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Li L, Ma J, Cheng P, Li M, Yu Z, Song X, Yu Z, Sun H, Zhang W, Wang Z. Roles of two-component regulatory systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae: Regulation of virulence, antibiotic resistance, and stress responses. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127374. [PMID: 37031567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which is the leading cause of nosocomial infections. The emergence of hypervirulent and multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae is a serious health threat. In the process of infection, K. pneumoniae needs to adapt to different environmental conditions, and the two-component regulatory system (TCS) composed of a sensor histidine kinase and response regulator is an important bacterial regulatory system in response to external stimuli. Understanding how K. pneumoniae perceives and responds to complex environmental stimuli provides insights into TCS regulation mechanisms and new targets for drug design. In this review, we analyzed the TCS composition and summarized the regulation mechanisms of TCSs, focusing on the regulation of genes involved in virulence, antibiotic resistance, and stress response. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that several TCSs play important roles in the regulation of virulence, antibiotic resistance and stress responses of K. pneumoniae. A single two-component regulatory system can participate in the regulation of several stress responses, and one stress response process may include several TCSs, forming a complex regulatory network. However, the function and regulation mechanism of some TCSs require further study. Hence, future research endeavors are required to enhance the understanding of TCS regulatory mechanisms and networks in K. pneumoniae, which is essential for the design of novel drugs targeting TCSs.
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Kosecka-Strojek M, Wolska-Gębarzewska M, Podbielska-Kubera A, Samet A, Krawczyk B, Międzobrodzki J, Michalik M. May Staphylococcus lugdunensis Be an Etiological Factor of Chronic Maxillary Sinuses Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126450. [PMID: 35742895 PMCID: PMC9224237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an opportunistic pathogen found in the healthy human skin microbiome bacterial community that is able to cause infections of diverse localization, manifestation, and course, including laryngological infections, such as necrotizing sinusitis. Chronic maxillary sinusitis is a disease present in up to one third of European and American populations, and its etiology is not fully described. Within this study, we aimed to characterize 18 S. lugdunensis strains recovered from maxillary sinuses and evaluate them as etiological agents of chronic disease. We performed MLST analysis, the complex analysis of both phenotypic and genetic virulence factors, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and biofilm formation assay for the detection of biofilm-associated genes. Altogether, S. lugdunensis strains were clustered into eight different STs, and we demonstrated several virulence factors associated with the chronic disease. All tested strains were able to produce biofilm in vitro with numerous strains with a very strong ability, and overall, they were mostly susceptible to antibiotics, although we found resistance to fosfomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin in several strains. We believe that further in-depth analysis of S. lugdunensis strains from different niches, including the nasal one, should be performed in the future in order to reduce infection rate and broaden the knowledge about this opportunistic pathogen that is gaining attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.-G.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariola Wolska-Gębarzewska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.-G.); (J.M.)
| | | | - Alfred Samet
- MML Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.-K.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Beata Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.-G.); (J.M.)
| | - Michał Michalik
- MML Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.-K.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
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Zhao Y, Yuan Z, Wang S, Wang H, Chao Y, Sederoff RR, Sederoff H, Yan H, Pan J, Peng M, Wu D, Borriss R, Niu B. Gene sdaB Is Involved in the Nematocidal Activity of Enterobacter ludwigii AA4 Against the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870519. [PMID: 35602027 PMCID: PMC9121001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a plant parasitic nematode, is the causal agent of pine wilt, a devastating forest tree disease. Essentially, no efficient methods for controlling B. xylophilus and pine wilt disease have yet been developed. Enterobacter ludwigii AA4, isolated from the root of maize, has powerful nematocidal activity against B. xylophilus in a new in vitro dye exclusion test. The corrected mortality of the B. xylophilus treated by E. ludwigii AA4 or its cell extract reached 98.3 and 98.6%, respectively. Morphological changes in B. xylophilus treated with a cell extract from strain AA4 suggested that the death of B. xylophilus might be caused by an increased number of vacuoles in non-apoptotic cell death and the damage to tissues of the nematodes. In a greenhouse test, the disease index of the seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) treated with the cells of strain AA4 plus B. xylophilus or those treated by AA4 cell extract plus B. xylophilus was 38.2 and 30.3, respectively, was significantly lower than 92.5 in the control plants treated with distilled water and B. xylophilus. We created a sdaB gene knockout in strain AA4 by deleting the gene that was putatively encoding the beta-subunit of L-serine dehydratase through Red homologous recombination. The nematocidal and disease-suppressing activities of the knockout strain were remarkably impaired. Finally, we revealed a robust colonization of P. sylvestris seedling needles by E. ludwigii AA4, which is supposed to contribute to the disease-controlling efficacy of strain AA4. Therefore, E. ludwigii AA4 has significant potential to serve as an agent for the biological control of pine wilt disease caused by B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Administrative Office of the Summer Palace, Beijing Municipal Administration Center of Parks, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjie Chao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald R. Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Heike Sederoff
