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Mazzeo MF, Sorrentino A, Morandi S, Abouloifa H, Asehraou A, Brasca M, Siciliano RA. Catalogue of surface proteins of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains of dairy and vegetable niches. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 426:110922. [PMID: 39342700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) exhibits relevant probiotic and technological features and is widely used in food industries, improving flavour, texture and organoleptic properties of fermented products. Cell-surface proteins have a key role in the molecular mechanisms responsible for healthy effects, being the first actors in the bacteria - host interactions. Proteins present on the surface of four L. plantarum strains (two isolated from vegetable matrices and two from dairy products) were identified by proteomics with the aim to gain a comprehensive picture of differences in protein profiles potentially related to the habitat of origin and specific properties of the analyzed strains. Results highlighted a more diversified pattern of surface proteins in strains from vegetable matrices compared to those from dairy matrices (>500 proteins vs about 200 proteins, respectively). The four strains shared a core of 143 proteins, while 445 were specifically present in strains from vegetable matrices and 26 were peculiar of strains from dairy origin. Sortase A, involved in adhesion, and choloylglycine hydrolase (bile salt hydrolase) were detected only in strains from vegetable matrices. The peculiar molecular functions of identified proteins suggested that these strains, and in particular L. plantarum S61, could have a significant probiotic and biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alida Sorrentino
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy
| | - Stefano Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Milan, Italy
| | - Houssam Abouloifa
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Milena Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Siciliano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy
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2
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Dorosky RJ, Schreier JE, Lola SL, Sava RL, Coryell MP, Akue A, KuKuruga M, Carlson PE, Dreher-Lesnick SM, Stibitz S. Nanobodies as potential tools for microbiological testing of live biotherapeutic products. AMB Express 2024; 14:9. [PMID: 38245586 PMCID: PMC10799837 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are highly specific binding domains derived from naturally occurring single chain camelid antibodies. Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are biological products containing preparations of live organisms, such as Lactobacillus, that are intended for use as drugs, i.e. to address a specific disease or condition. Demonstrating potency of multi-strain LBPs can be challenging. The approach investigated here is to use strain-specific nanobody reagents in LBP potency assays. Llamas were immunized with radiation-killed Lactobacillus jensenii or L. crispatus whole cell preparations. A nanobody phage-display library was constructed and panned against bacterial preparations to identify nanobodies specific for each species. Nanobody-encoding DNA sequences were subcloned and the nanobodies were expressed, purified, and characterized. Colony immunoblots and flow cytometry showed that binding by Lj75 and Lj94 nanobodies were limited to a subset of L. jensenii strains while binding by Lc38 and Lc58 nanobodies were limited to L. crispatus strains. Mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate that Lj75 specifically bound a peptidase of L. jensenii, and that Lc58 bound an S-layer protein of L. crispatus. The utility of fluorescent nanobodies in evaluating multi-strain LBP potency assays was assessed by evaluating a L. crispatus and L. jensenii mixture by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and colony immunoblots. Our results showed that the fluorescent nanobody labelling enabled differentiation and quantitation of the strains in mixture by these methods. Development of these nanobody reagents represents a potential advance in LBP testing, informing the advancement of future LBP potency assays and, thereby, facilitation of clinical investigation of LBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Dorosky
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Jeremy E Schreier
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Lola
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rosa L Sava
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Coryell
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Adovi Akue
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark KuKuruga
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul E Carlson
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sheila M Dreher-Lesnick
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Scott Stibitz
