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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Johansson V, Heljanko V, Nuotio E, Nihtilä H, Heikinheimo A, Kivistö R. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria in wild European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:32. [PMID: 39010071 PMCID: PMC11251316 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are widely distributed across Europe. They may play an important role by spreading zoonotic bacteria in the environment and to humans and animals. The aim of our work was to study the prevalence and characteristics of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens in wild hedgehogs. RESULTS Faecal samples from 148 hospitalised wild hedgehogs originating from the Helsinki region in southern Finland were studied. Foodborne pathogens were detected in 60% of the hedgehogs by PCR. Listeria (26%) and STEC (26%) were the most common foodborne pathogens. Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter were detected in 18%, 16%, and 7% of hedgehogs, respectively. Salmonella and Yersinia were highly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials. Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes 2a were the most common types found in hedgehogs. All S. Enteritidis belonged to one sequence type (ST11), forming four clusters of closely related isolates. L. monocytogenes was genetically more diverse than Salmonella, belonging to 11 STs. C. jejuni ST45 and ST677, Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1 of ST9 and ST42, and Y. enterocolitica O:9 of ST139 were also found. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that wild European hedgehogs should be considered an important source of foodborne pathogens, and appropriate hygiene measures after any contact with hedgehogs and strict biosecurity around farms are therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Venla Johansson
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viivi Heljanko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Nuotio
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Seinäjoki, 60100, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Grönthal T, Heljanko V, Johansson V, Rantala M, Heikinheimo A, Laukkanen-Ninios R. Enteropathogenic Yersinia with Public Health Relevance Found in Dogs and Cats in Finland. Pathogens 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38251361 PMCID: PMC10820211 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is a common zoonotic enteric disease among humans, which has been linked to pigs and contaminated food, especially pork. The epidemiology of yersiniosis is still obscure, and studies on yersiniosis in pets are very scarce. In this study, we performed pheno- and genotypic characterisation of 50 Yersinia strains isolated from pets in Finland between 2012 and 2023. Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3/ST135, the most common type in human yersiniosis, was also the most common type (68%) found in clinical faecal samples in our study. Also, human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9/ST139 and Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1/ST9 and O:1/ST42 strains carrying all essential pathogenic genes were identified. Three Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3/ST9 strains were multi-drug-resistant and two of them were highly related, showing one allelic difference (AD) with core genome multi-locus sequence typing. Non-pathogenic, genotypically highly diverse Y. enterocolitica 1A strains, showing more than 1000 ADs and missing the essential virulence genes, were also recognised in dogs and cats. Our study demonstrates that pets can excrete human pathogenic Yersinia in their faeces and may serve as an infection source for human yersiniosis, especially in families with small children in close contact with their pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Thomas Grönthal
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Viivi Heljanko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Venla Johansson
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Merja Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
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Krus CB, Patino C, Barrington GM, Burbick C. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in an alpaca. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2024; 65:37-41. [PMID: 38164383 PMCID: PMC10727155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A 6-year-old female huacaya alpaca was referred to the clinic for evaluation with a 1-month history of rapid weight loss, inappetence, lethargy, and severe leukocytosis refractory to medical management. Physical examination revealed a body condition score of 1 out of 5 and a large, firm structure palpable in the right caudoventral abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed 3 masses with hyperechoic, swirling centers. The largest mass measured 15 cm in diameter with a 2-centimeter capsule, and extended from right of midline into the left inguinal region. Transrectal ultrasonography identified a small uterus and clear delineation between the abdominal masses. Complete blood (cell) count findings were consistent with marked systemic inflammation. Based on initial examination and laboratory findings, exploratory laparotomy was elected. Multiple mesenteric masses strongly adhered to the jejunum were observed within the abdomen. Due to the inoperable conditions and the poor long-term prognosis, the alpaca was euthanized under general anesthesia. Bacterial culture of fluid aspirated from the largest mass revealed Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Key clinical message: Clinical progression and attempted treatment of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in camelids have not been previously described and the bacterium should be considered as a differential diagnosis for abscessation and persistent leukocytosis. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is also considered a zoonotic agent and proper precautions should be taken when handling cases of abdominal abscessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Krus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Krus); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Patino, Barrington) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Burbick), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Cristian Patino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Krus); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Patino, Barrington) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Burbick), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - George M Barrington
