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Musawa G, Bumbangi FN, Mumba C, Mbunga BK, Phiri G, Benhard V, Kainga H, Banda M, Ndaki E, Mkandawire E, Muma JB. Assessing the Risk of Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 through the Consumption of Peanuts among Children Aged 6-59 Months in the Lusaka District, Zambia. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:50. [PMID: 38251266 PMCID: PMC10818750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) are fungi-produced toxins found in crops like peanuts, maize, and tree nuts. They constitute a public health concern due to their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. A deterministic exposure risk assessment to AFB1 through the consumption of peanuts was conducted on children using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and the liver cancer risk approaches. Data on AFB1 concentrations in peanuts, quantities of peanut consumption, and the weights of the children were obtained from the literature. Generally, MOE values were below the safe margin of 10,000, ranging between 3.68 and 0.14, 754.34 and 27.33, and 11,428.57 and 419.05 for the high (0.0466 ng/kg), median (0.00023 ng/kg), and low (0.000015 ng/kg) AFB1 concentration levels, respectively. The liver cancer risk upon lifetime exposure to highly AFB1-contaminated peanuts (0.0466 ng/kg) ranged between 1 and 23 (95% lower bound) and 2 and 50 (95% upper bound) cases in a million individuals: a public health concern. A low liver cancer risk (≤1 case in a billion individuals upon lifetime exposure) was shown at median and low AFB1 concentrations. However, the risk of AFB1 should be a priority for risk management since its harmful effects could be potentiated by poor diet, high malnutrition levels, and other disease burdens in Zambia's children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Musawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
- Lusaka District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Lusaka P.O. Box 50827, Zambia
| | | | - Chisoni Mumba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Branly Kilola Mbunga
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 834, Congo;
| | - Gladys Phiri
- Partners in Food Solutions, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Vistorina Benhard
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Henson Kainga
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe 207203, Malawi;
| | - Mkuzi Banda
- Zambia Compulsory Standards Agency, Lusaka P.O. Box 31302, Zambia;
| | - Enock Ndaki
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Ethel Mkandawire
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (G.M.); (C.M.); (V.B.); (E.N.); (E.M.); (J.B.M.)
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Zhao J, Yang J, Li H, Ning H, Chen J, Chen Z, Zhao H, Zhao H. Mechanism Underlying Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 Metabolite-Induced Prevention of Grain Contamination by Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:667. [PMID: 38133171 PMCID: PMC10748098 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus can cause mildew in corn, peanuts, and other foods as well as animal feed, which seriously endangers human and livestock health; thus, preventing A. flavus contamination is imperative. Previous studies have found that the secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 have broad-spectrum-inhibiting fungal activity, further confirming that the main active inhibiting fungal substance is Mycosubtilin (Myco). In this paper, corn and peanuts were treated with 0, 100, and 200 μg/mL BS-Z15 secondary metabolites (BS-Z15-SMA) for 7 days, and the aflatoxin contamination prevention effect was examined. The results showed that with increasing BS-Z15-SMA concentration, the aflatoxin contamination prevention effect was significantly enhanced. The above toxicity phenomena became more significant with extended BS-Z15-SMA treatment time. Scanning electron microscopy showed that 4 μg/mL Myco treatment resulted in a dented A. flavus surface and breakage of both the conidial stem and the mycelium. Transcriptome results showed that Myco significantly affected gene expression in A. flavus spores. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched in cell wall synthesis, transcription and translation, transmembrane transport pathways, and pathways related to key enzymes for aflatoxin synthesis. These results suggest that Myco could be used as a new bioactive material to prevent aflatoxin synthesis and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Huanchen Ning
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huixin Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
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Jermnak U, Ngernmeesri P, Yurayart C, Poapolathep A, Udomkusonsri P, Poapolathep S, Phaochoosak N. A New Benzaldehyde Derivative Exhibits Antiaflatoxigenic Activity against Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1103. [PMID: 37998908 PMCID: PMC10672374 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen for humans and animals produced by the common fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Aflatoxin (AF) contamination in commodities is a global concern related to the safety of food and feed, and it also impacts the agricultural economy. In this study, we investigated the AFB1-inhibiting activity of a new benzaldehyde derivative, 2-[(2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy]benzaldehyde (MPOBA), on A. flavus. It was found that MPOBA inhibited the production of AFB1 by A. flavus, with an IC50 value of 0.55 mM. Moreover, the inhibition of conidiation was also observed at the same concentration. The addition of MPOBA resulted in decreased transcript levels of the aflR gene, which encodes a key regulatory protein for the biosynthesis of AF, and also decreased transcript levels of the global regulator genes veA and laeA. These results suggested that MPOBA has an effect on the regulatory mechanism of the development and differentiation of conidia, leading to the inhibition of AFB1 production. In addition, the cytotoxicity study showed that MPOBA had a very low cytotoxic effect on the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Therefore, MPOBA may be a potential compound for developing practically effective agents to control AF contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usuma Jermnak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Paiboon Ngernmeesri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Chompoonek Yurayart
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (A.P.); (P.U.); (S.P.); (N.P.)