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Griffin ME, Klupt S, Espinosa J, Hang HC. Peptidoglycan NlpC/P60 peptidases in bacterial physiology and host interactions. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:436-456. [PMID: 36417916 PMCID: PMC10192474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a highly crosslinked matrix of glycopeptide polymers known as peptidoglycan that dictates bacterial cell morphology and protects against environmental stresses. Regulation of peptidoglycan turnover is therefore crucial for bacterial survival and growth and is mediated by key protein complexes and enzyme families. Here, we review the prevalence, structure, and activity of NlpC/P60 peptidases, a family of peptidoglycan hydrolases that are crucial for cell wall turnover and division as well as interactions with antibiotics and different hosts. Understanding the molecular functions of NlpC/P60 peptidases should provide important insight into bacterial physiology, their interactions with different kingdoms of life, and the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven Klupt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juliel Espinosa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Kwan JMC, Qiao Y. Mechanistic Insights into the Activities of Major Families of Enzymes in Bacterial Peptidoglycan Assembly and Breakdown. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200693. [PMID: 36715567 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serving as an exoskeletal scaffold, peptidoglycan is a polymeric macromolecule that is essential and conserved across all bacteria, yet is absent in mammalian cells; this has made bacterial peptidoglycan a well-established excellent antibiotic target. In addition, soluble peptidoglycan fragments derived from bacteria are increasingly recognised as key signalling molecules in mediating diverse intra- and inter-species communication in nature, including in gut microbiota-host crosstalk. Each bacterial species encodes multiple redundant enzymes for key enzymatic activities involved in peptidoglycan assembly and breakdown. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the biochemical activities of major peptidoglycan enzymes, including peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGT) and transpeptidases (TPs) in the final stage of peptidoglycan assembly, as well as peptidoglycan glycosidases, lytic transglycosylase (LTs), amidases, endopeptidases (EPs) and carboxypeptidases (CPs) in peptidoglycan turnover and metabolism. Biochemical characterisation of these enzymes provides valuable insights into their substrate specificity, regulation mechanisms and potential modes of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, Singapore, 208232, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Zhang X, Liang Y, Zheng K, Wang Z, Dong Y, Liu Y, Ren L, Wang H, Han Y, McMinn A, Sung YY, Mok WJ, Wong LL, He J, Wang M. Characterization and genomic analysis of phage vB_ValR_NF, representing a new viral family prevalent in the Ulva prolifera blooms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1161265. [PMID: 37213492 PMCID: PMC10196503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vibrio is an important bacterial genus containing many pathogenic species. Although more and more Vibrio phages were isolated, the genome, ecology and evolution of Vibrio phages and their roles in bacteriophage therapy, have not been fully revealed. Methods Novel Vibrio phage vB_ValR_NF infecting Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from the coastal waters of Qingdao during the Ulva prolifera blooms, Characterization and genomic feature of phage vB_ValR_NF has been analysed using phage isolation, sequencing and metagenome method. Results and Discussion Phage vB_ValR_NF has a siphoviral morphology (icosahedral head 114±1 nm in diameter; a tail length of 231±1 nm), a short latent period (30 minutes) and a large burst size (113 virions per cell), and the thermal/pH stability study showed that phage vB_ValR_NF was highly tolerant to a range of pHs (4-12) and temperatures (-20 - 45 °C), respectively. Host range analysis suggests that phage vB_ValR_NF not only has a high inhibitory ability against the host strain V. alginolyticus, but also can infect 7 other Vibrio strains. In addition, the phage vB_ValR_NF has a double-stranded 44, 507 bp DNA genome, with 43.10 % GC content and 75 open reading frames. Three auxiliary metabolic genes associated with aldehyde dehydrogenase, serine/threonine protein phosphatase and calcineurin-like phosphoesterase were predicted, might help the host V. alginolyticus occupy the survival advantage, thus improving the survival chance of phage vB_ValR_NF under harsh conditions. This point can be supported by the higher abundance of phage vB_ValR_NF during the U. prolifera blooms than in other marine environments. Further phylogenetic and genomic analysis shows that the viral group represented by Vibrio phage vB_ValR_NF is different from other well-defined reference viruses, and can be classified into a new family, named Ruirongviridae. In general, as a new marine phage infecting V. alginolyticus, phage vB_ValR_NF provides basic information for further molecular research on phage-host interactions and evolution, and may unravel a novel insight into changes in the community structure of organisms during the U. prolifera blooms. At the same time, its high tolerance to extreme conditions and excellent bactericidal ability will become important reference factors when evaluating the potential of phage vB_ValR_NF in bacteriophage therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yantao Liang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yantao Liang, ; Jianfeng He, ; Min Wang,
| | - Kaiyang Zheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Dong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yundan Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Linyi Ren
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmin Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Andrew McMinn
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wen Jye Mok
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Li Lian Wong
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jianfeng He
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yantao Liang, ; Jianfeng He, ; Min Wang,
