070 PMCID: PMC6688125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms provide cells favorable growth conditions, which have been exploited in industrial biotechnological processes. However, industrial application of the biofilm has not yet been reported in Escherichia coli, one of the most important platform strains, though the biofilm has been extensively studied for pathogenic reasons. Here, we engineered E. coli by overexpressing the fimH gene, which successfully enhanced its biofilm formation under industrial aerobic cultivation conditions. Subsequently, a biofilm-based immobilized fermentation strategy was developed. L-threonine production was increased from 10.5 to 14.1 g/L during batch fermentations and further to 17.5 g/L during continuous (repeated-batch) fermentations with enhanced productivities. Molecular basis for the enhanced biofilm formation and L-threonine biosynthesis was also studied by transcriptome analysis. This study goes beyond the conventional research focusing on pathogenic aspects of E. coli biofilm and represents a successful application case of engineered E. coli biofilm to industrial processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peifang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang L, Zheng C, Chen Y, Shi X, Ying Z, Ying H. Nitric oxide increases biofilm formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by activating the transcriptional factor Mac1p and thereby regulating the transmembrane protein Ctr1. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:30. [PMID: 30809273 PMCID: PMC6375214 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms with immobilized cells encased in extracellular polymeric substance are beneficial for industrial fermentation. Their formation is regulated by various factors, including nitric oxide (NO), which is recognized as a quorum-sensing and signal molecule. The mechanisms by which NO regulates bacterial biofilms have been studied extensively and deeply, but were rarely studied in fungi. In this study, we observed the effects of low concentrations of NO on biofilm formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses were applied to study the mechanism of this regulation. RESULTS Adding low concentrations of NO donors (SNP and NOC-18) enhanced biofilm formation of S. cerevisiae in immobilized carriers and plastics. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses revealed that expression levels of genes regulated by the transcription factor Mac1p was upregulated in biofilm cells under NO treatment. MAC1 promoted yeast biofilm formation which was independent of flocculation gene FLO11. Increased copper and iron contents, both of which were controlled by Mac1p in the NO-treated and MAC1-overexpressing cells, were not responsible for the increased biofilm formation. CTR1, one out of six genes regulated by MAC1, plays an important role in biofilm formation. Moreover, MAC1 and CTR1 contributed to the cells' resistance to ethanol by enhanced biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a mechanism for NO-mediated biofilm formation, which involves the regulation of CTR1 expression levels by activating its transcription factor Mac1p, leads to enhanced biofilm formation. The role of CTR1 protein in yeast biofilm formation may be due to the hydrophobic residues in its N-terminal extracellular domain, and further research is needed. This work offers a possible explanation for yeast biofilm formation regulated by NO and provides approaches controlling biofilm formation in industrial immobilized fermentation by manipulating expression of genes involved in biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchi Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | - Hanjie Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moreno-García J, Martín-García FJ, Ogawa M, García-Martínez T, Moreno J, Mauricio JC, Bisson LF. FLO1, FLO5 and FLO11 Flocculation Gene Expression Impacts Saccharomyces cerevisiae Attachment to Penicillium chrysogenum in a Co-immobilization Technique. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2586. [PMID: 30429833 PMCID: PMC6220091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A reoccurring flaw of most yeast immobilization systems that limits the potential of the technique is leakage of the cells from the matrix. Leakage may be due to weakly adherent cells, deterioration of the matrix, or to new growth and loss of non-adherent daughter cells. Yeast biocapsules are a spontaneous, cost effective system of immobilization whereby Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are attached to the hyphae of Penicillium chrysogenum, creating hollow spheres that allow recovery and reutilization. This attachment is based on naturally occurring adherent properties of the yeast cell surface. We hypothesized that proteins associated with flocculation might play a role in adherence to fungal hyphae. To test this hypothesis, yeast strains with overexpressed and deleted flocculation genes (FLO1, FLO5, and FLO11) were evaluated for biocapsule formation to observe the impact of gene expression on biocapsule diameter, number, volume, dry mass, and percent immobilized versus non-immobilized cells. Overexpression of all three genes enhanced immobilization and resulted in larger diameter biocapsules. In particular, overexpression of FLO11 resulted in a five fold increase of absorbed cells versus the wild type isogenic strain. In addition, deletion of FLO1 and FLO11 significantly decreased the number of immobilized yeast cells compared to the wild type BY4742. These results confirm the role of natural adherent properties of yeast cells in attachment to fungal hyphae and offer the potential to create strongly adherent cells that will produce adherent progeny thereby reducing the potential for cell leakage from the matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Minami Ogawa
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan C. Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Linda F. Bisson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|