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Yuan S, Wu Y, Jin J, Tong S, Zhang L, Cai Y. Biocontrol Capabilities of Bacillus subtilis E11 against Aspergillus flavus In Vitro and for Dried Red Chili ( Capsicum annuum L.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050308. [PMID: 37235343 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a condiment with extensive nutritional value, chili is easy to be contaminated by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) during field, transportation, and storage. This study aimed to solve the contamination of dried red chili caused by A. flavus by inhibiting the growth of A. flavus and detoxifying aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In this study, Bacillus subtilis E11 (B. subtilis) screened from 63 candidate antagonistic bacteria exhibited the strongest antifungal ability, which could not only inhibit 64.27% of A. flavus but could also remove 81.34% of AFB1 at 24 h. Notably, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that B. subtilis E11 cells could resist a higher concentration of AFB1, and the fermentation supernatant of B. subtilis E11 could deform the mycelia of A. flavus. After 10 days of coculture with B. subtilis E11 on dried red chili inoculated with A. flavus, the mycelia of A. flavus were almost completely inhibited, and the yield of AFB1 was significantly reduced. Our study first concentrated on the use of B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent for dried red chili, which could not only enrich the resources of microbial strains for controlling A. flavus but also could provide theoretical guidance to prolong the shelf life of dried red chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuoqiu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yafei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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5
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Degradation of aflatoxins in apple juice by pulsed light and the analysis of their degradation products. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhou H, Sun F, Lin H, Fan Y, Wang C, Yu D, Liu N, Wu A. Food bioactive compounds with prevention functionalities against fungi and mycotoxins: developments and challenges. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Ma X, Jiang Y, Ma L, Luo S, Du H, Li X, Xing F. Corepressors SsnF and RcoA Regulate Development and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030174. [PMID: 35324671 PMCID: PMC8954095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a saprophytic fungus that can be found across the entire world. It can produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which threatens human health. CreA, as the central factor in carbon catabolite repression (CCR), regulates carbon catabolism and AFB1 biosynthesis in A. flavus. Additionally, SsnF-RcoA are recognized as the corepressors of CreA in CCR. In this study, ssnF and rcoA not only regulated the expressions of CCR factors and hydrolase genes, but also positively affected mycelia growth, conidia production, sclerotia formation, and osmotic stress response in A. flavus. More importantly, SsnF and RcoA were identified as positive regulators for AFB1 biosynthesis, as they modulate the AF cluster genes and the relevant regulators at a transcriptional level. Additionally, the interactions of SsnF-CreA and RcoA-CreA were strong and moderate, respectively. However, the interaction of SsnF and RcoA was weak. The interaction models of CreA-SsnF, CreA-RcoA, and SsnF-RcoA were also simulated with a docking analysis. All things considered, SsnF and RcoA are not just the critical regulators of the CCR pathway, but the global regulators involving in morphological development and AFB1 biosynthesis in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xu Li
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (F.X.)
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Zhang W, Lv Y, Yang H, Wei S, Zhang S, Li N, Hu Y. Sub3 Inhibits Mycelia Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus Flavus. FOOD BIOPHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-021-09715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Kurup AH, Patras A, Pendyala B, Vergne MJ, Bansode RR. Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Light (UV-A) Emitting Diodes Technology on the Reduction of Spiked Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Whole Milk. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Du Y, Yang W, Yang C, Yang X. A comprehensive review on microbiome, aromas and flavors, chemical composition, nutrition and future prospects of Fuzhuan brick tea. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Commey L, Tengey TK, Cobos CJ, Dampanaboina L, Dhillon KK, Pandey MK, Sudini HK, Falalou H, Varshney RK, Burow MD, Mendu V. Peanut Seed Coat Acts as a Physical and Biochemical Barrier against Aspergillus flavus Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121000. [PMID: 34946983 PMCID: PMC8708384 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination is a global menace that adversely affects food crops and human health. Peanut seed coat is the outer layer protecting the cotyledon both at pre- and post-harvest stages from biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of seed coat against A. flavus infection. In-vitro seed colonization (IVSC) with and without seed coat showed that the seed coat acts as a physical barrier, and the developmental series of peanut seed coat showed the formation of a robust multilayered protective seed coat. Radial growth bioassay revealed that both insoluble and soluble seed coat extracts from 55-437 line (resistant) showed higher A. flavus inhibition compared to TMV-2 line (susceptible). Further analysis of seed coat biochemicals showed that hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are the predominant phenolic compounds, and addition of these compounds to the media inhibited A. flavus growth. Gene expression analysis showed that genes involved in lignin monomer, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid biosynthesis are highly abundant in 55-437 compared to TMV-2 seed coats. Overall, the present study showed that the seed coat acts as a physical and biochemical barrier against A. flavus infection and its potential use in mitigating the aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Commey
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.C.); (T.K.T.); (C.J.C.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Theophilus K. Tengey
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.C.); (T.K.T.); (C.J.C.); (K.K.D.)
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Nyankpala P.O. Box 52, Ghana
| | - Christopher J. Cobos
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.C.); (T.K.T.); (C.J.C.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Lavanya Dampanaboina
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Kamalpreet K. Dhillon
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.C.); (T.K.T.); (C.J.C.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, India; (M.K.P.); (H.K.S.); (R.K.V.)