| | - Min Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Center for Ocean Carbon Neutrality, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yantao Liang, ; Jianfeng He, ; Min Wang,
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Kim YJ, Choi BJ, Park SH, Lee HB, Son JE, Choi U, Chi WJ, Lee CR. Distinct Amino Acid Availability-Dependent Regulatory Mechanisms of MepS and MepM Levels in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:677739. [PMID: 34276609 PMCID: PMC8278236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.677739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases play important roles in various aspects of bacterial physiology, including cytokinesis, PG synthesis, quality control of PG, PG recycling, and antibiotic resistance. However, the regulatory mechanisms of their expression are poorly understood. In this study, we have uncovered novel regulatory mechanisms of the protein levels of the synthetically lethal PG endopeptidases MepS and MepM, which are involved in PG synthesis. A mutant defective for both MepS and MepM was lethal in an amino acid-rich medium, whereas it exhibited almost normal growth in a minimal medium, suggesting the expendability of MepS and MepM in a minimal medium. Protein levels of MepS and MepM dramatically decreased in the minimal medium. Although MepM was revealed as a substrate of Prc, a periplasmic protease involved in the proteolysis of MepS, only the decrease in the MepS level in the minimal medium was affected by the prc depletion. Phenotypic and biochemical analyses showed that the presence of aromatic amino acids in the medium induced the accumulation of MepS, but not MepM, while the presence of glutamate increased the level of MepM, but not MepS. Together, these results demonstrate that the protein levels of the two major PG endopeptidases are regulated in an amino acid availability-dependent manner, but their molecular mechanisms and signaling are significantly distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Jae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Byoung Jun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Si Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Han Byeol Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Umji Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Won-Jae Chi
- Biological and Genetic Resource Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resource, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ro Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea
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Martínez B, Rodríguez A, Kulakauskas S, Chapot-Chartier MP. Cell wall homeostasis in lactic acid bacteria: threats and defences. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:538-564. [PMID: 32495833 PMCID: PMC7476776 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) encompasses industrially relevant bacteria involved in food fermentations as well as health-promoting members of our autochthonous microbiota. In the last years, we have witnessed major progresses in the knowledge of the biology of their cell wall, the outermost macrostructure of a Gram-positive cell, which is crucial for survival. Sophisticated biochemical analyses combined with mutation strategies have been applied to unravel biosynthetic routes that sustain the inter- and intra-species cell wall diversity within LAB. Interplay with global cell metabolism has been deciphered that improved our fundamental understanding of the plasticity of the cell wall during growth. The cell wall is also decisive for the antimicrobial activity of many bacteriocins, for bacteriophage infection and for the interactions with the external environment. Therefore, genetic circuits involved in monitoring cell wall damage have been described in LAB, together with a plethora of defence mechanisms that help them to cope with external threats and adapt to harsh conditions. Since the cell wall plays a pivotal role in several technological and health-promoting traits of LAB, we anticipate that this knowledge will pave the way for the future development and extended applications of LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martínez
- DairySafe research group. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products. Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC. Paseo Río Linares s/n. 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- DairySafe research group. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products. Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC. Paseo Río Linares s/n. 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Saulius Kulakauskas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:203. [PMID: 33160356 PMCID: PMC7648308 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jeng Yang Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Lipoprotein N-Acylation in Staphylococcus aureus Is Catalyzed by a Two-Component Acyl Transferase System. