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Oh SJ, Yu JW, Ahn JH, Choi ST, Park H, Yun J, Shin OS. Varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E facilitates PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy to evade STING and MAVS-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:16. [PMID: 38184594 PMCID: PMC10771418 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved to control mitochondrial quality and content to facilitate viral replication. Mitophagy is a selective autophagy, in which the damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are removed, and thus considered an essential mechanism for mitochondrial quality control. Although mitophagy manipulation by several RNA viruses has recently been reported, the effect of mitophagy regulation by varicella zoster virus (VZV) remains to be fully determined. In this study, we showed that dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and subsequent PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy were triggered during VZV infection, facilitating VZV replication. In addition, VZV glycoprotein E (gE) promoted PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by interacting with LC3 and upregulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Importantly, VZV gE inhibited MAVS oligomerization and STING translocation to disrupt MAVS- and STING-mediated interferon (IFN) responses, and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was required for VZV gE-mediated inhibition of IFN production. Similarly, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)-mediated mitophagy induction led to increased VZV replication but attenuated IFN production in a three-dimensional human skin organ culture model. Our results provide new insights into the immune evasion mechanism of VZV gE via PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Tae Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeanho Yun
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Y, Ren L, Bai H, Jin Q, Zhang L. Exosome-Autophagy Crosstalk in Enveloped Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10618. [PMID: 37445802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles (EVs) predominantly present in bodily fluids, participate in various physiological processes. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism, eliminates proteins and damaged organelles by forming double-membrane autophagosomes. These autophagosomes subsequently merge with lysosomes for target degradation. The interaction between autophagy and endosomal/exosomal pathways can occur at different stages, exerting significant influences on normal physiology and human diseases. The interplay between exosomes and the autophagy pathway is intricate. Exosomes exhibit a cytoprotective role by inducing intracellular autophagy, while autophagy modulates the biogenesis and degradation of exosomes. Research indicates that exosomes and autophagy contribute to the infection process of numerous enveloped viruses. Enveloped viruses, comprising viral nucleic acid, proteins, or virions, can be encapsulated within exosomes and transferred between cells via exosomal transport. Consequently, exosomes play a crucial role in the infection of certain viral diseases. This review presents recent findings on the interplay between exosomes and autophagy, as well as their implications in the infection of enveloped viruses, thereby offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis and vaccine research of enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haocheng Bai
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qing Jin
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, College of Animal Sciences, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Humanized Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) Mouse Models for Varicella-Zoster Virus Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 438:135-161. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Heinz J, Kennedy PGE, Mogensen TH. The Role of Autophagy in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061053. [PMID: 34199543 PMCID: PMC8227580 DOI: 10.3390/v13061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process serving to degrade cytosolic organelles or foreign material to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has also emerged as an important process involved in complex interactions with viral pathogens during infection. It has become apparent that autophagy may have either proviral or antiviral roles, depending on the cellular context and the specific virus. While evidence supports an antiviral role of autophagy during certain herpesvirus infections, numerous examples illustrate how herpesviruses may also evade autophagy pathways or even utilize this process to their own advantage. Here, we review the literature on varicella zoster virus (VZV) and autophagy and describe the mechanisms by which VZV may stimulate autophagy pathways and utilize these to promote cell survival or to support viral egress from cells. We also discuss recent evidence supporting an overall antiviral role of autophagy, particularly in relation to viral infection in neurons. Collectively, these studies suggest complex and sometimes opposing effects of autophagy in the context of VZV infection. Much remains to be understood concerning these virus–host interactions and the impact of autophagy on infections caused by VZV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (J.H.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (J.H.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Tognarelli EI, Reyes A, Corrales N, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030542. [PMID: 33806291 PMCID: PMC7999576 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Inhibition of ULK1 and Beclin1 by an α-herpesvirus Akt-like Ser/Thr kinase limits autophagy to stimulate virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26941-26950. [PMID: 31843932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915139116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful host defense that restricts herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) pathogenesis in neurons. As a countermeasure, the viral ICP34.5 polypeptide, which is exclusively encoded by HSV, antagonizes autophagy in part through binding Beclin1. However, whether autophagy is a cell-type-specific antiviral defense or broadly restricts HSV-1 reproduction in nonneuronal cells is unknown. Here, we establish that autophagy limits HSV-1 productive growth in nonneuronal cells and is repressed by the Us3 gene product. Phosphorylation of the autophagy regulators ULK1 and Beclin1 in virus-infected cells was dependent upon the HSV-1 Us3 Ser/Thr kinase. Furthermore, Beclin1 was unexpectedly identified as a direct Us3 kinase substrate. Although disabling autophagy did not impact replication of an ICP34.5-deficient virus in primary human fibroblasts, depleting Beclin1 and ULK1 partially rescued Us3-deficient HSV-1 replication. This shows that autophagy restricts HSV-1 reproduction in a cell-intrinsic manner in nonneuronal cells and is suppressed by multiple, independent viral functions targeting Beclin1 and ULK1. Moreover, it defines a surprising role regulating autophagy for the Us3 kinase, which unlike ICP34.5 is widely encoded by alpha-herpesvirus subfamily members.