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - He Yan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Mu Peng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nord Reet UG, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. (IMaB), Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rainer Borriss,
| | - Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Ben Niu,
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Zhou H, Wu W, Mahmood T, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Yuan J. Comparison of endogenous amino acid losses in broilers when offered nitrogen-free diets with differing ratios of dextrose to corn starch. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5689. [PMID: 35383258 PMCID: PMC8983749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrogen-free diet (NFD) method is widely used to determine the ileal endogenous amino acids (IEAAs) losses in broiler chickens. Starch and dextrose are the main components of NFD, but the effects of their proportion in the NFD on the IEAAs and the digestive physiology of broilers are still unclear. This preliminary study aims to explore the best proportion of glucose and corn starch in NFD to simulate the normal intestinal physiology of broilers, which helps to improve the accuracy of IEAAs determination. For this purpose, 28-day-old broiler chickens were allocated to five treatment groups for a 3-day trial, including a control group and four NFD groups. The ratios of dextrose to corn starch (D/CS) in the four NFD were 1.00, 0.60, 0.33, and 0.14, respectively. Results noted that NFD significantly reduced serum IGF-1, albumin, and uric acid levels compared with the control (P < 0.05), except there was no difference between group D/CS 0.33 and the control for IGF-1. The increased Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, His, Tyr, Arg, and Pro contents of IEAAs were detected in broilers fed the NFD with a higher ratio of D/CS (1.00 and 0.60) compared to the lower ratio of D/CS (0.33 and 0.14). Moreover, ileal digestibility of dry matter and activity of digestive enzymes increased as the D/CS elevated (P < 0.001). Further investigation revealed that the number of ileal goblet cells and Mucin-2 expression were higher in the group with D/CS at 1.00 when compared with group D/CS 0.33 and the control (P < 0.05). Microbiota analysis showed that NFD reshaped the gut microbiota, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes, and increased Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that a higher D/CS ratio (1.00 and 0.60) in NFD increases IEAAs by promoting digestive enzymes and mucin secretion. However, the excessive proportion of starch (D/CS = 0.14) in NFD was unsuitable for the chicken to digest. The chickens fed with NFD with the D/CS ratio at 0.33 were closer to the normal digestive physiological state. Thus, the ratio of D/CS in NFD at 0.33 is more appropriate to detect IEAAs of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Adisseo Animal Nutrition, DMCC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Youli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Aubourg M, Pottier M, Léon A, Bernay B, Dhalluin A, Cacaci M, Torelli R, Ledormand P, Martini C, Sanguinetti M, Auzou M, Gravey F, Giard JC. Inactivation of the Response Regulator AgrA Has a Pleiotropic Effect on Biofilm Formation, Pathogenesis and Stress Response in Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0159821. [PMID: 35138170 PMCID: PMC8826819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01598-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus that emerges as an important opportunistic pathogen. However, little is known about the regulation underlying the transition from commensal to virulent state. Based on knowledge of S. aureus virulence, we suspected that the agr quorum sensing system may be an important determinant for the pathogenicity of S. lugdunensis. We investigated the functions of the transcriptional regulator AgrA using the agrA deletion mutant. AgrA played a role in cell pigmentation: ΔargA mutant colonies were white while the parental strains were slightly yellow. Compared with the wild-type strain, the ΔargA mutant was affected in its ability to form biofilm and was less able to survive in mice macrophages. Moreover, the growth of ΔagrA was significantly reduced by the addition of 10% NaCl or 0.4 mM H2O2 and its survival after 2 h in the presence of 1 mM H2O2 was more than 10-fold reduced. To explore the mechanisms involved beyond these phenotypes, the ΔagrA proteome and transcriptome were characterized by mass spectrometry and RNA-Seq. We found that AgrA controlled several virulence factors as well as stress-response factors, which are well correlated with the reduced resistance of the ΔagrA mutant to osmotic and oxidative stresses. These results were not the consequence of the deregulation of RNAIII of the agr system, since no phenotype or alteration of the proteomic profile has been observed for the ΔRNAIII mutant. Altogether, our results highlighted that the AgrA regulator of S. lugdunensis played a key role in its ability to become pathogenic. IMPORTANCE Although belonging to the natural human skin flora, Staphylococcus lugdunensis is recognized as a particularly aggressive and destructive pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the role of the response regulator AgrA, which is a component of the quorum-sensing agr system and known to be a major element in the regulation of pathogenicity and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, we showed that, contrary to S. aureus, the agrA deletion mutant produced less biofilm. Inactivation of agrA conferred a white colony phenotype and impacted S. lugdunensis in its ability to survive in mice macrophages and to cope with osmotic and oxidative stresses. By global proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we identified the AgrA regulon, bringing molecular bases underlying the observed phenotypes. Together, our data showed the importance of AgrA in the opportunistic pathogenic behavior of S. lugdunensis allowing it to be considered as an interesting therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Aubourg