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01619-20. [PMID: 32723923 PMCID: PMC7387801 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01619-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has long been known that S. aureus forms triacylated Lpps, a lack of homologs to known N-acylation genes found in Gram-negative bacteria has until now precluded identification of the genes responsible for this Lpp modification. Here, we demonstrate N-terminal Lpp acylation and chemotype conversion to the tri-acylated state is directed by a unique acyl transferase system encoded by two noncontiguous staphylococci genes (lnsAB). Since triacylated Lpps stimulate TLR2 more weakly than their diacylated counterparts, Lpp N-acylation is an important TLR2 immunoevasion factor for determining tolerance or nontolerance in niches such as in the skin microbiota. The discovery of the LnsAB system expands the known diversity of Lpp biosynthesis pathways and acyl transfer biochemistry in bacteria, advances our understanding of Lpp structural heterogeneity, and helps differentiate commensal and noncommensal microbiota. Bacterial lipoproteins (Lpps) are a class of membrane-associated proteins universally distributed among all bacteria. A characteristic N-terminal cysteine residue that is variably acylated anchors C-terminal globular domains to the extracellular surface, where they serve numerous roles, including in the capture and transport of essential nutrients. Lpps are also ligands for the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) family, a key component of the innate immune system tasked with bacterial recognition. While Lpp function is conserved in all prokaryotes, structural heterogeneity in the N-terminal acylation state is widespread among Firmicutes and can differ between otherwise closely related species. In this study, we identify a novel two-gene system that directs the synthesis of N-acylated Lpps in the commensal and opportunistic pathogen subset of staphylococci. The two genes, which we have named the lipoprotein N-acylation transferase system (Lns), bear no resemblance to previously characterized N-terminal Lpp tailoring enzymes. LnsA (SAOUHSC_00822) is an NlpC/P60 superfamily enzyme, whereas LnsB (SAOHSC_02761) has remote homology to the CAAX protease and bacteriocin-processing enzyme (CPBP) family. Both LnsA and LnsB are together necessary and alone sufficient for N-acylation in Staphylococcus aureus and convert the Lpp chemotype from diacyl to triacyl when heterologously expressed in Listeria monocytogenes. Acquisition of lnsAB decreases TLR2-mediated detection of S. aureus by nearly 10-fold and shifts the activated TLR2 complex from TLR2/6 to TLR2/1. LnsAB thus has a dual role in attenuating TLR2 signaling in addition to a broader role in bacterial cell envelope physiology.
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10
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Bäuerl C, Abitayeva G, Sosa-Carrillo S, Mencher-Beltrán A, Navarro-Lleó N, Coll-Marqués JM, Zúñiga-Cabrera M, Shaikhin S, Pérez-Martinez G. P40 and P75 Are Singular Functional Muramidases Present in the Lactobacillus casei /paracasei/rhamnosus Taxon. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1420. [PMID: 31297099 PMCID: PMC6607858 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus proteins P40 and P75 belong to a large family of secreted cell wall proteins that contain a carboxy(C)-terminal CHAP or NlpC/P60 superfamily domains. In addition to their peptidoglycan hydrolases activity, proteins in this family are specific antigens of pathogens, frequently responsible of interactions with the host. L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei BL23 purified P40 and P75 proteins have antiapoptotic activity by inducing the EGF/Akt pathway. The aim of this work was to study the genetics, phylogeny and dissemination of this family of proteins in the genus Lactobacillus as well as their characteristics and likely function. The scrutiny of their DNA encoding sequences revealed the presence of minisatellite DNA in the P75 encoding gene of L. casei/paracasei strains (cmuB) with intraspecific indels that gave raise to four different alleles (cmuB1-4), which are exclusive of this species. Phylogenic analyses suggest that both proteins are present mainly in the L. casei and Lactobacillus sakei phylogenomic groups. A P40 ancestral gene was possibly present in the common ancestor of Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae. P75 is also present in L. casei and L. sakei groups, but its evolution is difficult to explain only by vertical transmission. Antibodies raised against the N-terminal regions of P40 and P75 improved their immunological detection in culture supernatants as they recognized almost exclusively proteins of L. casei/paracasei/rhamnosus strains, highlighting their structural similarity, that allowed to detect them in different fermented dairy products that contained probiotic L. casei strains. Purified P40 and P75 proteins showed no evident lytic activity but they complemented L. casei BL23 cmuA and cmuB defective mutants, respectively, thus proving that they actively participate in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bäuerl
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (C.S.I.C.), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gulyaim Abitayeva
- Department of Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms at Science Committee of Ministry of Education and Science RK, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sebastián Sosa-Carrillo
- Computational Biology Department, Inria, Institut Pasteur and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Noemí Navarro-Lleó
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (C.S.I.C.), Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Coll-Marqués
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (C.S.I.C.), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Zúñiga-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (C.S.I.C.), Valencia, Spain
| | - Serik Shaikhin
- Department of Microbiology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms at Science Committee of Ministry of Education and Science RK, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaspar Pérez-Martinez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (C.S.I.C.), Valencia, Spain
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