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Krus); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Patino, Barrington) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Burbick), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Claire Burbick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Krus); Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (Patino, Barrington) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology (Burbick), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Electrochemical Control of Biofilm Formation and Approaches to Biofilm Removal. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with microbial adhesion to metal-based surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation, showing that both processes are a serious problem in the food industry, where pathogenic microorganisms released from the biofilm structure may pollute food and related material during their production. Biofilm exhibits an increased resistance toward sanitizers and disinfectants, which complicates the removal or inactivation of microorganisms in these products. In the existing traditional techniques and modern approaches for clean-in-place, electrochemical biofilm control offers promising technology, where surface properties or the reactions taking place on the surface are controlled to delay or prevent cell attachment or to remove microbial cells from the surface. In this overview, biofilm characterization, the classification of bacteria-forming biofilms, the influence of environmental conditions for bacterial attachment to material surfaces, and the evaluation of the role of biofilm morphology are described in detail. Health aspects, biofilm control methods in the food industry, and conventional approaches to biofilm removal are included as well, in order to consider the possibilities and limitations of various electrochemical approaches to biofilm control with respect to potential applications in the food industry.
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Control of biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dairy farm using Virokill silver nano-based disinfectant as an alternative approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9452. [PMID: 35676412 PMCID: PMC9177611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for many clinical infections in both animals and humans. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in dairy farm's that possess a great importance to dairy industry where it shares in milk spoilage. Evaluation of the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants to control the pathogen in dairy environment and finding a way to overcome high resistance to the used agents. Samples (n = 250) were collected from different environmental components, milk, and milkers' hands. Pathogens were isolated, biofilm was detected and their sensitivity against two commonly used disinfectants and against silver nanoparticles and Virokill AgNPs at different concentrations and contact times were tested. The pathogen significantly prevailed in milk samples (70.0%, P < 0.001). 50 out 74 isolates were biofilm-forming that was significantly obtained from environment (71.8%, P < 0.001). P. aeruginosa showed variable degree of resistance to tested disinfectants but it was significantly sensitive to Virokill AgNPs (200/1000) mg/l at exposure time 24 h (P < 0.001). It was concluded that using Virokill AgNPs in regular sanitation and disinfection of dairy farms, this helps the control of P. aeruginosa subsequently increasing milk quality and improving dairy industry and protecting human health.
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Osteomyelitis in a slaughter turkey flock caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sequence type ST42. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Lorusso A, Addante L, Capozzi L, Bianco A, Del Sambro L, Gallitelli ME, Parisi A. Isolation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in bovine mastitis: A potential milk-borne hazard. Ital J Food Saf 2020; 9:8527. [PMID: 33532369 PMCID: PMC7844581 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2020.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the first confirmed case of a subclinical mastitis caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in a dairy cow from Italy. Milk samples from an adult cow of the Bruna breed were analyzed accordingly to standard milk cultivation protocols. Bacteriological examinations allowed to isolate atypical Gram-negative rods identified as Y. pseudotuberculosis using biochemical tests. The isolate was subjected to Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and the species identification was confirmed using rMLST. Moreover, the virulence and antibacterial susceptibility of the isolate have been also determined. The most common virulence genes were screened through WGS, showing the presence of inv, ail, pil and HPI genes. No antibiotic resistance was found. Even though scarcely described as causal agent of subclinical mastitis, the detection of Y. pseudotubercolusosis suggests that this pathogen could be spread to humans through raw milk, representing a potential food safety hazard
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciana Addante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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