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, India; (M.K.P.); (H.K.S.); (R.K.V.)
| | - Hamidou Falalou
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey B.P. 873, Niger;
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502324, India; (M.K.P.); (H.K.S.); (R.K.V.)
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mark D. Burow
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.D.); (M.D.B.)
- Texas A&M AgriLife, Lubbock, TX 79401, USA
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.C.); (T.K.T.); (C.J.C.); (K.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-806-834-6327 or +1-406-994-9708
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Efimenko TA, Shanenko EF, Mukhamedzhanova TG, Efremenkova OV, Nikolayev YA, Bilanenko EN, Gernet MV, Grishin AG, Serykh IN, Shevelev SV, Vasilyeva BF, Filippova SN, El-Registan GI. Eurotium Cristatum Postfermentation of Fireweed and Apple Tree Leaf Herbal Teas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:6691428. [PMID: 34631875 PMCID: PMC8500772 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6691428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungi Eurotium spp. are the main biological agents that ferment the leaves of the Camellia sinensis tea bush to form a popular food product, postfermented tea. The fungus E. cristatum, stored in the collection of the Gause Institute of New Antibiotics under the number INA 01267, was isolated and identified from a briquette of Fujian Chinese tea. The species identification was carried out based on morphocultural characteristics and DNA sequencing. This study is aimed at determining the feasibility of making postfermented herbal teas using E. cristatum and to evaluate their quality. Autofermented herbal teas from Chamaenerion angustifolium (fireweed) and Malus domestica (apple tree) served as the starting material for this study. The change in the concentration of phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, and free amino acids was observed for herbal teas subjected to postfermentation with E. cristatum INA 01267. It was found that the E. cristatum INA 01267 strain does not have antimicrobial activity and does not form mycotoxins, which is an indicator of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuriy A. Nikolayev
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Elena N. Bilanenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina V. Gernet
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center of Food Systems RAS, All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Nonalcoholic and Wine Industry, Moscow 109316, Russia
| | - Artem G. Grishin
- Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow 125080, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Serykh
- Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow 125080, Russia
- LLC “Sistema”, Moscow 115230, Russia
| | | | | | - Svetlana N. Filippova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Galina I. El-Registan
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Moscow 117312, Russia
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14
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Archer M, Xu J. Current Practices for Reference Gene Selection in RT-qPCR of Aspergillus: Outlook and Recommendations for the Future. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070960. [PMID: 34202507 PMCID: PMC8307107 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus is a genus of filamentous fungi with vast geographic and ecological distributions. Species within this genus are clinically, agriculturally and biotechnologically relevant, leading to increasing interest in elucidating gene expression dynamics of key metabolic and physiological processes. Reverse-transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and specific method of quantifying gene expression. A crucial step for comparing RT-qPCR results between strains and experimental conditions is normalisation to experimentally validated reference gene(s). In this review, we provide a critical analysis of current reference gene selection and validation practices for RT-qPCR gene expression analyses of Aspergillus. Of 90 primary research articles obtained through our PubMed query, 17 experimentally validated the reference gene(s) used. Twenty reference genes were used across the 90 studies, with beta-tubulin being the most used reference gene, followed by actin, 18S rRNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sixteen of the 90 studies used multiple reference genes for normalisation. Failing to experimentally validate the stability of reference genes can lead to conflicting results, as was the case for four studies. Overall, our review highlights the need to experimentally validate reference genes in RT-qPCR studies of Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 27934); Fax: +1-905-522-6066
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15
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Rodrigues AI, Gudiña EJ, Abrunhosa L, Malheiro AR, Fernandes R, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Rhamnolipids inhibit aflatoxins production in Aspergillus flavus by causing structural damages in the fungal hyphae and down-regulating the expression of their biosynthetic genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109207. [PMID: 33930837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolites that usually contaminate crops and represent a serious health hazard for humans and animals worldwide. In this work, the effect of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa #112 on the growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus MUM 17.14 was studied in vitro. At concentrations between 45 and 1500 mg/L, RLs reduced the mycelial growth of A. flavus by 23-40% and the production of aflatoxins by 93.9-99.5%. Purified mono-RLs and di-RLs exhibited a similar inhibitory activity on fungal growth. However, the RL mixture had a stronger inhibitory effect on aflatoxins production at concentrations up to 190 mg/L, probably due to a synergistic effect resulting from the combination of both congeners. Using transmission electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that RLs damaged the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of the fungus, leading to the loss of intracellular content. This disruptive phenomenon explains the growth inhibition observed. Furthermore, RLs down-regulated the expression of genes aflC, aflE, aflP and aflQ involved in the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathway (6.4, 44.3, 38.1 and 2.0-fold, respectively), which is in agreement with the almost complete inhibition of aflatoxins production. Overall, the results herein gathered demonstrate for the first time that RLs could be used against aflatoxigenic fungi to attenuate the production of aflatoxins, and unraveled some of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana R Malheiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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