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Zhang X, Qin J, Xie Z, Liu C, Su Y, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Ma C, Liu G, Paus R, Guo J, Wu X. Y-27632 preserves epidermal integrity in a human skin organ-culture (hSOC) system by regulating AKT and ERK signaling pathways. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:99-109. [PMID: 31718896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin organ culture (hSOC) developed a century ago has been widely used to study various aspects of human skin development, differentiation, function, disease as well as skin appendages biology, however, maintaining the integrity of epidermal structure in long-term culture, has remained a challenge. OBJECTIVES Here we tried to establish a culture system using supplemented William's E medium in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 to maintain epidermal architecture in the long-term hSOC and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Human breast skins, cut into 5 mm × 5 mm pieces, were cultured in supplemented William's E medium in the presence of 30μM Y-27632. The cultured skin tissues were collected at different time points for analysis of epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation by real time qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The keratinocyte suspension assay and in vivo treatment of Y-27632 on mouse were also carried out to study that the regulation of Y-27632 on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. RESULTS We found Y-27632 not only enhanced both basal cell proliferation and expression of suprabasal cell differentiation markers, but also maintained the balance of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation through activation of AKT pathways on one hand and inhibition of ERK pathways on the other hand. The AKT inhibitor MK-2206 blocked the epidermal preservation effect of Y-27632, while the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 enhanced the preservation of epidermal structure in the hSOC. CONCLUSIONS Y-227632 can maintain skin epidermal integrity through regulation of AKT and ERK activity in the hSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China; Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China; Department of Stomatology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Yiqun Su
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan Ma
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Guanyi Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
| | - Xunwei Wu
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
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Progeny Varicella-Zoster Virus Capsids Exit the Nucleus but Never Undergo Secondary Envelopment during Autophagic Flux Inhibition by Bafilomycin A1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00505-19. [PMID: 31217243 PMCID: PMC6694825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00505-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that lacks the herpesviral neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. The underlying hypothesis of this project was that inhibitors of autophagy reduce VZV infectivity. We selected the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 for analysis because of its well-known antiautophagy property of impeding acidification during the late stage of autophagic flux. We documented that bafilomycin treatment from 48 to 72 h postinfection lowered VZV titers substantially (P ≤ 0.008). Because we were unable to define the site of the block in the infectious cycle by confocal microscopy, we turned to electron microscopy. Capsids were observed in the nucleus, in the perinuclear space, and in the cytoplasm adjacent to Golgi apparatus vesicles. Many of the capsids had an aberrant appearance, as has been observed previously in infections not treated with bafilomycin. In contrast to prior untreated infections, however, secondary envelopment of capsids was not seen in the trans-Golgi network, nor were prototypical enveloped particles with capsids (virions) seen in cytoplasmic vesicles after bafilomycin treatment. Instead, multiple particles with varying diameters without capsids (light particles) were seen in large virus assembly compartments near the disorganized Golgi apparatus. Bafilomycin treatment also led to increased numbers of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm, some of which contained remnants of the Golgi apparatus. In summary, we have defined a previously unrecognized property of bafilomycin whereby it disrupted the site of secondary envelopment of VZV capsids by altering the pH of the trans-Golgi network and thereby preventing the correct formation of virus assembly compartments.IMPORTANCE This study of VZV assembly in the presence of bafilomycin A1 emphasizes the importance of the Golgi apparatus/trans-Golgi network as a platform in the alphaherpesvirus life cycle. We have previously shown that VZV induces levels of autophagy far above the basal levels of autophagy in human skin, a major site of VZV assembly. The current study documented that bafilomycin treatment led to impaired assembly of VZV capsids after primary envelopment/de-envelopment but before secondary reenvelopment. This VZV study also complemented prior herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus studies investigating two other inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus function: brefeldin A and monensin. Studies with porcine herpesvirus demonstrated that primary enveloped particles accumulated in the perinuclear space in the presence of brefeldin A, while studies with herpes simplex virus 1 documented an impaired secondary assembly of enveloped viral particles in the presence of monensin.
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