- Université de Caen Normandie, Dynamicure, INSERM U1311, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Marine Pottier
- Université de Caen Normandie, Dynamicure, INSERM U1311, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France
| | - Albertine Léon
- Université de Caen Normandie, Dynamicure, INSERM U1311, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen SFR ICORE 4206, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Anne Dhalluin
- Université de Caen Normandie, Dynamicure, INSERM U1311, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Martini
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Michel Auzou
- CHU de Caen, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Caen, France
| | - François Gravey
- Université de Caen Normandie, Dynamicure, INSERM U1311, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
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Xu Z, Liu Z, Soteyome T, Hua J, Zhang L, Yuan L, Ye Y, Cai Z, Yang L, Chen L, Harro JM, Kjellerup BV, Liu J, Li Y. Impact of pmrA on Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm cells: A comprehensive transcriptomic study. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103785. [PMID: 33875213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing rare but severe infections in neonates. Furthermore, the formation of biofilm allows C. sakazakii to persist in different environments. We have demonstrated that the mutator phenotype ascribed to deficiency of the pmrA gene results in more biomass in the first 24 h but less during the post maturation stage (7-14 d) compared with BAA 894. The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism modulating biofilm formation due to pmrA mutation. The transcriptomic analyses of BAA 894 and s-3 were performed by RNA-sequencing on planktonic and biofilm cells collected at different time points. According to the results, when comparing biofilm to planktonic cells, expression of genes encoding outer membrane proteins, lysozyme, etc. were up-regulated, with LysR family transcriptional regulators, periplasmic proteins, etc. down-regulated. During biofilm formation, cellulose synthase operon genes, flagella-related genes, etc. played essential roles in different stages. Remarkably, pmrA varies the expression of a number of genes related to motility, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance, including srfB, virK, mviM encoding virulence factor, flgF, fliN, etc. encoding flagellar assembly, and marA, ramA, etc. encoding AraC family transcriptional regulators in C. sakazakii. This study provides valuable insights into transcriptional regulation of C. sakazakii pmrA mutant during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA; Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Jingjing Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Ye
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhao Cai
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Birthe Veno Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Aubourg M, Dhalluin A, Gravey F, Pottier M, Thomy N, Bernay B, Goux D, Martineau M, Giard JC. Phenotypic and proteomic approaches of the response to iron-limited condition in Staphylococcus lugdunensis. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:328. [PMID: 33115407 PMCID: PMC7594282 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus part of the commensal skin flora but emerge as an important opportunistic pathogen. Because iron limitation is a crucial stress during infectious process, we performed phenotypic study and compared proteomic profiles of this species incubated in absence and in presence of the iron chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl (DIP). Results No modification of cell morphology nor cell wall thickness were observed in presence of DIP. However iron-limitation condition promoted biofilm formation and reduced the ability to cope with oxidative stress (1 mM H2O2). In addition, S. lugdunensis N920143 cultured with DIP was significantly less virulent in the larvae of Galleria mellonella model of infection than that grown under standard conditions. We verified that these phenotypes were due to an iron limitation by complementation experiments with FeSO4. By mass spectrometry after trypsin digestion, we characterized the first iron-limitation stress proteome in S. lugdunensis. Among 1426 proteins identified, 349 polypeptides were differentially expressed. 222 were more and 127 less abundant in S. lugdunensis incubated in iron-limitation condition, and by RT-qPCR, some of the corresponding genes have been shown to be transcriptionally regulated. Our data revealed that proteins involved in iron metabolism and carriers were over-expressed, as well as several ABC transporters and polypeptides linked to cell wall metabolism. Conversely, enzymes playing a role in the oxidative stress response (especially catalase) were repressed. Conclusions This phenotypic and global proteomic study allowed characterization of the response of S. lugdunensis to iron-limitation. We showed that iron-limitation promoted biofilm formation, but decrease the oxidative stress resistance that may, at least in part, explained the reduced virulence of S. lugdunensis observed under low iron condition. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12866-020-02016-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Aubourg
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Anne Dhalluin
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - François Gravey
- Université de Caen Normandie, GRAM 2.0, CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Caen, France
| | - Marine Pottier
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France.,Université de Caen Normandie, GRAM 2.0, CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Thomy
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Benoit Bernay
- Plateforme Proteogen SFR ICORE 4206, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, Université de Caen Normandie IFR ICORE, Caen, France
| | - Matthieu Martineau
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Giard
- Université de Caen Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe «Antibio-résistance»), CHU de Caen, Caen, France.
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